Chapter 1

Background of the Study

Abortion is the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uteros, resulting in caused by

its death. This is an occur spontaneously or miscarriage, or be artificially induced through

chemical, surgical or other means. Abortion either medical or criminal has distinctive physical,
social, and psychological side effects. Phycologist consequences of considerably been neglected.

278 women of reproductive age (15-49) interviewed as study population. Response rate
was 93/8. Data collected through questionnaire with 2 arts meeting socioeconomic characteristics
of the respondents and health related abortion. Tehran hospitals were the site of the study. The
result revealed at least one-third of the correspondents have psychological side effects.
Depression, about not being able to conceive again and abnormal eating behavior's where
reported as dominant psychological consequences of abortion among the respondents, decreased
self-esteem, nightmare, guilt, and regrets with 43.7%, 39.5%, 37.5%, and 33.3% prevalence rate
have been placed in the lower status, respectively.

Abortion is known as a main cause of maternal mortality, like threatening complication

such as hemorrhage, fever, and infection in one hand, and psychological disorders such as
regret, guilt, smoking alcoholism, self destructive behaviors and even suicide on other

1
Statement of the Problem

It is the purpose of the study to determine the effects of abortion on womens health.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is an Abortion?

2. What are the possible complications of abortion?

3. what should be expected after having an abortion?

4. How can be abortion be prevented?

5. Why it is important to prevent abortion?

Significance of the Study

This present study may be beneficial to the following:

To the People in the Society. They will get more knowledge on what will be the effects

of abortion on womens health.

 2.

To the Teachers. This study help them to improve their instructions where they will be

more confident of the new and updated data information in teaching their students about

the effects of abortion on womens health.

To the Students. They will know the effects of abortion on womens health.

To the Future Researcher. The result of this research will served as springboard for

future researcher on the subject. They will provided with data information on the
effects

of abortion on womens health.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are being defined in order for the readers to better

understand the study at hand:

Abortion. it is also known as termination, it is the process of ending a

pregnancy, so it does not result in the birth of baby.
 3.

Depressed. A common and serious medical illness that negativity affects how
you feel, and how you act.

Fever. A arise in body temperature above the normal temperature, usually

caused by an infection.

Hemorrhage. An escape of blood of ruptured blood vessel, especially when

profuse.

Infection. An infection occurs when germs enters the body, increase in number
and caused a reaction of the body.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study is focused on determining the effects of abortion on womens health. It

is limited on availability of the reference persons and resource the materials in the
library.
 4.

Chapter 2
Data Presentation

Abortion

An abortion also known as termination is the medical process of ending a

pregnancy, so it does not result the birth of the baby. depending on how many weeks
you have been pregnant, the pregnancy can be ended by taking a special medicine, or
by having a surgical procedure. But while the need of abortion is common, access to
safe and legal abortion services is far from guaranteed for those who may need abortion
services. Women who have abortions are clear about their decisions and most
commonly report feeling relief even years later. Evidence shows that they do not
experience negative mental health problems, either at the time of abortion or years
later.They are more likely to set and achieve their goals, and to have a wanted pregnancy in
following years.

According to World Health Organization (2022) around 73 million induced abortions

occur globally each year, accounting for 61% of all unintended pregnancy and 29 of all
pregnancies. This data underscore the importance of comprehensive abortion care,
which the WHO included in its list of essential health care in 2022. In the United States,
The Guttmacher Institute (2022) abortion rates reported decline, with 14.4 abortions per
1,000 women aged 15 to 44 in 2021, compared to 29.3% per 1,000 women in the same
age range in 1991 ( Pew Research Center, 1991). A study published in Social Science
and Medicine found that live years post-procedure, over 97% of women felt that having
an abortion was the right decision, and there was no significant increase in negative
emotions or suicidal thoughts compared to women who were denied an abortion
(American Psychological Association).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported varying rates of surgical
abortion based on gestational age, with the highest rates (96.2%- 98.8%) occuring of
14-24 weeks gestation (CDC). Despite the declining rates, over a million of abortions
were provided in the U.S (2023) in NPR. These data points provide a comprehensive
overview of the current state of abortion worldwide and in the U.S., highlighting the
importance of access of safe and legal abortion services.
 5.

Possible Complications of Abortion

Infection. Bacterial infection is an uncommon complication of abortion. Bacteria

from the vagina can enter the dilated cervix and from there, go updward in the uterus
and fallopian tubes.

Cervical Injury. Injury to the cervix ( the opening of the uterus) can occur during
abortion produces. This may be either a surface cut or a depper tear in the tissue. The
risk of damage to the cervix is made smaller by gradual dilation techniques.

Heavy Bleeding (hemorrhage). Some bleeding will be noted following all

abortion procedures. Heavy bleeding, however, is not common. Heavy bleeding may be
treated by repeat suction of medication. Surgery or blood transfusion in very rarely
needed.

Allergic reactions and Anesthesia related complications. any surgical

procedure that requires anesthesia or medications carries with a small risk due to the
human response to the drugs. Adverse drugs reactions can be allergic reaction and
cause rashes, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, or swelling. These reactions may
occur with medications or local and general anesthesia.
 6

Uterine Perforation. A medical instrument used in the abortion procedure can go

through the wall of the uterus. Depending on the location of the injury and the depth of
the perforation, there may be bleeding or injury o sorrounding organs. Perforation can
also provide empty point for an infection. An assessment for possible injury must be
done. Occasionally surgery is needed but often, observation of the women is all that is
needed. The risk of Perforation of the woman is related to the pregnancy and the
experience of the abortion provider.

Expected after having an Abortion

After the procedure, a persons usual menstrual period should return 4-6 weeks.
However, they may have irregular spotting or bleeding initially. Some people have
strong emotions and changes in mood in the days and weeks following an abortion. The
sudden change in hormones can cause this, and a personz feelingz about their abortion
or pregnancy may also contribute.

Having an abortion can be an emotionally challenging experience, and people

may want to seek support from close friends in the days and weeks after the procedure.
It is possible to get pregnant as soon as a person ovulates, This happens before the
first period, and it can be very soon after an abortion. People may experience symptoms
regardless of the type of abortion they have. However, symptoms can be more severe if
a person has an abortion in the third trimester.

Preventing Abortion

Abortion has come to be regarded as an event preferably avoided because of the

impact on the women concerned as well as considerations for fetal life. Policies to
reduce numbers and rates of abortion must acknowledge certain observation.
Criminalization does not prevent abortion but not increases maternal risk. A society
opened in discussing sexual matters inversely correlates with abortion rates.
7.
Correlations between contraceptive yse and abortion is also inverse but relates most
cloly to the efficacy of contraceptive methods used. Revolution in the range of
contraceptive methods used will have an equivalent role to play in the reduction of
abortion numbers. Good sex education programs may dekay sexual debut, increase
contraceptive usage and be associated with reduced abortion. Finally, interaction
between socioeconomic factors and the choice between abortion and ongoing
pregnancy are complex. Abortion as not necessarily chosen by those least able to
support a child financially.

Importance of Preventing Abortion

It is known that, since antiquity, women confronted with an unwanted pregnancy

have used abortion as a means of resolving their dilemma. Although undoubtedly widely
used in all historical ages, abortion has come to be regarded as an event preferably
avoided because of the impact on the women concerned as well as considerations for
fetal life. Policy makers seeking to reduce the incidence of abortion would do will
address its root cause-unintended pregnancy - by faciliting widespread access to
modern contraceptive and by promoting their effective use.

Effects of Abortion

When evaluating the safety of any medical intervention, it is important not only to
consider the immediate potential complications but also to evaluate the potential for
associated long-term health effect. Research on abortions potential long-term health
consequences has focused on reproductive and mental health outcomes, as well as
other outcomes including breast cancer risk and premature death. On the long-term
physical and mental health effects of having an abortion. The focus is on four putative
areas of potential harm.
 Future childbearing and pregnancy outcomes, risk of great cancer, mental health
disorders, and premature death.
Chapter 3

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings
Based on the information presented , the researcher summarized the following:

Abortion research has provided valuable insight into various aspects of these
complex issues. Studies have explored the ethical, medical, social, economic, and legal
dimensions of abortion. One study focused on the economics of abortion, highlighting its
high global incidence and the need for an understanding of economic outcomes and
policies related to abortion care. Another study took a comprehensive approach,
examining abortion from multiple perspectives, including medical, ethical, moral,
religious, social, economic, and legal elements. Its aimed to provide a comprehensive
understanding of abortion and its various dimensions.
Additionally, research has examined the influence of culture and community
attitudes on abortion perceptions and decisions, emphasizing the role of these factors in
shaping views, stigma, and access related to abortion. Furthermore, studies have
sought to estimate the global incidence of induced abortion over specific periods,
contributing efforts to monitor progress in helping women avoid unintended
pregnancies. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of abortion,
its implications, and the various factors influence it.

Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The study of abortion encompasses various dimensions, including medical,

ethical, social, economic, and legal aspects. Researcher have conducted studies to
explore the background and different facets of abortion, aiming to provide a
comprehensive understanding of this complex issue. This studies have shed light on the
high global incidence of abortion and the need for an understanding of its economic
 9.
implications. It also also examined abortion from multiple perspective, considering
factors such as ethics, legislation, socio-cultural influences, and healthcare outcomes.
Through these studies, valuable insights have been gained regarding the prevalence of
abortion, its impact on individuals and communities, and the importance of ensuring
access to safe and legal abortion services. Overall, the findings contribute to a deeper
understanding of abortion, its implication, and the various factors that shape its practice
and perception.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusion drawn, the following conclusions are made:

Firstly, comprehensive sexual education programs should be promoted to provide

accurate information or contraception and pregnancy prevention. Access to a wide
range of contraceptive methods should be ensured, addressing barriers such as cost
and availability, with a focus on removing restrictive laws and reducing stigma.

Secondly, Support for pregnant individual, including access to prenatal care and
counseling, is crucial. Addresing underlying factors such as poverty, education, and
healthcare access is important in preventing unintended pregnancies. Efforts to
destigmatize abortion and create a supportive environment should be encouraged.

Furthermore, research and data collection are needed to inform-based policies

and intervention. By implementing these recommendations, we can work towards
promoting reproductive rights, reducing the need for abortion, and ensuring
comprehensive reproductive healthcare for all individuals.
 10.

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