EL

Connectivity Technologies – Part III

PT Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

 EL
HART & Wireless HART

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 2
 Introduction
 WirelessHART is the latest release of Highway Addressable

EL
Remote Transducer (HART) Protocol.
 HART standard was developed for networked smart field
devices.

cheaper and easier. PT

 The wireless protocol makes the implementation of HART

 HART encompasses the most number of field devices

N
incorporated in any field network.
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

  Wireless HART enables device
placements more accessible and Physical
cheaper– such as the top of a reaction

EL
tank, inside a pipe, or at widely Data Link
separated warehouses. HART Network
 Main difference between wired and
PT
unwired versions is in the physical,
data link and network layers.
Transport

Application
 Wired HART lacks a network layer.
N
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

 HART Physical Layer

 Derived from IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.

EL
 It operates only in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
 Employs and exploits 15 channels of the band to increase
reliability.
PT
N
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

 HART Data Link Layer
 Collision free and deterministic communication achieved by means
of super‐frames and TDMA.

EL
 Super‐frames consist of grouped 10ms wide timeslots.
 Super‐frames control the timing of transmission to ensure collision
free and reliable communication.
PT
 This layer incorporates channel hopping and channel blacklisting to
increase reliability and security.
 Channel blacklisting identifies channels consistently affected by
N
interference and removes them from use.
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

 HART Network & Transport Layers
 Cooperatively handle various types of traffic, routing, session

EL
creation, and security.
 WirelessHART relies on Mesh networking for its communication,
and each device is primed to forward packets from every other
devices.
PT
 Each device is armed with an updated network graph (i.e., updated
topology) to handle routing.
 Network layer (HART)=Network + Transport + Session layers (OSI)
N
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 7

 HART Application Layer

 Handles communication between gateways and devices via a

EL
series of command and response messages.
 Responsible for extracting commands from a message,
executing it and generating responses.
PT
 This layer is seamless and does not differentiate between
wireless and wired versions of HART.
N
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 8

 HART Congestion Control
 Restricted to 2.4Ghz ISM band with channel 26 removed, due to its
restricted usage in certain areas.

EL
 Interference‐prone channels avoided by using channel switching
post every transmission.
 Transmissions synchronized using 10ms slots.
PT
 During each slot, all available channels can be utilized by the various
nodes in the network allowing for the propagation of 15 packets
through the network at a time, which also minimizes the risk of
N
collisions.
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 9

WirelessHART Network Manager
 The network manager supervises each node in the network and

EL
guides them on when and where to send packets.
 Allows for collision‐free and timely delivery of packets between a
source and destination.
 The network manager updates information about neighbors, signal

PT
strength, and information needing delivery or receipt.
 Decides who will send, who will listen, and at what frequency is
each time‐slot.
 Handles code‐based network security and prevents unauthorized
N
nodes from joining the network.

Introduction to Internet of Things 10

 WirelessHART vs. ZigBee

 A WirelessHART node hops after every message, changing

EL
channels every time it sends a packet. ZigBee does not feature
hopping at all, and only hops when the entire network hops.
 At the MAC layer, WirelessHART utilizes time division multiple

with collision detection

PT
access (TDMA), allotting individual time slots for each
transmission. ZigBee applies carrier sense multiple access
avoidance (CSMA/CD).
CSMA/CA
N
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

  WirelessHART represents a true mesh network, where each
node is capable of serving as a router so that, if one node
goes down, another can replace it, ensuring packet delivery.

EL
ZigBee utilizes a tree topology, which makes nodes along the
trunk critical.
 WirelessHART devices are all back compatible, allowing for

PT
the integration of legacy devices as well as new ones. ZigBee
devices share the same basis for their physical layers, but
ZigBee, ZigBee Pro, ZigBee RF4CE, and ZigBee IP are otherwise
incompatible with each other
N
Source: A. Feng, “WirelessHART‐ Made Easy”, AwiaTech Blog (Online), Nov. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

 EL
NFC

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 13
 Introduction
 Near field communication, or NFC for

EL
short, is an offshoot of radio‐frequency Type B
identification (RFID).
 NFC is designed for use by devices within Type A FeliCa
close proximity to each other.
 All NFC types are similar but PT
communicate in slightly different ways. NFC
N
 FeliCa is commonly found in Japan.
Source: “How NFC Works”, NFC (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

 NFC Types
 Passive devices contain information

EL
which is readable by other devices,

Smartphone
however it cannot read information itself.
 NFC tags found in supermarket products Active Passive
are examples of passive NFC.
PT
 Active devices are able to collect as well

NFC Tags
as transmit information.
 Smartphones are a good example of
N
active devices.
Source: “How NFC Works”, NFC (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

 Working Principle
 Works on the principle of magnetic induction.

EL
 A reader emits a small electric current which creates a magnetic
field that in turn bridges the physical space between the devices.
 The generated field is received by a similar coil in the client device
where it is turned back into electrical impulses to communicate
information. PT
data such as identification number status information or any other

 ‘Passive’ NFC tags use the energy from the reader to encode their
response while ‘active’ or ‘peer‐to‐peer’ tags have their own power
N
source.
Source: “Inside NFC: how near field communication works”, APC (Online), Aug. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 17
 NFC Specifications
 NFC's data‐transmission frequency is 13.56MHz.

EL
 NFC can transmit data at a rate of either 106, 212 or 424 Kbps
(kilobits per second).
 Tags typically store between 96 and 512 bytes of data.
PT
 Communication range is less than 20cms.
N
Source: “Inside NFC: how near field communication works”, APC (Online), Aug. 2011

Introduction to Internet of Things 18

 Modes of Operation

Peer‐to‐peer

EL
Lets two smartphones swap data

One active device picks up info from a

Read/Write

Card emulation
PT passive one

NFC device can be used like a

N
contactless credit card
Source: M. Egan, “What is NFC? Uses of NFC | How to use NFC on your smartphone”, TechAdvisor (Online), May 2015

Introduction to Internet of Things 19

NFC Applications

 Smartphone based payments.

EL
 Parcel tracking.
 Information tags in posters and advertisements.

 PT
Computer game synchronized toys.
Low‐power home automation systems.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 20
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 21
 EL
Connectivity Technologies – Part IV
PT Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

 EL
Bluetooth

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 2
 Introduction

 Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range

EL
communications technology.
 Intended for replacing cables connecting portable units
 Maintains high levels of security.
PT
 Bluetooth technology is based on Ad‐hoc technology also
known as Ad‐hoc Piconets.
N
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

 Features

 Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial,

EL
scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHZ.
 Uses spread spectrum hopping, full‐duplex signal at a nominal
rate of 1600 hops/sec.
PT
 Bluetooth supports 1Mbps data rate for version 1.2 and
3Mbps data rate for Version 2.0 combined with Error Data
Rate.
N
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

 Features

 Bluetooth operating range depends on the device:

EL
 Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet
 Class 2 radios are most commonly found in mobile devices have a
range of 10 meters or 30 feet

PT
 Class 1 radios are used primarily in industrial use cases have a range of
100 meters or 300 feet.
N
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

 Connection Establishment

EL
Inquiry Inquiry run by one Bluetooth device to try to
discover other devices near it.

Paging Process of forming a connection between two

PT
Connection
Bluetooth devices.
A device either actively participates in the
network or enters a low‐power sleep mode.
N
Source: “Bluetooth Basics”, Tutorials, Sparkfun.com (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

 Modes

Active Sniff Hold Park

EL
Actively
transmitting or
PT Sleeps and only
listens for
transmissions at a
Power‐saving
mode where a
device sleeps for a
Slave will become
inactive until the
master tells it to
N
receiving data.
set interval . defined period and wake back up.
then returns back
Source: “Bluetooth Basics”, Tutorials, Sparkfun.com (Online) to active mode .

Introduction to Internet of Things 7

Protocol Stack

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 8
 Baseband
 Physical layer of the Bluetooth.

EL
 Manages physical channels and links.
 Other services include:
 Error correction
 Data whitening


Hop selection
Bluetooth security PT
 Manages asynchronous and synchronous links.
N
 Handles packets, paging and inquiry.
Source: “Bluetooth”, Wikipedia (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 9

 L2CAP
 The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP).

EL
 Layered over the Baseband Protocol and resides in the data link layer.
 Used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices.
 Provides connection‐oriented and connectionless data services to upper
layer protocols.
 Provides:
PT
 Protocol multiplexing capability
 Segmentation and reassembly operation
N
 Group abstractions
Source: “Bluetooth”, Wikipedia (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 10

 RFComm
 Radio Frequency Communications (RFCOMM).
 It is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial

EL
data stream.
 RFCOMM provides for binary data transport .
 Emulates EIA‐232 (formerly RS‐232) control signals over the

PT
Bluetooth baseband layer, i.e. it is a serial port emulation.
 RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar
to TCP.
 Supports up to 60 simultaneous connections between two BT
N
devices.
Source: “Bluetooth”, Wikipedia (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

 Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
 Enables applications to discover available services and their

EL
features.
 Addresses the unique characteristics of the Bluetooth
environment such as, dynamic changes in the quality of

PT
services in RF proximity of devices in motion.
 Can function over a reliable packet transfer protocol.
 Uses a request/response model.
N
Source: “Bluetooth”, Wikipedia (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

 Piconets
 Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and
communicate wirelessly through short range networks known

EL
as Piconets.
 Bluetooth devices exist in small ad‐hoc configurations with
the ability to act either as master or slave.

to switch their roles. PT

 Provisions are in place, which allow for a master and a slave

 The simplest configuration is a point to point configuration

N
with one master and one slave.
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

  When more than two Bluetooth devices communicate with
one another, it is called a PICONET.
 A Piconet can contain up to seven slaves clustered around a

EL
single master.
 The device that initializes establishment of the Piconet
becomes the master.
PT
 The master is responsible for transmission control by dividing
the network into a series of time slots amongst the network
N
members, as a part of time division multiplexing scheme.
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 15
 Features of Piconet
 Within a Piconet, the clock and unique 48‐bit address of master

EL
determines the timing of various devices and the frequency
hopping sequence of individual devices.
 Each Piconet device supports 7 simultaneous connections to other
devices.
PT
 Each device can communicate with several piconets simultaneously.
 Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as
N
Bluetooth enabled devices enter and leave piconets.
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

  There is no direct connection between the slaves.
 All connections are either master‐to‐slave or slave‐to‐master.

EL
 Slaves are allowed to transmit once these have been polled by
the master.
 Transmission starts in the slave‐to‐master time slot

PT
immediately following a polling packet from the master.
 A device can be a member of two or more Piconets.
N
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

  A device can be a slave in one Piconet and master in another.
It however cannot be a master in more than once Piconets.
 Devices in adjacent Piconets provide a bridge to support

EL
inner‐Piconet connections, allowing assemblies of linked
Piconets to form a physically extensible communication
infrastructure known as Scatternet.
PT
N
Source: “Wireless Communication ‐ Bluetooth”, Tutorials Point (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 18

Applications

 Audio players

EL
 Home automation
 Smartphones



Toys
PT
Hands free headphones
Sensor networks
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 19
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 20
 EL
Connectivity Technologies – Part V
PT Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

 EL
Z Wave

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 2
 Introduction

 Zwave (or Z wave or Z‐wave) is a protocol for communication

EL
among devices used for home automation.
 It uses RF for signaling and control.
 Operating frequency is 908.42 MHz in the US & 868.42 MHz
in Europe. PT
 Mesh network topology is the main mode of operation, and
N
can support 232 nodes in a network.
Source: “What is Z‐Wave?”, Smart Home (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

 Zwave Global Operating Frequency
Frequency in MHz Used in

EL
865.2 India
868.1 Malaysia
868.42 ; 869.85 Europe
868.4 China, Korea
869.0

PT
908.4 ; 916.0
915.0 ‐ 926.0
919.8
921.4 ; 919.8
Russia
USA
Israel
Hong Kong
Australia, New Zealand
N
922.0 ‐ 926.0 Japan
Source: “Z‐Wave”, Wikipedia (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

  Zwave utilizes GFSK modulation and Manchester channel
encoding.
 A central network controller device sets‐up and manages a

EL
Zwave network.
 Each logical Zwave network has 1 Home (Network) ID and
multiple node IDs for the devices in it.
PT
 Nodes with different Home IDs cannot communicate with
each other.
 Network ID length=4 Bytes, Node ID length=1 Byte.
N
Source: “What is Z‐Wave?”, Smart Home (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

GFSK

 Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying.

EL
 Baseband pulses are passed through a Gaussian filter prior to
modulation.
 Filtering operation smoothens the pulses consisting of
PT
streams of ‐1 and 1, and is known as Pulse shaping.
 Pulse shaping limits the modulated spectrum width.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 6
 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 7
  Uses source routed network mesh topology using 1 primary
controller.
 Devices communicate with one another when in range.

EL
 When devices are not in range, messages are routed though
different nodes to bypass obstructions created by household
appliances or layout.

called Healing. PT
 This process of bypassing radio dead‐spots is done using a message

 As Zwave uses a source routed static network, mobile devices are

N
excluded from the network and only static devices are considered.
Source: “What is Z‐Wave?”, Smart Home (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 8

 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 9
 Zwave vs. Zigbee
Zwave Zigbee

EL
 User friendly and provides a  Requires so little power that
simple system that users can set devices can last up to seven years
up themselves. on one set of batteries.
 Ideal for someone with a basic
understanding of technology who
wants to keep their home
automation secure, efficient,
PT  Ideal for technology experts who
want a system they can customize
with their preferences and install
themselves.
N
simple to use, and easy to
maintain.
Source: Sarah Brown, “ZigBee vs. Z‐Wave Review: What’s the Best Option for You?”, The SafeWise Report (Online), Mar 2016

Introduction to Internet of Things 10

 Zwave vs. Zigbee
Zwave Zigbee

EL
 Expensive.  Cheaper than Zwave.
 Nine out of ten leading  ZigBee Alliance consists of
security and communication
companies in the U.S. use Z‐
Wave in their smart home
solutions
PT nearly 400 member
organizations that use,
develop, and improve
ZigBee’s open‐standard
N
wireless connection
Source: Sarah Brown, “ZigBee vs. Z‐Wave Review: What’s the Best Option for You?”, The SafeWise Report (Online), Mar 2016

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

 EL
ISA 100.11A

PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 12
 Introduction
 International Society of Automation.

EL
 Designed mainly for large scale industrial complexes and
plants.
 More than 1 billion devices use ISA 100.11A

application layers. PT
 ISA 100.11A is designed to support native and tunneled

 Various transport services, including ‘reliable,’ ‘best effort,’

N
‘real‐time’ are offered.
Source: “The ISA 100 Standards : Overview and Status” ISA, 2008

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

  Network and transport layers are based on TCP or UDP / IPv6.
 Data link layer supports mesh routing and Frequency hopping.
 Physical and MAC layers are based on IEEE 802.15.4

EL
 Topologies allowed are:
 Star/tree
 Mesh
 Permitted networks include:
 Radio link
 ISA over Ethernet
PT
N
 Field buses
Source: Cambridge Whitepaper, http://portal.etsi.org/docbox/Workshop/2008/200812_WIRELESSFACTORY/CAMBRIDGE_WHITTAKER.pdf

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

  Application Support Layer delivers communications services
to user and management processes.
 It can pass objects (methods, attributes) natively within the

EL
ISA 100.11A protocol.
 A tunneling mode is available to allow legacy data through the
ISA100.11A network.
PT
N
Source: Tim Whittaker , “What do we expect from Wireless in the Factory?”Cambridge Whitepaper, Cambridge Consultants, 2008

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

  RD=routing
device
 NRD=Non‐

EL
routing device
 H=Handheld
device
 B=backbone
device
PT
N
Source: Tim Whittaker , “What do we expect from Wireless in the Factory?”Cambridge Whitepaper, Cambridge Consultants, 2008

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

Features

 Flexibility

EL
 Support for multiple protocols
 Use of open standards



PT
Support for multiple applications
Reliability (error detection, channel hopping)
Determinism (TDMA, QoS support)
N
 Security

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

 Security

 Security is fully built‐in to the standard.

EL
 Authentication and confidentiality services are independently
available.
 A network security manager manages and distributes keys.
PT
 Twin data security steps in each node:
 Data link layer encrypts each hop.
N
 Transport layer secures peer‐to‐peer communications.
Source: Tim Whittaker , “What do we expect from Wireless in the Factory?”Cambridge Whitepaper, Cambridge Consultants, 2008

Introduction to Internet of Things 18

 ISA100.11A Usage Classes
Category Class Application Description

EL
Safety 0 Emergency action Always critical
1 Closed loop regulatory Often critical
control
Control 2 Closed loop Usually non‐critical

Monitoring
3
4
PT
supervisory control
Open loop control
Alerting
Human‐in‐the‐loop
Short term operational consequence
N
5 Logging/ Downloading No immediate operational consequence

Introduction to Internet of Things 19

 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 20
 EL
Sensor Networks – Part I
PT Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
 Consists of a large number of sensor nodes, densely deployed over an area.

EL
 Sensor nodes are capable of collaborating with one another and measuring the
condition of their surrounding environments (i.e. Light, temperature, sound,
vibration).



PT
The sensed measurements are then transformed into digital signals and processed
to reveal some properties of the phenomena around sensors.
Due to the fact that the sensor nodes in WSNs have short radio transmission
range, intermediate nodes act as relay nodes to transmit data towards the sink
N
node using a multi‐hop path.

Introduction to Internet of Things 2

Multi-hop Path in WSNs

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 3
Basic Components of a Sensor Node

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 4
Sensor Nodes
 Multifunctional

EL
 The number of sensor nodes
used depends on the application
type.
 Short transmission ranges

 PT
Have OS (e.g., TinyOS).
Battery Powered – Have limited
life.
N
Image source: Wikimedia Commons

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

Constraints on Sensor Nodes
 Small size, typically less than a cubic cm.

EL
 Must consume extremely low power
 Operate in an unattended manner in a highly dense area.

PT
 Should have low production cost and be dispensable
 Be autonomous
N
 Be adaptive to the environment

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

Applications
 Temperature measurement

EL
 Humidity level
 Lighting condition
 Air pressure
 Soil makeup
 Noise level
PT
N
a) Soil sensor node b) Temperature Flux sensor node c) Weather sensor node
 Vibration Image source: Wikimedia Commons

Introduction to Internet of Things 7

Single Source Single Object Detection
H

17 11

EL
Source Obj
18
5 17
4 12 H
13

Source
PT 2
3
7

6
8
10
15

16
N
Sink 9 14
H Human User
1

Introduction to Internet of Things 8

Single Source Multiple Object Detection
B H
11 Source Obj

EL
17 H
17
17 V
V 18 17 B
5
4 12
13

Source
Sink
H Human
PT 2
3
7

6
8
10
15

16
N
9 14
V Vehicle
B Building User

Introduction to Internet of Things 9

Multiple Source Single Object Detection
2
Source Obj

EL
1 1 V
2 V
17 11
4 V
V 15 V
4 15
17 V
18
5
12

Source
PT
6

3
13

8
10
16
N
Sink
V Vehicle
9 14
User

Introduction to Internet of Things 10

 Multiple Source Multiple Object Detection
1
9 Source Obj

EL
H 1 H
B
1 B
4 11 4 B
17 9 H
6 18 17
V 5 H
12
4

Source
Sink
H Human
2

PT 3 13

8
10
15

16
2
V
V
N
V Vehicle
B Building 14
User

Introduction to Internet of Things 11

 H 6
B
2
15

EL
9
17 11 Source Obj
6 H
1 V
18 2 B
5
4 12

Source
Sink
H Human
V
1

PT 3
13

8
10
16
N
V Vehicle
B Building 14
User

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

Challenges
 Scalability
 Providing acceptable levels of service in the presence of large number

EL
of nodes.
1
 Typically, throughput decreases at a rate of N , N = number of
nodes.
 Quality of service
PT
 Offering guarantees in terms of bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet loss
probability.
N
 Limited bandwidth, unpredictable changes in RF channel
characteristics.

Introduction to Internet of Things 13

 Challenges (contd.)
 Energy efficiency

EL
 Nodes have limited battery power
 Nodes need to cooperate with other nodes for relaying their information.
 Security
 Open medium.
PT
 Nodes prone to malicious attacks, infiltration, eavesdropping, interference.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 14
Sensor Web

EL
PT
N
Source: X. Chu and R. Buyya, “Service Oriented Sensor Web”, Sensor Networks and Configuration, Springer, 2007, pp. 51‐74.

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

Sensor Web WNS: Web
Notification
Services

EL
SCS: Sensor
Collection Services

SPS: Sensor
Planning Services

PT SensorML: Sensor
Modeling language
N
Source: X. Chu and R. Buyya, “Service Oriented Sensor Web”, Sensor Networks and Configuration, Springer, 2007, pp. 51‐74.

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

Sensor Web Entanglement

 Observations & measurements (O&M)

EL
 Sensor model language (sensorml)
 Transducer model language (transducerml or TML)



PT
Sensor observations service (SOS)
Sensor planning service (SPS)
Sensor alert service (SAS)
N
 Web notification services (WNS)

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor
Networks
 Nodes communicate with other nodes with the help of

EL
intermediate nodes.
 The intermediate nodes act as relays.
 Wireless nodes are energy‐constrained.
PT
 Nodes may or may not cooperate.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 18
Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor
Networks
 Two extremities:

EL
 Total cooperation: if all relay requests are accepted, nodes will
quickly exhaust limited energy.
 Total non‐cooperation: if no relay requests are accepted, the
network throughput will go down rapidly.
 Issues:
PT
 Selfishness, self‐interests, etc.
 Symbiotic dependence
N
 Tradeoff: individual node’s lifetime vs. Throughput.

Introduction to Internet of Things 19

Security Challenges in Cooperation
 Open, shared radio medium by the nodes, which dynamically

EL
change positions.
 No centralized network management or certification authority.
 Existence of malicious nodes.
 Nodes prone to attacks, infiltration, eavesdropping, interference.
PT
 Nodes can be captured, compromised, false routing information can
be sent – paralyzing the whole network.
 The cooperating node or the node being cooperated might be
N
victimized.

Introduction to Internet of Things 20

 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 21
 EL
Sensor Networks – Part II
PT Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
N
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1

Node Behavior in WSNs
Node

EL
Normal Misbehaving

PT Unintentional Intentional
N
Failed Badly Failed Selfish Malicious

Introduction to Internet of Things 2

Node Behavior in WSNs (contd.)

 Normal nodes work perfectly in ideal environmental

EL
conditions
 Failed nodes are simply those that are unable to perform an
operation; this could be because of power failure and
PT
environmental events.
 Badly failed nodes exhibit features of failed nodes but they
can also send false routing messages which are a threat to the
N
integrity of the network.

Introduction to Internet of Things 3

Node Behavior in WSNs (contd.)

 Selfish nodes are typified by their unwillingness to cooperate,

EL
as the protocol requires whenever there is a personal cost
involved. Packet dropping is the main attack by selfish nodes.
 Malicious nodes aim to deliberately disrupt the correct
PT
operation of the routing protocol, denying network service if
possible.
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 4
Dynamic Misbehavior: Dumb Behavior
 Detection of such temporary misbehavior in order to preserve normal

EL
functioning of the network – coinage and discovery of dumb behavior
 In the presence of adverse environmental conditions (high temperature,
rainfall, and fog) the communication range shrinks
 A sensor node can sense its surroundings but is unable to transmit the
sensed data
PT
 With the resumption of favorable environmental conditions, dumb nodes
work normally
 Dumb behavior is temporal in nature (as it is dependent on the effects of
N
environmental conditions)

Introduction to Internet of Things 5

Detection and Connectivity Re-establishment
 The presence of dumb nodes impedes the overall network performance

EL
 Detection, and, subsequently, the re‐establishment of network
connectivity is crucial
 The sensed information can only be utilized if the connectivity between
each dumb node with other nodes in the network could be re‐established

PT
 Before restoration of network connectivity, it is essential to detect the
dumb nodes in the network.
 CoRD and CoRAD are two popular schemes that re‐establish the
N
connectivity between dumb nodes with others.

Introduction to Internet of Things 6

 Event-Aware Topology Management in Wireless
Sensor Networks
 Timely detection of an event of interest

EL
 Monitoring the event
 Disseminating event‐data to the sink

PT
Adapting with the changes of event state
 Event location
 Event area
N
 Event duration
Source: S. N. Das, S. Misra, M. S. Obaidat, "Event‐Aware Topology Management in Wireless Sensor Networks", Proceedings of Ubiquitous Information Technologies and
Applications (CUTE 2013), Springer Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Vol. 214, 2013, pp. 679‐687

Introduction to Internet of Things 7

Information Theoretic Self-Management of Wireless
Sensor Networks
 A WSN is deployed with the intention of acquiring information

EL
 The sensed information are transmitted in the form of packets
 Information theoretic self‐management (INTSEM) controls the
transmission rate of a node by adjusting a node’s sleep time
 Benefits
PT
 Reduce consumption of transmission energy of
transmitters
N
 Reduce consumption of receiving energy of relay nodes
S. N. Das and S. Misra, "Information theoretic self‐management of Wireless Sensor Networks", Proceedings of NCC 2013.

Introduction to Internet of Things 8

General Framework of InTSeM

EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 9
Social Sensing in WSNs

 Social Sensing‐based Duty Cycle Management for Monitoring

EL
Rare Events in Wireless Sensor Networks
 WSNs are energy‐constrained
 Scenario:

PT
 Event monitoring using WSNs
 WSNs suffer from ineffective sensing for rare events
 Event monitoring or sensing, even if there is no event to monitor or
sense
N
 Example: Submarine monitoring in underwater surveillance

Introduction to Internet of Things 10

 Social Sensing in WSNs (contd.)
 Possible Solution Approach: Duty‐cycle management

EL
Limitations:
 SMAC [Ye et al., INFOCOM, 2002]
 Do not distinguish the 11rare
 DutyCon [Wang et al., ACM TSN, 2013]
events from regular events
 PW‐MAC [Tang et al., INFOCOM, 2011]

PT  Ineffective wakeup and

sensing under rare event
monitoring scenario
N
Source: S. Misra, S. Mishra, M. Khatua, "Social Sensing‐based Duty Cycle Management for Monitoring Rare Events in Wireless Sensor Networks", IET Wireless Sensor
Systems

Introduction to Internet of Things

Social Sensing in WSNs (contd.)
 Challenges:

EL
 Distinguish rare events and regular events
 Adapt the duty‐cycle with the event occurrence probability.
 Contribution:

PT
 Probabilistic duty cycle (PDC) in WSNs
 Accumulates information from the social media to identify the
occurrence possibility of rare events
N
 Adjusts the duty cycles of sensor nodes using weak estimation
learning automata

Introduction to Internet of Things 12

 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 13
 Applications of WSNs: Mines

 Fire Monitoring and Alarm System for Underground Coal

EL
Mines Bord‐and‐Pillar Panel Using Wireless Sensor Networks
 WSN‐based simulation model for building a fire monitoring and alarm
(FMA) system for Bord & Pillar coal mine.

PT
 The fire monitoring system has been designed specifically for Bord &
Pillar based mines
N
Source: S. Bhattacharjee, P. Roy, S. Ghosh, S. Misra, M. S. Obaidat, "Fire Monitoring and Alarm System for Underground Coal Mines Bord‐and‐Pillar Panel Using Wireless
Sensor Networks", Journal of Systems and Software (Elsevier), Vol. 85, No. 3, March 2012, pp. 571‐581.

Introduction to Internet of Things 14

 Applications of WSNs: Mines (contd.)

 It is not only capable of providing

EL
real‐time monitoring and alarm in
case of a fire, but also capable of
providing the exact fire location and
spreading direction by continuously
gathering, analysing, and storing real
time information
PT
N
Source: S. Bhattacharjee, P. Roy, S. Ghosh, S. Misra, M. S. Obaidat, "Fire Monitoring and Alarm System for Underground Coal Mines Bord‐and‐Pillar Panel Using Wireless
Sensor Networks", Journal of Systems and Software (Elsevier), Vol. 85, No. 3, March 2012, pp. 571‐581.

Introduction to Internet of Things 15

Applications of WSNs: Healthcare

 Wireless Body Area Networks

EL
 Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have recently
gained popularity due to their ability in providing
innovative, cost‐effective, and user‐friendly solution
for continuous monitoring of vital physiological

PT
parameters of patients.
 Monitoring chronic and serious diseases such as
cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
 Could be deployed in elderly persons for monitoring
N
their daily activities.

Introduction to Internet of Things 16

 Applications of WSNs: Healthcare (contd.)
Social Choice Considerations in Cloud‐Assisted WBAN Architecture

EL
 A proper aggregation function necessarily needs to be “fair", so that none of
the eligible elements are ignored unjustly.
 In a post‐disaster environment, it is required to monitor patients' health
conditions remotely.
PT
 This includes ambulatory healthcare services where the health status of a
patient is examined continuously over time, while the patient is being moved
to the emergency healthcare center.
N
Source: S. Misra, S. Chatterjee, "Social Choice Considerations in Cloud‐Assisted WBAN Architecture for Post‐Disaster Healthcare: Data Aggregation and
Channelization",Information Sciences (Elsevier), 2016

Introduction to Internet of Things 17

 Applications of WSNs: Healthcare (contd.)
 The work focuses on the formation of pseudo‐clusters so that

EL
the aggregation is not biased towards the leader nodes.
 Data aggregation among the LDPUs is done in a “fair" manner
following the Theory of Social Choice.

PT
 Aggregation is performed at mobile aggregation centers,
thereby increasing the scalability of the system.
 After the aggregation of data, the gateways are allocated
dynamically.
N
Source: S. Misra, S. Chatterjee, "Social Choice Considerations in Cloud‐Assisted WBAN Architecture for Post‐Disaster Healthcare: Data Aggregation and
Channelization",Information Sciences (Elsevier), 2016

Introduction to Internet of Things 18

 Applications of WSNs: Healthcare (contd.)
 Payload tuning mechanism for WBANs

EL
 In addition to the actual health condition, there exists indirect influence of
external parameters such as – age, height, weight, and sex on health
parameters.
 In crisp set theory, we are unable to interpret how much ‘low’, ‘moderate’,
PT
or ‘high’, a particular health parameter is.
 Exclusion of the important external parameters while assessing health and
the usage of traditional crisp set theory may result into inefficient decision
N
making.
Source: S. Moulik, S. Misra, C. Chakraborty, M. S. Obaidat, "Prioritized Payload Tuning Mechanism for Wireless Body Area Network‐Based Healthcare Systems", Proceedings
of IEEE GLOBECOM, 2014

Introduction to Internet of Things 19

 Applications of WSNs: Healthcare (contd.)

 Challenge is to design a dynamic decision making model that

EL
can optimize the energy consumption of each physiological
sensor
 Fuzzy inference system (FIS) and markov decision process
PT
(MDP) are used to optimize energy consumption
N
Source: S. Moulik, S. Misra, C. Chakraborty, M. S. Obaidat, "Prioritized Payload Tuning Mechanism for Wireless Body Area Network‐Based Healthcare Systems", Proceedings
of IEEE GLOBECOM, 2014

Introduction to Internet of Things 20

 Applications of WSNs: Healthcare (contd.)
 Priority‐Based Time‐Slot Allocation in WBANs

EL
 In medical emergency situations, it is important to discriminate the
WBANs transmitting critical heath data from the ones transmitting
data of regular importance.

PT
 Existing frequency division‐based transmission in a multisource‐
single‐sink network results in flooding of the sink’s receiver buffer.
 This leads to packet loss and consequent retransmission of the
N
regenerated packets.
Source: S. Misra, S. Sarkar, "Priority‐Based Time‐Slot Allocation in Wireless Body Area Networks During Medical Emergency Situations: An Evolutionary Game Theoretic
Perspective", IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2014

Introduction to Internet of Things 21

 Applications of WSNs: Healthcare (contd.)
 Transmission priority of an local data processing unit (LDPU) is indifferent
to the criticality of the health data that is being transmitted by the LDPU.

EL
 Based on LDPU‐properties, such as the criticality of health data, energy
dissipation factor, and time elapsed since last successful transmission, a
fitness parameter is formulated which is a relative measure of node‐
importance.
PT
 The priority‐based allocation of time slots (PATS) algorithm allows the
LDPUs to choose their strategies based on their fitness.
 LDPUs with higher fitness are given higher preference, while ensuring
N
minimum waiting time between successive transmission of data‐packets.
Source: S. Misra, S. Sarkar, "Priority‐Based Time‐Slot Allocation in Wireless Body Area Networks During Medical Emergency Situations: An Evolutionary Game Theoretic
Perspective", IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2014

Introduction to Internet of Things 22

 EL
PT
N
Introduction to Internet of Things 23