Overview of the

Internet of Things
(IoTs)
Fall 2013
Qian Zhang
FYTGS, HKUST

Ice-breaking

Course Info
Instructor: Qian Zhang
www.cse.ust.hk/~qianzh

Course web site

http://www.cse.ust.hk/~qianzh/FYTGS5100/fall
2013/index.html
contains all notes, announcements, etc.
Check it regularly!

Lecture schedule
Wednesday 18:30-21:20 Rm 2406

Course Info
The reading materials online for paper reading
and student presentation
Check recent research papers from high
quality conferences and transactions
Experience networking research through team
projects (1-2 students)
Understand what is good research
Hands-on experience in IoT related research
Appreciate team work / collaborations

Course Info
Grading scheme

Homework
Project
Presentation
Final Exam

20 points
25 points
20 points
35 points

Paper presentation
Everyone reviews and presents 1 paper
Email me ids of 3 papers that youd like to
present by Sept. 28
Submit a review for one paper of your
choice before you present the paper (1-2
pages)

Course Schedule
Introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) (1
week)
RFID: technology and applications (1 weeks)
Wireless and mobile communications (3.5
weeks)
Sensors and wireless sensor networks (3.5
weeks)
Localization technologies (1 week)
Project preparation (1 week)
Student presentation (2 weeks)

Outline
1 Whats Internet of Things (IoT)
2

State of the Art of IoT

3 Challenges and Limitation of IoT

4

Future of IoT

Starting from the

Internet

Internet appears everywhere in the world

but it is still a connection between people and people

What is the Internet of

Things?

Internet connects all people, so it is called the Internet

of People
IoT connects all things, so it is called the Internet of
Things

Whats the Internet of Things

Definition
(1) The Internet of Things, also called The
Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network
between objects, usually the network will be
wireless
and
self-configuring,
such
as
household appliances.
------Wikipedia
(2) By embedding short-range mobile
transceivers into a wide array of additional
gadgets and everyday items, enabling new
forms of communication between people and
things, and between things themselves.
------WSIS

Whats the Internet of Things

Definition
(3) The term "Internet of Things" has come to
describe a number of technologies and
research disciplines that enable the Internet to
reach out into the real world of physical
objects.
------IoT
2008
(4) Things having identities and virtual
personalities operating in smart spaces using
intelligent
interfaces
to
connect
and
communicate within social, environmental, and
user contexts.
-------IoT in 2020

Whats the Internet of Things

History
1997, The Internet of Things is the seventh in the
series of ITU
Internet Reports originally launched in
1997 under the title Challenges to the Network.
1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT
2003, EPC Global founded in MIT
2005, Four important technologies of the internet of
things was
proposed in WSIS conference.
2008, First international conference of internet of
things: The IOT
2008 was held at Zurich.

Whats the Internet of Things

From any time ,any place connectivity for
anyone, we will now have connectivity for
anything!

Whats the Internet of Things

Characteristics
Ambient
Intelligence

Event
Driven

Internet of
Things

Complex
Access
Technologies

Semantic
Sharing

Flexible
Structure

Why Internet of Things

Dynamic control of industry and daily life

Improve the resource utilization ratio

Better relationship between human and nature

Forming an intellectual entity by integrating

human society and physical systems

Why Internet of Things (ii)

Flexible configuration, P&P

Universal transport & internetworking

Accessibility & Usability?

Acts as technologies integrator

Things Connected: communicated

between physical world and information
world

Epoch of IOT

Wen Jiabao: sensing Chin

2009

IBM: Smart Planet, Winning in China

2009
Obama: Business Round Table

2009
IBM: Smart Planet

2008
2005
MIT: Auto-ID-Center

1999

18

ITU: ITU Internet Reports

Premier Wen and Sensing

China

Premier Wen visited Wuxi in August 7, 2009.

He proposed Sensing China.

15-Year Law

1965 Main Frame

1980 PC
1995 Internet
2010 ?

The Application of IoT(1)

Regional Office

House

Transportation Vehicle

Biosensor taken by people

Network

Equipment
in public
place

Virtual Environment

The Application of IoT(2)

Scenario: shopping
(2) When shopping in the
market, the goods will
introduce themselves.
(1) When entering the doors,
scanners will identify the tags
on her clothing.
(4) When paying for the goods,
the microchip of the credit card
will communicate with checkout
reader.
(3) When moving the goods, the
reader will tell the staff to put a
new one.

The Application of IoT(3)

Scenario: Health Care

Various sensors for

various conditions
Example ICP sensor:
Short or long term
monitoring of pressure
in the brain cavity
Implanted in the brain
cavity and senses the
increase of pressure
Sensor and associated
electronics
encapsulated in safe
and biodegradable
material
External RF reader
powers the unit and
receives the signal
Stability over 30 days

The Application of IoT(3)

Scenario: Health Care
National Health Information
Network, Electronic Patient Record
Home care: monitoring and control
Pulse oximeters, blood glucose monitors,
infusion pumps, accelerometers,

Operating Room of the Future

Closed loop monitoring and control; multiple
treatment stations, plug and play devices;
robotic microsurgery
System coordination challenge

Progress in bioinformatics: gene,

protein expression, systems biology,
disease dynamics, control
mechanisms

The Application of IoT(4)

Scenario: Intelligent Home

Remote monitor
for smart house

Remote control for

smart appliance

The Application of IoT(5)

Scenario: Transportation
A network of sensors set up throughout a vehicle can
interact with its surroundings to provide valuable feedback
on local roads, weather and traffic conditions to the car
driver, enabling adaptive drive systems to respond
accordingly
This may involve automatic activation of braking systems or
speed control via fuel management systems. Condition and
event detection sensors can activate systems to maintain
driver and passenger comfort and safety through the use of
airbags and seatbelt pre-tensioning
Sensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on driving
conditions, driver behaviour and facial indicators can
interact
to ensure safe driving by activating warning systems
or directly controlling the vehicle

The Application of IoT(5)

Scenario: Transportation
In 2005, 30 90 processors per car
Engine control, Break system, Airbag deployment system
Windshield wiper, Door locks, Entertainment system

Cars are sensors and actuators in V2V

networks
Active networked safety alerts
Autonomous navigation

Future Transportation Systems

Incorporate both single person and mass transportation vehicles,
air and ground transportations.
Achieve efficiency, safety, stability using real-time control and
optimization.

The Application of IoT(6)

Scenario : Monitoring the
Environment

Life in IoT Era

ITU has described the scene of IoT era
as follows
The car will generate alarm
automatically if the driver has made
any mistake during the operation;
The bag will send out reminder
message if the owner forgot bring
something;
The cloth will tell the washing-machine
about its requirement for the water
temperature;

Life will be changed completely with

the technology of IoT

4 Layers Model for IoT

Information
Application
Information
Processing
Information
Transmission

Integrated Application Layer

Management Layer

Network Construction Layer

Information
Generation Sense and Identification Layer

More on 4 Layers Model

Integrate
d
Applicati
on
Informati
on
Processi
ng

Smart
Logistic

Smart Grid Green

Building

Data Center

Search
Engine

Smart
Decision

WWAN

Network
Construct
ion

Smart TransportEnv.
Monitor

Info. SecurityData Mining

WMAN

Internet
WPAN

Sensing
and
Identificati

GPS

Smart

WLAN

RFID

Sensor

Sensor

State of the Art of IoT

Enabling Technologies
RFID

To
identify
and track
the data
of things

Sensor

To collect
and
process
the data to
detect the
changes in
the
physical
status of
things

Smart Tech

To enhance
the power of
the network
by devolving
processing
capabilities
to different
part of the
network.

Nano Tech

To make
the smaller
and
smaller
things have
the ability
to connect
and
interact.

Sensor Technology
The ability to detect changes in the physical status
of things is essential for recording changes in the
environment.
Wireless sensor technology play a pivotal role in
bridging the gap between the physical and virtual
worlds, and enabling things to respond to changes
in their physical environment. Sensors collect data
from their environment, generating information
and raising awareness about context.
Example: sensors in an electronic jacket can collect
information about changes in external temperature and the
parameters of the jacket can be adjusted accordingly

State of the Art of IoT

Research Groups
1
MIT Auto-ID Lab &
EPC Global.
Stanford University
Georgia Institute of
Technology
Cambridge Univ

2
EPFL & ETH Zurich
Information and
Communication
Systems Research
Group
Chemnitz University
of Technology
VSR Group

3
Nokia
SAP
IBM
GOOGLE
AMBIENT
Metro Group
Siemens
Sun
Cisco
GE

State of the Art of IoT

The Challenge of IoT

Total challenge of IoT
1. Technological Standardization in most areas
are still remain fragmented.
2. managing and fostering rapid innovation is a
challenge for governments
3. privacy and security
4. Absence of governance

The Challenge of IoT

How
How to
to convincing
convincing users
users that
that the
the IoT
IoT technology
technology will
will
protect
protect their
their data
data and
and privacy
privacy when
when tracking
tracking

Potential Solutions

Legal &
Regulator
y

Technical
Control

Social Ethic

Market
Self-regulation

IoT and WSN

WSN is IoT IoT aka WSN IoT WSN
IoT aka RFID + PerCom

IoT is not WSN IoT WSN

IoT contains WSN IoT WSN

IoT and WSN

Things are diverse
They might be individual like water,
soldiers, trees
They also be a set of individuals like
ocean, battlefield, forest,

IoT and WSN

We concern not only about water, tree and

soldier, but also about ocean, forest and
battlefield.

IoT and WSN

So we have ocean monitoring, Forest

management, battlefield control.

When WSN is Used

To Connect digital world and physical world

Sensed
data

Digital
World

Sensed
data
Sensed
data

Sensed
data

Sensed
data
Sensed
data

Physical
World

IoT and CPS

CPS
C1

C2

Cn

P1

P2

Pn

C=C1 C2
P=P1 P2

Cn
Pn

Internet or
Cyber world

IoT

IoT and Pervasive Computing

CPS and Pervasive

Computing

All such buzzwords refers to the same balloon. When it is

blasted to large size, it is called Smart Planet; when to
middle size, it is called CPS; When to small size, it is
called pervasive or embedded system.

Internet of Things vs. Cloud

Properties

Internet of Things, Cloud and

Services
Internet of Things enables
High-resolution management
Real-world control
Adaptive processes
IoT Issue

Possible Solution

Heterogeneity

Services as abstraction layer

Application
Development

Mash-up of services

Solution Deployment

Support through XaaS models

Producing a lot of
data

Processing of large data quantities in

the cloud

IoT, Cloud, and Services are complementary aspects

of a Real World Internet

2 Examples
For the public and the society
For business and enterprises

Example 1: Pachube
"The Internet of Things Real-Time Web
Service and Applications"
Platform to connect sensors and other hardware
Platform to build IoT services and applications
RESTful APIs

After the Fukushima Disaster

on Pachube

Many People Connected

Radiation Sensors

Cool, but
Data quality of various sources

Accuracy of each data point

Sensor reliability and availability
Time of measurement
Important for trust!

Unit jungle:
nGy/s, mSv/h, Sv/h, Bq/kg, cpm
Sometimes misleading, sometimes just hard to
compare

Mix of data sources

Real sensors
Virtual sensors (data scraping from web pages, e.g.,
http://www.houshasen-prefibaraki.jp/present/result01.html)

Business Web
A Platform and Marketplace for Business
Services
The Business Web is a cloud-based business
environment that provides access to the necessary
infrastructure, applications, content, and connectivity to
deliver end-to-end business services optimized for
mobility and ease of participation

Business Web:
First-class Internet of Things
Integration

M2M Scenario Ice Cream

Cabinets
The application provides consumer
products companies with detailed
information about the location and
status of its ice cream cabinets.
This information can be used to
find these cabinets, supply them
with new ice cream in time, and
monitor their temperature in order
to avoid ice cream becoming bad
due to a defective ice cream
cabinet.
The ice cream cabinets become
smart items that monitor their
energy consumption, send alarms,
and become an active part in the
companies operation processes as
well as sustainability efforts.

IoT Configuration
2.5 million ice cream cabinets
Worldwide distributed
Biggest growth markets: China
and India

Sensing
Need to refill
Avoid stock-outs

Location
Reliably find and refill

Temperature / power outage

Detect failures and avoid product
loss

Behavioral statistics
Conclude conversion rate

Estimated business value:

>5% increased sales

IoT Integration into Business

Processes
Roles and processes

3rd Party Supplier

CPG Backend

Operational BI on supply chain

efficiency
User behavior monitoring and campaign
efficiency

3rd Party Supplier

Dispatcher: Improved planning of daily
logistics processes
Get refill priorities and alarms on power
outage and temperatures

Truck Driver: Guidance and real-time

integration into process

Store Owner

Push alarms to store owners for

immediate actions

Resolve power outage / close lid to save

energy

Consumer
Guidance to next ice cream cabinet
(source of happiness)

Consumer
Augmente
d
Reality
App:
Guide me
to the
next ice
cream

Business Value
Ice Cream Business is a 60+ billion
market
Highest margin business in food
CPG
10.5%

Unilever
10+ billion in ice cream sales
Market leader in out-of-home ice
cream business
30% market share
2/3 is out-of-home business

ICC scenario estimated benefit is

45 million additional profit per year

Phase 1: Pilot
500 ICCs in Germany, 50 mobile
users

Phase 2:
10.000 ICCs in Germany, 1.000
users

Short Summary
Internet of Things, Cloud Computing and
Services are all aspects of a (Future) Internet
Strengths of each can and should be combined

Examples of successful combinations exist

Both in the public and the business domain

We are at the beginning of an interesting

journey
Many challenges still lie ahead

Road is Difficult, but Future is

Bright

Any TIME

Any PLACE

Any THING