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Computer Organization and Architecture Dr. Ahmet zkurt DEUEEE

YAAR UNIVERSITY, 2005
based on Chapter 1-2 of Computer Organization and Architecture William Stallings

Content
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 CONTENT Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture, Comparison, Structure and Function, Why Organization, Computer Basics History of Computers, Computer Evolution, Design and Performance Considerations Computer Structure, Components, Functions, Bus Interconnection Memory, Input-Output Units, Operating System Instruction Methodology, Instuction Cycle, Instruction types First Midterm Exam, Exam Discussion Central Processing Unit-1: Computer Arithmetic, Instruction Sets, Central Processing Unit-2: Addressing Modes and Formats, CPU Structure Control Unit, Input-Output Organization Memories and Memory Organization Software and Operating System Organization Computer Architectures, Von-Neumann Architecture, RISC Computers, Parallel Processing Second Midterm Exam, Exam Discussion

References Computer Organization and Architecture

William Stallings, 2003, VI edition

Computer System Architecture

M. Morris Mano, 1993, III edition

Computer Organization
V.C. Hamacher, Z.G.Vranesic,S. G. Zaky, 1996, IV edition

Grading

Architecture & Organization 1 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer

Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

30% Midterm I 40% Midterm II 20% HW+Presentation 10% Attendance

Organization is how features are implemented

Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

Architecture & Organization 2 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture since 1970 This gives code compatibility
At least backwards

Structure & Function A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems, each of the latter, in turn, hierarchical in structure until we reach some lowest level of elementary subsystem. Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure

Organization differs between different versions

Function All computer functions are:

Data processing Data storage Data movement Control

Operations (1) Data movement

Operations (2) Storage

Operation (3) Processing from/to storage

Operation (4) Processing from storage to I/O

Structure - Top Level

Computer

Input/Output

Main Memory

System Interconnection

CPU

Central Processing Unit

Registers

ALU

CPU Interconnection

Control Unit

Computer Organization Synonymous with architecture in many uses and textbooks We will use it to mean the underlying implementation of the architecture Transparent to the programmer An architecture can have a number of organizational implementations Control signals Technologies Device implementations

Computer

Basic Computer
X Y

X1 Y1 Enable1

Function 1
Out1

Function select

. . .

. . .
X6 Y6 Enable6

Function 6
Out6

Chapter 2 Computer Evolution and Performance

A basic computer making several operations like addition, multiplification Requires Command decoding Requires data Requires data and output seperation / combination Requires function implementtaion

ENIAC - background Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Eckert and Mauchly Constructed in University of Pennsylvania Trajectory tables for weapons Started 1943 Finished 1946
Too late for war effort

ENIAC 1946

Used until 1955

It was U shaped, 25m long, 2.5m high and 1m wide

ENIAC - details
Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators of 10 digits Programming was done by plugging cables and setting switches. Data was entered by punched cards. Programming for typical calculations took from half a hour to a day. 18,000 vacuum tubes (reliability problem) 30 tons 140 kW power consumption (enough to light a small town) 5,000 additions per second

John Von Neumann

Von Neumann (mathematician) was a consultant to both ENIAC and EDVAC (Electronic discrete variable computer) projects Proposal of Neumann EDVAC: Basic elements of the stored-program computer A memory containing both data and instructions A calculating unit capable of performing both arithmetic and logical operations on the data A control unit, which could interpret an instruction retrieved from the memory and select alternative courses of action based on the results of previous operations Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies IAS (prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers) Started in 1946, Completed in 1952

Structure of von Neumann machine

IAS - details 1000 x 40 bit words

Binary number 2 x 20 bit instructions

Structure of IAS
Set of registers (storage in CPU) : Memory Buffer Register Memory Address Register Instruction Register Instruction Buffer Register Program Counter Accumulator Multiplier Quotient

IAS Instruction Set

IAS have 21 instructions which can be grouped as
Data transfer Unconditional branch Conditional branch (sign condition) Arithmetic Address modify

Commercial Computers 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
Faster More memory

IBM Major manufacturer of punched-card processing equipment 1953 - the 701

IBMs first stored program computer Scientific calculations

1955 - the 702

Business applications

Lead to 700/7000 series

Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen succeeded in creating the first pointcontact germanium transistor in1947 Bipolar junction transistor (Shockley) - 1950 Field effect transistor (MOS FET) - 1962

Transistor Based Computers

Second generation machines NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines DEC - 1957 Produced PDP-1 IBM 7000
IBM 700/7000 series (1952-1964)

IBM 7094

Microelectronics
Basic operations in a computer data storage data processing data movement control These operations can be performed by using gates and memory cells.

Microelectronics Literally - small electronics The gates and memory cells can be manufactured on a semiconductor (1958) e.g. silicon wafer
SYSTEM

Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957 Transistor - 1958-1964 Small scale integration - 1965 on Up to 100 devices on a chip Medium scale integration - to 1971 100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration - 1971-1977 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration - 1978 to date 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

MODULE + GATE

CIRCUIT

DEVICE G S n+ D n+

Moores Law
Increased density of components on chip Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel Number of transistors on a chip will double every year Since 1970s development has slowed a little
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months

Growth in CPU Transistor Count

Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnections increases reliability

IBM 360 series

1964 Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series First planned family of computers Similar or identical instruction sets Similar or identical O/S Increasing speed Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) Increased memory size Increased cost

DEC PDP-8 1964 First minicomputer Did not need air conditioned room Small enough to sit on a lab bench $16,000
$100k+ for IBM 360

Embedded applications & OEM BUS STRUCTURE

Multiplexing

DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure

Semiconductor Memory 1970 Fairchild Size of a single core

Console Controller

CPU

Main Memory

I/O Module

I/O Module

i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage

OMNIBUS

Holds 256 bits Non-destructive read Much faster than core Capacity approximately doubles each year

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Intel
1971 - 4004 First microprocessor All CPU components on a single chip 4 bit Followed in 1972 by 8008 8 bit Both designed for specific applications 1974 - 8080 Intels first general purpose microprocessor Faster, richer instruction set, large addressing capability

Intel Microprocessors

Intel Microprocessors

Intel Microprocessors

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Approximate Size Relationship

Speeding it up Pipelining On board cache Branch prediction Data flow analysis Speculative execution

Source: http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/online/hist_micro/hof/tspecs.htm

Performance Mismatch Processor speed increased Memory capacity increased Memory speed lags behind processor speed

Trends in DRAM use

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Solutions Increase number of bits retrieved at one time

Make DRAM wider rather than deeper
8080

Pentium Evolution (1)

first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path Used in first personal computer Altair 8086 much more powerful 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC 80286 16 Mbyte memory addressable up from 1Mb 80386 32 bit Support for multitasking

Change DRAM interface

Cache

Reduce frequency of memory access

More complex cache and cache on chip

Increase interconnection bandwidth

High speed buses Hierarchy of buses

Pentium Evolution (2)

80486 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining built in maths co-processor Pentium Superscalar Multiple instructions executed in parallel Pentium Pro Increased superscalar organization Aggressive register renaming branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution Pentium II

Pentium Evolution (3)

MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing Pentium III Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics Pentium 4 Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals Further floating point and multimedia enhancements Itanium 64 bit

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Internet Resources http://www.intel.com/

Search for the Intel Museum

http://www.ibm.com http://www.dec.com Charles Babbage Institute PowerPC Intel Developer Home

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