BBME 4, BECE 4, BEEE 4, BEEE 4E & BETE 4
Microprocessor Technology
Lesson 1: Introduction to MIT
M. Chatewa Banda, Electrical Engineering Dept.
With thanks to: L. Kamwendo.
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Intended Learning Outcome
• By the end of this lesson, the student should
develop a good understanding of the concepts of
microprocessors and microcomputers.
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Microprocessor Technology
• Module Aim
• To provide students with knowledge on the architecture and
operation of microprocessors and microcomputer systems
• Intended Learning Outcomes
• On completion of this module, the student should be able to:
a. Discuss the microprocessor architectures
b. Explain how microprocessors execute instructions
c. Program microprocessor in machine code and assembly
language
d. Design interfaces between microprocessor and peripherals
e. Evaluate microprocessor technologies
Indicative Content
a. Structure of Microcomputer
• Function of memory, CPU and I/O devices. Bus structures in
microcomputers. The architectures of the CPU, Registers, ALU, control
circuitry, interrupts, DMA, memory mapping, virtual memory. The
processor cycle. Types of machine cycle
b. Interfacing the CPU to Memory and I/O Devices
• Memory interfacing – features of memory devices such as static, dynamic, and
quasi-static RAMS, ROMS, UVEPROMs and EAPROMs. Use of wait states
to synchronize CPU with slow memory devices. I/O interfacing. Programmes
data transfers – memory mapped and register I/O. Interrupt transfers –
interrupt timing – prioritizing interrupts. Serial transfer of data to the
microprocessor. Feature of DMA controllers. Architecture of programmable
parallel I/O ports and interval timers. Initialization of these and their use in
both Programmed data and interrupt transfers
Indicative Content
c. Single Chip Microcomputers
• CPU and memory organization. I/O facilities and interfacing to
external hardware. Memory expansions. Single chip
development systems.
d. Assembly Language Programming
• Instruction Set Design: registers, arithmetic-logical
instructions, load-store instructions and operand addressing,
flow of control instructions, Structure of real- time software.
Bit Manipulation. Low-level programming of I/O: polling,
interrupts, systematic treatment of interrupts, DMA.
Indicative Content
• e. ADCs and DACs
• DACs weighted register, R-2R and current switched types. Interfacing
the DAC to the microcomputer. Types of ADC. The analogue switch.
Analogue multiplexers. Sample and hold circuits. Interfacing ADCs to
microprocessors: logical design, timing, causes of noise and
countermeasures.
• f. Practical Exercise
• Design, construction and test of a simple practical microprocessor
system
Assessment & Prescribed texts
• Assessment
• Examination 70%
• Coursework 30%
• Prescribed texts
a. Tanebaum A., (1998) Structured Computer Organization, 4th edition,
Prentice Hall; ISBN-13: 9788178086927
b. Patterson, David A. Computer organization and design(2012): the
hardware/software interface / David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy. — 4th
ed. (The Morgan Kaufmann series in computer architecture and design)
c. Professor Messer’s CompTIA 220-901 and 220-902 A+ Training Course
What is “Computer Architecture”?
Application (Netscape)
Operating System
Compiler (Unix;
Software Assembler Windows 9x) Instruction Set
Architecture
Hardware Processor Memory I/O system
Datapath & Control Computer
Implementation
Digital Design Architecture)
(Computer
Circuit Design
Organisation)
transistors, IC layout
What is “Computer Architecture”?
• Key Idea: levels of abstraction
• hide unnecessary implementation details helps us cope with
enormous complexity of real systems
• Computer architecture: Internal structure of a digital computer,
encompassing the design and layout of its instruction set and
hardware components.
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Levels of Computer Abstraction
Terms or Concept Computer Abstraction
People Natural Language
User Interfaces GUI with point, click, touch or speech
Programs and Prog Languages Fortran, C, C++, ADA, JAVA, VHDL
Assembly and Machine Languages Mnemonics for processing steps
The Operating System Kernel that runs the machine
Instruction Set Architecture What all the “code” must translated to
Microarchitecture Component
Structural interpretation of ISA Hardware
Implementation
implementation of structures
Digital Design
Detailed Gates
Bytes and Bits
The instantaneous physical values
Languages and Levels
We can identify levels or layers within a
computer and the means by which we can
move from the language level to bytes and
bits.
Tanenbaum’s 6-level
computer structure.
Translation, Interpretation, and Direct
Execution at Various Levels
MILESTONES IN COMPUTING
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The Zeroeth Generation:
Mechanical & Relays (1642 -1944)
Pascal (1642) the first working mechanical calculator:addition and
subtraction for tax collection
Von Leibniz (1670ish) multiply and divide, the four function calculator
Babbage (1830ish) (1) Difference Engine, fixed add/sub algorithm. for
naval navigation (2) Analytic Engine
The Store: 100 words of 50 decimal digits
The Mill: Add, subtract, multiply, divide
Instructions read from “punched cards”.
Instructions included computation and
branching!
The first assembly language that required
programming.
Therefore, there was the first software
programmer: Ada Augusta Lovelace
Zeroth Generation in the 1900’s
Mechanical & Relays (1642 -1944)
Zuse (Germany 1930s) Automatic calculating machines using
relays Machines destroyed in WW II
Atanasoff (Iowa State 1940) Calculating machine using relays. Included
capacitors for storage that were refreshed
(beginning of DRAM). It was Non-
operational.
Stibbitz (Bell Labs 1940) Calculating machine using relays.
Demonstrated in 1940.
Aiken (Harvard 1944) Babbage inspired machine using relays.
Harvard architecture :different
memories for instructions and data
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The First Generation:
Vacuum Tubes (1945-1955)
World War II drove the requirement for more advanced computational engines.
Code COLOSSUS by the British to break the ENIGMA cypher
Breaking The “first” electronic digital computer. Alan Turing.
Artillery ENIAC by the US, not completed before the end of WW II
Range 20 registers, 10-digit decimal numbers.
Programming with switches and jumpers.
30 tons, 140 kilowatts! John Mauchley.
After WW II, numerous projects were undertaken
EDSAC, JOHNIAC, ILLIAC, MANIAC,
WEIZAC, EDVAC
John von Neumann’s Machine (1952)
• Memory, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),
Control Unit (CU), Input and Output
• The first “stored program” computer
• The EDSAC was first (Wilkes, Univ. of
Cambridge)
• Von Neumann’s IAS machine
• A binary (previous machines were
decimal) stored program, • A processing unit that contains an
• independent data and control path arithmetic logic unit and processor
machine registers
• 4096 words of 40-bits, two 20-bit • A control unit that contains an instruction
register and program counter
instructions or one 40-bit signed
• Memory that stores data and instructions
integer word,
• External mass storage
• accumulator based ALU (40-bit) • Input and output mechanisms
The Second Generation: Transistors (1955-1965)
The transistor was invented by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley at Bell
Labs in 1948.
MIT Lincoln Labs,
The TX-0 was the 1st transistorized computer. 16-bit machine
founded in 1957, as an outgrowth of MIT transistorized computer.
DEC PDP-1 was the first “minicomputer” (1960)
- an 4K x 18-bit machine, 5 msec cycle, $120,000
- One given to MIT, students created a video game!
PDP-8 was the break-out machine for “minicomputer” (1965) a 12 bit
machine, $16,000
DEC was the premier minicomputer manufacturer
Note: IBM Originally a producer of punch cards and punch card sorter. Began
developing their first computer in 1953.
They became the dominant mainframe manufacturer
The Omnibus Concept
• A single bus computer
– PDP-8 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
– A break from van Neumann’s memory centered IAS
• Similar structures:
– VME bus, original PC ISA bus, etc.
The Third Generation:
Integrated Circuits (1965-1980)
• Shockley Semiconductor spin-off, Fairchild, focused on putting multiple transistors on
a single substrate.
• Robert Noyce was involved and later became a founder of Intel.
IBM (1964) • Combined two older, incompatible series of computers into the IBM 360 family.
Multiple models from low end (commercial) to high end (scientific)
DEC (1970) • PDP-11, the first “personal” workstation allowed researchers and labs to
have their own minicomputers
Microprocessors began to appear: from TI, Intel, Motorola
Intel 4004 (1971), Intel 8080 (1974), Intel 8086 (1978)
The Fourth Generation:
Very Large Scale Integration (1980-?)
IBM Personal Computers (PCs)
(1981) Based on Intel 8088, separate group development, commodity parts. Plans
published to allow “expansion” … clones emerged!
Other Comodore, Amiga, Atari,
PCs Apple (Home Brew Computer Club) – Jobs and Wozniak
DOS Disk operating systems developed for PCs
MS Microsoft “bought” an operating system and began to dominate
MIPS First commercial RISC processor
(1985)
MacIntosh Apple uses Xerox PARC concepts for new line of computers
and a superior operating system
and a whole lot more ….
“The Fifth Generation”:
ULSI and ASICs (1990’s)
WINTEL Windows and Intel dominate the PC market
Software Computer languages flourish
Operating systems expand
Hardware Superscalar Processors
(multiple execution units in the CPU chip) Pipeling
Out-of-Order Execution
Computer Systems
Networking
Distributed Computing
Cluster Computing
Servers
Tanenbaum’s 5th Generation:
Invisible Computers
Apple 1993 Newton – hand-held tablet computer
PDAs Personal Digital Assistants – Palm
Ubiquitous Computing or Pervasive Computing
Embedded Computers everywhere and in everything
smartphones PDAs merged with wireless phones –BlackBerry, iPhone,
Samsung Galaxy, etc.
Wireless telephony and wireless networks merging.
Tablet Computers - Post-PC tablets no longer WINTEL based
Cloud Computing – where is the: “computer”, data, network ports, etc.?
“The Sixth Generation”:
Superscalar/Superpipelined Machines (1997-)
Superscalar - Superpipelined
INTEL P6 architectures (Pentium II, Pentium III and
IBM/Motorola Celeron) PowerPC architecture with AltiVec
Multithreaded Machine (simultaneous execution of multiple “programs”)
INTEL Pentium IV
The Economics of the Computer Industry
Advances have allowed a Virtuous Circle to exist:
Technical Advances lead to better products at lower prices
Lower Prices lead to new applications (the killer App)
New Applications lead to New and expanded markets & New
Companies
More Companies lead to More Competition
More Competition leads to Research and new technical advances
The Computer Spectrum (outdated the day it was captured, but basic order-of- magnitude)
Moore’s Law
“What Is Moore's Law?
The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will
approximately double every 24 months. — Gordon Moore, Intel
Co-Founder. “Robert Noyce co-founder of Intel.
http://www.intel.com/about/companyinfo/museu m/exhibits/moore.htm
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Example Computer Families
• Pentium 4 by Intel
• UltraSPARC III by Sun Microsystems
• The 8051 chip by Intel in 1980, used for
embedded systems
Example Computer Families:
Pentium II (P6 Architecture)
• Pentium II Intel P6 architecture family 1995
– (The P6 Family includes the Intel® Pentium® III Xeon processor, Intel® Pentium® II Xeon
processor, Intel® Pentium® III Processor, Intel® Pentium® II processor, Intel® Pentium® Pro
processor, Intel® Celeron ® processor, Mobile Intel® Pentium® III processor, Mobile Intel®
Celeron® processor, Mobile Intel® Pentium® II processor, and Mobile Intel® Pentium®
processor.)
– superpipelined, 3-way superscalar, micro-ops
– on-board translation of legacy machine code
– Hardware Developer’s Manual: http://www.intel.com/design/pentiumII/manuals/244001.htm
– A superscalar processor is a CPU that implements a form of parallelism called instruction-level
parallelism within a single processor. It therefore allows for more throughput (the number of
instructions that can be executed in a unit of time) than would otherwise be possible at a given
clock rate
Example Computer Families:
Pentium 4
• Pentium 4 family 2000-2008
– 7th generation x86 processor from Intel
– NetBurst architecture differed from P6. Involved a very deep instruction pipeline to
achieve very high clock speeds.
– Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT), a feature to make one physical CPU work as two
logical CPUs
– New Streaming SIMD Extension 2 (SSE2). SSE2 adds new math instructions for double-
precision (64-bit) floating point and also extends MMX integer instructions to operate on
128-bit XMM registers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensions
– “The final NetBurst-derived products were released in 2007, with all subsequent product
families switching exclusively to the Core microarchitecture.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4
Intel Architectures
• See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IntelProcessorRoadmap-3.svg
• P6 Architecture: Pentium-Pro to P3
• Pentium 4
• Core Microarchitecture (no hyper-threading, P6 descendant)
– Core 2 Duo
• Nehalem (hyper-threading returns)
– i3, i5, i7
• Sandy Bridge
• Haswell
Intel Architectures
Haswell launched on June 4, 2013; 7 years ago Skylake Launched August 5, 2015; 5 years ago
Brand name(s): Core i3, Core i5,
Brand name(s): Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Xeon E3 Core i7, Core i9, Core m3,
v3, Xeon E5 v3, Xeon E7 v3, Pentium, Celeron Core m5, Core m7, Xeon, Celeron,
Pentium
Example Computer Families:
UltraSparc
• UltraSPARC Sun Microsystems developed the Scalable Processor ARChitecture
– SUN Founders: Bechtolsheim, Khosla, McNealy and Joy (1982) named possibly
derived from (Stanford University Network - internal network)
– Licenses available to develop SPARCs based on architecture specifications
– SPARC V9 Specification – 64-bit RISC
– Oracle acquired Sun in 2010 ….
• SPARC International was created in 1989 as an independent, non- profit organization to
oversee and guide the SPARC evolution. Their IP consists of the SPARC Instruction Set
Architecture, SPARC trademarks, and, SPARC derivative TM's. The organization is funded
entirely by members in support of SPARC architecture and it's Open Standards technology.
http://www.sparc.com/
Microcontrollers - Overview
• A microcontroller is a small and
low-cost microcomputer, which is
designed to perform the specific
tasks of embedded systems like
displaying microwave’s information,
receiving remote signals, etc.
• The general microcontroller consists
of the processor, the memory (RAM,
ROM, EPROM), Serial ports,
peripherals (timers, counters) etc, on
a single chip
Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller
• The following table highlights the differences between a
microprocessor and a microcontroller −
Microcontroller Microprocessor
Microcontrollers are used to execute a Microprocessors are used for multi
single task within an application. tasking applications.
Its designing and hardware cost is low. Its designing and hardware cost is high.
Easy to replace. Not so easy to replace.
It is built with CMOS technology, which Its power consumption is high because it
requires less power to operate. has to control the entire system.
It consists of CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports. It doesn’t consist of RAM, ROM, I/O
ports. It uses its pins to interface to
peripheral devices.
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Types of Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory,
architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their types −
• Bit (word length)
• Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three
categories.
• 8-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and
logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For example,
Intel 8031 and 8051 are 8 bits microcontrollers.
• 16-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to perform arithmetic
and logical operations where higher accuracy and performance is required. For
example, Intel 8096 is a 16-bit microcontroller.
• 32-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is generally used in
automatically controlled appliances like automatic operational machines, medical
appliances, etc.
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Types of Microcontrollers
• Memory
• Based on the memory configuration, the microcontroller is
further divided into two categories.
• External memory microcontroller
• This type of microcontroller is designed in such a way that they do
not have a program memory on the chip. Hence, it is named as
external memory microcontroller. For example: Intel 8031
microcontroller.
• Embedded memory microcontroller
• This type of microcontroller is designed in such a way that the
microcontroller has all programs and data memory, counters and
timers, interrupts, I/O ports are embedded on the chip. For example:
Intel 8051 microcontroller.
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Types of Microcontrollers
• Instruction Set
• Based on the instruction set configuration, the
microcontroller is further divided into two categories.
• CISC − CISC stands for complex instruction set computer. It
can execute a single large instruction as an alternative to many
simple instructions.
• RISC − RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set
Computers. It reduces the operational time by shortening the
clock cycle per instruction
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Applications of Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers are widely used in various
different devices such as −
• Light sensing and controlling devices like LED.
• Temperature sensing and controlling devices like
microwave oven, chimneys, incubators
• Fire detection and safety devices like Fire alarm.
• Measuring devices like Volt Meter.
• Burglar alarms
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8051 Architecture
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Microcontrollers - 8051 Architecture
• 8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in 1981.
• It is an 8-bit microcontroller.
• It is built with+ 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of ROM
storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers.
• It consists of four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable
as well as addressable as per the requirement.
• An on-chip crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller
having crystal frequency of 12 MHz.
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8051 Architecture
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Microcontrollers - 8051 Architecture
• Let us now discuss the architecture of 8051 Microcontroller.
• In the diagram, the system bus connects all the support
devices to the CPU.
• The system bus consists of an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit
address bus and bus control signals.
• All other devices like program memory, ports, data memory,
serial interface, interrupt control, timers, and the CPU are all
interfaced together through the system bus
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8051 Pin Description
• The pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller looks as follows −
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8051 Pin Description
• Pins 1 to 8 − These pins are known as Port 1. functions as I/O port. bi-directional I/O port.
• Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial values.
• Pins 10 to 17 − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some functions like interrupts, timer input, control
signals, serial communication signals RxD and TxD, etc.
• Pins 18 & 19 − XTA 1 & 2 These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get the system clock.
• Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.
• Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher order address bus signals are also
multiplexed using this port.
• Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read a signal from the external
program memory.
• Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to enable/disable the external memory
interfacing.
• Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to demultiplex the address-data signal
of port.
• Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower order address and data bus signals
are multiplexed using this port.
• Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.
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Microcontroller 8051 Basics
• The microcontroller 8051 consists of four input/output ports, each port
consists of eight pins which are configured as inputs/outputs based on
logic state.
• If logic zero (0) is applied to appropriate input/output port bits, then the
microcontroller pin acts as an output pin and there will be zero voltage
at that appropriate pin.
• Similarly, if logic one (1) is applied to appropriate input/output port bits,
then the microcontroller pin acts as an input pin and there will be 5V
voltage at that appropriate pin.
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Application of Microcontroller 8051
• The use of
microcontroller in various ◼ mobile communications,
in following fields is ◼ rail transport,
increasing: ◼ industrial processing,
• automobile, ◼ medical applications
• aeronautics,
• space,
• robotics,
• electronics,
• defense application,
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Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Robotics
• Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Robotics
• The advancement in transportation technology is developing the efficient
robotic vehicles which can be used for transportation without driver.
• This obstacle avoidance robotic vehicle (prototype) is one of the major
application of microcontroller in robotic
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Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle
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Obstacle Avoidance Robotic Vehicle
• This robotic project is designed to detect and avoid the obstacles on the robotic vehicle’s
path.
• For this purpose, an ultrasonic sensor pair is used in this project, which is interfaced to
microcontroller.
• If any obstacle is sensed by the ultrasonic sensor, then a signal is given to the
microcontroller which in turn generates an appropriate output signal.
• This output signal is fed to motor driver IC which is interfaced to the motors of the
robotic vehicle.
• Thus, based on the signals received from the microcontoller, the motor driver IC the
motors can change the direction (left, right, forward, and backward) of the robotic
vehicle to avoid the obstacles (if any are detected by ultrasonic sensor).
• The speed of the motors can be controlled using pulse width modulation (PWM)
technique
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Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Medical
Applications
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Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Medical Applications
• The application of microcontroller 8051 in medical applications
made revolutionary changes in the medical field.
• The patient health monitoring system with location details by
GPS over GSM is an electronic project based on the application
of microcontroller.
• This project is designed for tracking the patient’s location such
that it enables the facility to reach patient location quickly in
case of emergency.
• With this project, the patient’s body temperature can be
monitored wirelessly using GPS and a message can be sent to
the concerned/authorized person using GSM
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Patient health monitoring system with location details
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Patient health monitoring system with location details
• The block diagram of the project is shown in the above figure which
consists of various blocks such as GPS modem & GSM modem block
interfaced to the microcontroller block, power supply block, temperature
sensor, EEPROM, LCD display, and keypad.
• If the temperature of the patient’s body increases beyond the preset
temperature, then the temperature sensor sends signal to the
microcontroller.
• Thus, the microcontroller activates the GSM modem to send SMS to the
concerned person based on details stored in EEPROM memory.
Similarly, the location details of the patient are also sent using a GPS
modem and the information is displayed on the LCD display
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Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Electronics
• The electronic voting machine is a
practical application of microcontroller
8051 in electronics. The voting
machine designed using this project is
having eight contestants capacity. Thus,
eight push buttons are associated for
eight contestants and a master button
for polling authority. By using the
master button, multiple polling by
single voter can be avoided as each
voter need to get an approval for their
vote (only one vote can be polled by
one voter to any one contestant).
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Electronic voting machine
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Application of Microcontroller 8051 in Electronics
• The block diagram of the project is shown in the above figure which
consists of various blocks such as a power supply block, push buttons,
microcontroller block, LCD display, buzzer, EEPROM, and transistor.
• The vote approved by the officer can be indicated by buzzer sound and
polled vote is stored in EEPROM. The total number of votes polled to
each contestant is displayed using the LCD display interfaced with the
microcontroller
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Other examples
• Prepaid energy meter using microcontroller and GSM modem
• Transformer/Generator health monitoring remotely over internet
• Power theft detection and intimation to control room using GSM
• Controlling remote industrial plant using SCADA
• Avoiding excessive electric bills for industries and commercial establishments
• Induction motor speed control using Arduino
• Density based traffic signal system controlled using a smartphone
• Virtual display of messages using propeller drive LEDs
• Digital sensor based temperature control
• High power dual converter using a pair of SCR bridge
• LAN like setup of multiple microcontrollers
• Positioning of dish antenna using the remote
• I2C protocol based auto dialing on burglary detection
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Other examples
• High DC Voltage From AC in Voltage Multiplier Circuit
• Auto Power Supply Control to Ensure No Break Power
• Remote Monitoring of Transformer or Generator Health Over Internet
• APFC for Industrial Power Use to Minimize Penalty
• RFID based Paid Car Parking
• Sun Tracking Solar Panel
• Smooth Start of a Single Phase Induction Motor
• Time Delay Based Relay Operated Load
• Using TV Remote as a Cordless Mouse for the Computer
• Remote Operated Domestic Appliances Control by Android Application
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Arduino Microcontroller
• Single board computer that has gained considerable traction in the
hobby and professional market
• The Arduino is open-source, which means hardware is reasonably
priced and development software is free
• The Arduino project was started in Italy to develop low cost
hardware for interaction design
• You can write programs and create interface circuits to read
switches and other sensors, and to control motors and lights with
very little effort.
The ARDUINO Duemilanove board
The Duemilanove board features
• Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller operating at 5 V with 2 Kb of RAM,
• 32 Kb of flash memory for storing programs and 1 Kb of EEPROM for storing
parameters.
• The clock speed is 16 MHz, which translates to about executing about 300,000 lines
of C source code per second.
• The board has 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog input pins.
• There is a USB connector for talking to the host computer and a DC power jack for
connecting an external 6-20 V power source, for example a 9 V battery, when
running a program while not connected to the host computer.
• Headers are provided for interfacing to the I/O pins using 22 g solid wire or header
connectors.
• For additional information on the hardware, see
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno.
The Arduino programming language
• is a simplified version of C/C++.
• If you know C, programming the Arduino will be familiar.
• If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a few commands are needed to
perform useful functions.
• You create a control program on the host PC, download it to the Arduino and it
will run automatically.
• Remove the USB cable connection to the PC, and the program will still run from
the top each time you push the reset button.
• Remove the battery and put the Arduino board in a closet for six months. When
you reconnect the battery, the last program you stored will run.
• This means that you connect the board to the host PC to develop and debug your
program, but once that is done, you no longer need the PC to run the program.
Summary
In this lesson, we have:
• Developed a good understanding of microcomputers
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Next lesson
• In the next lesson we will introduce the CPU.
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THANK YOU
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