Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Key Words:

I-V Relationship for R, L and C,

Power conversion
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Resistor v~i relationship for a resistor

v  Vm sin  t
i
 Suppose
 +

R v Vm

v i  sin t  I m sin t
S
R R
_

V
v、i Relationship between RMS: I 
R
v
Wave and Phasor diagrams：

i
I 
t 

V
V
I
R
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Resistor  Time domain frequency domain

Vm e j ( wt  )  RI m e j ( wt  )
v(t )  Vm cos(wt   )
Vm e j  RI m e j
i (t )  I m cos(wt   )
Vm   RI m 
V  RI

With a resistor θ﹦φ, v(t) and i(t) are in phase .

 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Resistor  Power
i
 • Transient Power
+
p  vi  Vm sin t  I m sin t  I mVm sin t
2
R

1  cos 2t   IV  IV cos 2t

v I mVm

_ 2
 Note: I and V are RMS values. p0

v、i • Average Power

v
0 pdt T 0VI 1  cos 2t dt  VI
1 T 1 T
P=IV P
i T
t V2
P  IV  I R  2

R
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Resistor

v  311sin 314t,
P1.4 ， R=10，Find i and P。

 220V 
Vm 311
V 
2 2

 22 A
V 220
I 
R 10

i  22 2 sin 314t P  IV  220  22  4840W 

 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Inductor  v ~ i relationship
di
v  v AB L
dt
Suppose i  I m sin t

di d I m sin t 
vL L  I mL cos  t
dt dt

 I mL sin t  90 
 Vm sin t  90 
1 t
i   vdt  L vdt  L 0 vdt i0  0 vdt
1 t 1 0 1 t
L  L
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Inductor  v~i relationship

 I mL sin  t  90   Vm sin t  90 

di
vL
dt
Vm  I mL
Relationship between RMS: V  IL

I
V
X L  L  2fL  
L

XL  f

For DC，f = 0，XL = 0.

v(t) leads i(t) by 90º, or i(t) lags v(t) by 90º

 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Inductor v~i relationship

i(t) = Im ejt

di
v (t )  L  I m jLe jt  jLi(t )
dt
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: V  jLI
 
I  V  V
jL jX L
• The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a
multiplication by j in the relationship between V and I .
• The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in the
frequency-domain.
• Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors in a way such as we express the current-voltage relationship for a
resistor.
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Inductor  v ~ i relationship

Wave and Phasor diagrams：

V  jIX L
v、i
v V
eL
i

t

I
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Inductor  Power
p  vi  Vm sin t  90 I m sin t  Vm I m cos t  sin t
Vm I m P
 sin 2t VI sin 2t
2
t i 1
0 0
Energy stored:W  vidt  Lidi  Li 2
2
+ +
1 t
Wmax  LI m2  LI 2 - -
2
v、i
Average Power P  1 1 T
T

T 0
pdt   VI sin 2tdt  0
T 0 v
V2 i
Reactive Power Q  IV  I X L 
2
（Var）
XL
t
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Inductor

P1.5，L = 10mH，v = 100sint，Find iL when f = 50Hz and 50kHz.

X L  2fL  2  50  10  10 3  3.14

 22.5 A
V 100 / 2
I 50  
XL 3.14

iL t   22.5 2 sin t  90 A
X L  2fL  2  50  10 3  10  10 3  3140

 22.5mA
V 100 / 2
I 50k  
XL 3.14

iL t   22.5 2 sin t  90 mA 
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Capacitor  v ~ i relationship
dq dv
i i C
 dt dt
+ I m CVm
Suppose: v  Vm sin t
v C

i  CVm cos t  CVm sin t  90   I m sin t  90 
1 t 1 0 1 t 1 t
_
 v   idt   idt   idt  v0   idt
c  c  c 0 c 0
Relationship between RMS: I  CV  V  V
1 XC
C
XC 
1

1

C 2fC
1
XC  For DC，f = 0， XC  
f
i(t) leads v(t) by 90º, or v(t) lags i(t) by 90º
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Capacitor  v ~ i relationship

i v(t) = Vm ejt

+
dv(t ) dVm e j t
i (t )  C C  jCVm e j t
v C dt dt
V
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: I = jωCV =
_ jX C


• The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a

multiplication by j in the relationship between V and I .
• The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in the
frequency-domain.
• Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors much like we express the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Capacitor v~i relationship

Wave and Phasor diagrams：

V   jI X C
v、i
I
i
v

t

V
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Capacitor Power

p  vi  Vm sin t  I m sin t  90  

Vm I m
sin 2t  VI sin 2t
2
P
Energy stored:
t v dv v 1
W   vidt   v  C   dt   Cvdv  Cv 2
0 0 dt 0 2 + +
1
Wmax  CVm2  CV 2 t
2 - -

Average Power: P=0 v、i

i
V 2
v
Reactive Power Q  IV  I X C 
2 （Var）
XC
t
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Capacitor

P1.7，Suppose C=20F，AC source v=100sint，Find XC and I for f = 50Hz

and 50kHz。

1 1
f  50Hz  X c    159
C 2fC
V V
I  m  1.38A
Xc 2Xc

 0.159
1 1
f  50KHz  X c  
C 2fC

 1380A 
V Vm
I  
Xc 2Xc
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Review (v-I relationship)

Time domain Frequency domain

R
v  R i V  R  I , v and i are in phase.

di
vL  L V  jL  I , X L  L , v leads i by 90°.
L dt

dv 1  1
vC  C V  I , XC  , v lags i by 90°.
C dt jC C
 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

1.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Summary

 R： XR  R   0

L： X L  L  2fL  f    v  i 
2
C： 1 1 1 
XC       v  i  
c 2fc f 2
 V  IX

 Frequency characteristics of an Ideal Inductor and Capacitor:

A capacitor is an open circuit to DC currents;
A Inducter is a short circuit to DC currents.