ASSIGNMENT 2

MODULE 3
Q.1 Explain the CDMA basic spectrum spreading operation with necessary sketches. 8

 The CDMA one and cdma2000 cellular systems are based on the use of CDMA
Technology provide additional user capacity over a limited amount of radio frequency
spectrum.
 This is accomplished by using a spread spectrum and coding technique that provides for
numerous radio channels. Basic Spectrum spreading operation is shown in figure 3.10. 
The orthogonal Walsh spreading codes are used for channel encoding.

Fig. 3.10. The Basic Spectrum spreading operation

The IS - 95 CDMA system is a narrow band radio system.

Bandwidth is limited to 1.25 MHz and a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps.
The system is intended to provide voice and low bit rate data service using circuit - switching
techniques. Data rate varies from 1.2 kbps to 9.6 kbps.
Forward (base station to mobile) and reverse (mobile to base station) link structures are
different and each is capable of distinctive capacity.
 Forward transmission is coherent and synchronous while the reverse link is asynchronous. The
'channelization' in each link is achieved by using 64- chip orthogonal codes, including provision
for pilot, synchronization, paging, and network access.

Consequently, the number of active users able to simultaneously access the network is limited by
the level of interference, service provisions and the number of 'channels' available. In IS-95B, an
active mobile always has a fundamental code channel at 9.6 kbps and when high data rate is
required, the base station assign the mobile up to 7 supplementary code channels.

Q.2.
Explain forward logic channels of CDMA. 8

• CDMA Channel Concept

o Forward logical channels
o Pilot channel
oSynchronization channel
o Paging channel
▪ Traffic/power control channels

Fig.3.11: Basic spreading procedure used on CDMA forward channels

• The basic spreading procedure used on the forward CDMA journal is shown in figure
3.11.
• The Digital Signal to be transmitted over a particular forward channel is spread by first
exclusive “OR”ing it with the particular “Walsh code”.
• Then the signal is further scrambled in the in-phase and quadrature phase lines by two
different short pseudo noise (PN) spreading codes.
• These short PN spreading codes are not orthogonal codes, but they have excellent cross
correlation and autocorrelation properties that make them useful for this application.
• Each channel is spread sufficiently over the entire bandwidth of 1.25 MHz channel.
• The short inphase (I) and quadrature Phase (Q) and spreading codes are generated by two
linear shift registers of length 15 with the set polynomial value used to configure the feedback
paths.
 • The resulting in short PN spreading codes are repeating binary sequences that are
approximately equal number of zeros and ones then the length of 327 68.
• the output of the inphase and quadrature phase signals are passed through the baseband
filter and then applied to the RF quadrature modulator Integrated circuit that convert the final
output signal to be U HV frequency bands.
• This channel element signal is linearly combined with the other forward channel element
signal amplified and composite Band pass band signal is transmitted over the air interface.

Q.3. Explain CDMA mobile station initialization and call processing states. 8

• As is the case with GSM cellular, CDMA system registration procedures are dependent
upon the status of the mobile station.
• The mobile may be either in a detached condition (powered off or out of system range)
or in an attached condition.
• When first turned on, the mobile goes through a power-up state (see Figure 3-22)
during which it selects a CDMA system and then acquires the pilot and sync channels,
which allows it to synchronize its timing to the CDMA system.
• When attached, the mobile Status dependent operation may be in one of three states:
the mobile station idle state, the access system state, or the mobile station control on
the traffic channel state (see Figure 3-22).
• While in the idle state, the mobile monitors the paging channel (PgC).
• In the system access state the mobile station communicates with the CDMA base
station, sending and receiving messages, as shown by Figure 3-24, while performing
various operations dictated by the different system access substrates.
• The mobile station control on the traffic channel state the mobile communicates with
the base station using the forward and reverse traffic channels while in various traffic
channel

Fig. 3.22 CDMA mobile station initialization state

 Fig. 3.22 CDMA mobile station initialization state

Fig.3.25 : CDMA mobile station call processing states

Q.4. List the number of static in CDMA cell establishment with neat diagram explain acess
channel.

1. Initialization State
2. Idle State
3. Access state
4. Traffic State

Acess channel
• Figure 3-26 depicts what is known as access channel probing.
• The transmission of a series of access probe sequences is known as an access attempt.
• Each access probe consists of an access channel preamble (one to sixteen frames consisting of 0’s)

Fig .3.26 CDMA access Channel probing in Access state

and an access channel message capsule of three to ten frames.

• This yields an access probe with duration of four to twenty-six 20-ms frames. Two types of access
messages may be trans. mitted by the mobile on the access channel: either a response message or
a request message. Within an access probe sequence, the access channel message is the same for
each access probe.
• Referring to Figure 3-26 again, one can see that the access channel probing process consists or the
mobile station sending a series of sequences of access probes of increasing power levels.

Q.5. Explain the types of handoff used in CDMA.

8

1. Call Handoff

• The specifications for IS-95 CDMA delineate three mobile station states during which a
handoff can occur.
• Referring back to Figure 3-23, these states are the idle state, access state, and traffic state.
• The procedures used and the type of handoff performed will depend upon the mobile's
present state.
• In all cases, the handoffs are mobile assisted since the mobile station is tasked with reporting
signal-strength measurements of various pilot channels to the network.
• As is typical with any wireless mobile system, handoff occurs when the serving sector/cell is
no longer capable of supporting communications between the mobile and itself. CDMA is
unique in that it supports soft/softer handoffs.
• There are several advantages to this type of handoff including improved system performance
for the support of voice traffic calls and the support of high-speed data transfers.

2. Idle/Access Handoff

• If the mobile is in the idle state and moves from the coverage area of one sector/cell into
another sector/cell, an idle handoff can occur.
• When the received signal strength of a different pilot channel (PC) is determined to be twice
as strong (3 dB greater) than the current PC, the mobile will start listening to the paging
channel (PgC) associated with the stronger PC.
• This type of handoff is considered a form of hard handoff since there is a brief interruption of
the communication link.
• But it is certainly different from and less disrupting than a hard handoff that might occur when
the mobile is in the traffic mode. While the mobile is in the access state, it can also perform a
handoff.
• The access handoff may occur before the mobile begins sending access probes, during access
probes, and even after it receives an access probe acknowledgement.

Figure 3-29 depicts the three types of soft handoffs defined in the IS-95 CDMA standard.

• Softer,→ handoff is between two sectors of the same cell.

• soft →occurs between two different cells

• soft-softer handoff→ when the motion of the mobile gives it a handoff choice between
two sectors of the same cell and a sector from an adjacent cell

3. Hard handoffs

• Hard Handoff A CDMA mobile in the traffic state can also experience a hard handoff.
• This will occur for the case of an intercarrier handoff.
 • Intercarrier handoff causes the radio link to be abruptly interrupted for a short period while
the base and mobile station switch from one carrier frequency to another.
• There are two basic types of intercarrier handoff: a hand-down is a hard handover between
two different carriers within the same cell, and a handover is a hard handoff between two
different carriers in two different cells. The circumstances necessary to cause a hard handoff
can be due to the particular coverage area implementation of a service provider or the less
frequent case of the existence of two service providers in adjacent areas.
•

MODULE 4

Q.6. Explain with neat block diagram flat LTE SAE architecture.
8
 . Flat IP Architecture or -IP
Based Flat Network Architecture
Besides the air-interface, the other radical aspect of LTE is the flat radio and core network
architecture.
"Flat" here impliesfewer nodesand lesshierarchical structure for the network.The lower cost and
lowerlatencyrequirements drovethe designtowarda flat architecturesince fewer nodes obviously
implies a lower infrastructure cost.
It also meansfewerinterfaces and protocol -related processing, and reduced interoperability testing,
whichlowers the development and deployment cost.
Fewer nodes also allow better optimization of radio interface, merging of somecontrol plane
protocols,andshort start-up time.
Figure 4. 6. shows how the 3GPP network architectureevolved over a few releases. 3GPP
Release 6 architecture,which is conceptually very similar to its predecessor, has four
networkelementsin the data path:the base stationor Node-B, radio network controller (RNC),
serving GPRS service node(SGSN), and gateway GRPS service node (GGSN).
\

Fig.4.6.3GPP evolutiontowarda flat LTE SAE architecture

Release 7introduced adirect tunnel optionfrom the RNC to GGSN, which eliminated SGSN from
thedata path.
LTE on the other hand, will have only in thedata path: theenhanced Node
two network elements -
B or e Node-B, and aSystem Architecture Evolution Gateway
(SAE -GW).
Unlike all previouscellularsystems,LTE mergesthe base stationand radio networkcontroller
functionality into a single unit.

The control path includes a functional entity called

theMobility Management Entity (MME), which
provides control plane functions related
subscriber,
to mobility, and sessionmanagement.
The MME and SAE -GW could be collocatedi a single entity called the
accessgateway (a-GW).
n

0
 Q.8. Explain the differences between OFDM and SCFDE with neat block diagram. 8

Q.9. Write a note on

i)Frequency synchronization 8
ii)The peak to average ratio[PAR].
. Frequency Synchronization

OFDM achieves a high degree of bandwidth efficiency compared to other wideband systems.

The subcarrier packing is extremely tight compared to conventional modulation techniques, which
require

a guard band on the order of 50% or more, in addition to special transmitter architectures such
as the weaver architecture or single-sideband modulation that suppress the redundant
negative-frequency portion of the passband signal.
Peak to Average Ratio

Q.10 Explain OFDM advantages and dis advantages. 8