1 @] Sociology 289

Welcome to Introductory Sociology of Globalization

2 ~ Dr. Sourayan Mookerjea

• omceTory BuHding, 6-10

• Phone 492·3384
• e-mail sourayan@ualberta.ca
• Office Hours Thursdays 11:30-12:30

3~ Coorse Tutor

• Abu Sadat NuruIah

• contact information TBA

4 ~ 2 Time Frames of Globalization

• 1970's to 2001 neoIiberalled globalization
• 1492 to present Modernity, the globalculture of capitalism
• Present uncertainty; economic, political and culturalcrises and the return of
nationalisms, racisms and imperialisms

s~. Upcoming Topics (Part 1)

• Modernity
• Consumeriam
• Labourer orthe W8ge dependent
• 1heCapftaIist
• 1he rnattet
• 1he nation-ttate
• conftict and conVadidion

6~ Part 2
- • Global social problems
-War
- PQverly
- EndemIc hunger
- Environmental degradation
- Social alienation and symbolic violence

1~Part3

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 • Modem traditions of resistance and protest to injustices of modernity
• Global anti-systemic movements
• Human historical solutions to human historical problems

8~ Course Objectives
• Deeper understanding of gk>bal roots and global consequences of the
major social problems facing human beingstoday.
• Deeper understanding of globalizationas a political process of social and
historical conflict and change

9 ~ Contradictions
• Deeper understanding of the social contradictions of the global culture of
capitalism
• Deeper understanding of the consequences of these contradictions for
otdinary people and how they both live these contradictions and protest
against resulting Injustices as well

10 ~ Course Requirements
• MIdterm Exam 30%
on Odober 9th

• Term Paper 40%

due on Nowlmber27th

• Final Exam 30% T8A Final ExamPeriod

11 [~1 Required Texts

• Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. 31fl Ed or 4th Ed.

• Course Pack: Sociology 269- Sociology of Globalization

12 ~ Advice on Reading the Textbook

• I expect you to read the textbook fairty independently
• Follow reading guidefines in coursepack schedule
- • OQn'tletyour reading of the text pileup

13 ~l 269 Course·Pack
• Available at bookstore
• ·Containa course syllabus &schedute

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 • Readings
• Supplementary lecture notes
• Temi Paper Guidelines
• VariousTermPaperResources
• You wilt definitely need it

14~ Exams
• Short Essay Fonnat
• On Text Book and Lectures
• CUmulative

15 ~ Term Paper
Contradictions of the CultUre of Capitalism: A Comparative Case Study

• More infonnationduring lectures

• See tenn paperguide in course pack

16 ~ Course Policies
• Grade Adjustment Policy on Written Work
• Submission and Late Policy
• Hoi. Policy
• Deferred Cou_ Requirements

11 ~ Registered?
18 ~ Plagiarism and Cheating
DoII'tdolt

Douba' See me Of' the TA

IfNd UoIA poI#q:
www.ua~tIappeaIs.htm

"19 ~ You Should Know That:

• "Students who require acx:ommodations in this coursedue to a disability affecting mobility,
vision, hearing. te.ming, or mental or physicalhealth are advised to discuss their needs with
Specialized Support and Disability Services, 2-800 Students'Union Building,492-3381
(pbone)or 492-7269 (TIY)"

20 ~ For NextClass:
• Read from the course pack:
• "The Height of COmmitment"
• "Modemity--yesterday, today, tomorrow"

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21 ~ Modernity
The culture of capitalism

22 @] Historical Process of Modernization

23 ~ The Revolutions
• SCientific Revolution (17th Century)
• Political Revolutions (18th Century)
- American Revolution
- Slave Revolt of San Domingo (Haiti)
- French Revclutlon
• WorldRevolutiOn of 1848

24 ~ Other processes of modernization

• Migration and Urbanization
• Boom & Bust Global Mat1<et
• Rise of Natiof1..state
• Mass Communication
• Demographic Transition

25~ When?
• Question debated.
• HftJtoricat emergence of capitalism:
- 7th.C. to 19th. C.
• Modernity: the culture of capitalism
- 1492 earliest
- late 10th C.

26 [~] Berman: 3 Periods

• 1st Phase: 16th to 18th C.
- SdInIIc ......... 1'rendl AM*llkln
• 2nd Phase: 18th to 19th C.
- ................IoJnllullllll R8wlIuIan
• 3rtJ Phase: 20th C.

21·~.2Ttme frames of globalization

• 1492 to the present
• 1910's to the present
- P...... period (1945-1968)
-·WCldd Revolution of 1968
- VIeCnam war (1970's)

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 - Globalization & postmodemity

28 § Terminology
• Modernity?
• Modernization?
• Modernism?

29 ~ Modernity
The culture of capitalism

30 ~ Historical processes of modernization

• Migration and Urbanization
• Boom & Bust Global Market
• Rise of Nation-state
• Mass Communication
• Demographic Transition
• Political, scientific and industrial revolutions

31 ~ Modernism
• A movement in the arts and literature
- Late 19th! earty 20th century
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• Any modern 'sm ie. Ideology
• Ideas and arguments that celebrate the bad new days instead of the good
old days.

32 ~ Modernity
"I forget what I am and who I belong to 8
.

-J.J. Rousseau (1811 C.)

33 ~ Modernity
•All that is SOlid Melts Into Air"

K Marx (18l1O's)

34 ~ Modernity
'We ourselves area kind of chaos 8

F. Nietzche (188O'a)

35 ~ Modem Identities
• Externat confticts with others
• Inner ~ with self

36 ~ Conflict and Contradiction

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37 (!@ contradiction
• Logical contradiction:
·pisnotp

38 ~ Social contradiction
• Modemity: -a unity of disunity"
• Another example:
- A contradiction between what one claims and how one acts

39 ~ Screening for next class

Ballot Measure 9
A documentary of a conflict regarding civil rights for gays and lesbians

40 I]§] Questions
• can you spot a contradiction?
• What makes the story told in BaUot Measure 9 a characteristic story of
modemity?
• How would you characterize the conflicts depicted by the documentary?

41 ~ Terminology
• Modemity?
• Modernization?
• Modernism?

42 [§ Modernity
The culture of capitalism

43 ~ Historical' processes of modernization

• Migration and Urbanization
• Boom & Bust GIobaf Mal'ket
• Rise of NaJion-state
• Mass Communication
• Demographic Transition
• Political, scientific and industrial revolutions

44 ~ Modemism
• A movement in the arts and literature
- Late19th! early 20th century
• Any modem -Ism- Ie. Ideology
• Ideas and arguments that celebrate the bad new days instead of the good
old days.

45 ~ Ballot Measure 9

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 - How would you characterize the conflicts depicted by the documentary?
- What makes the story told in Ballot Measure 9 a characteristic story of
modernity?
- Can you spot a contradiction?

'46 ~ Modem Identities

- External conflicts with others
- Inner conflict with self

471]ID Othering
- The dehumanization of a group allowing the use of violence against them
and/or allowing their unjust treatment or their exclusion

48 @iJ The Passion for Equality

Our demand upon others to be treated fair1y and equally

49 ~ A characteristically modem conflict

- Both sides appeal to the value of equality

50 @!] Conflict and Contradiction

51 ~ Contradiction
- Logical contradiction:
-pisnotp

52 ~ Social contradiction
- Modernity: "a unity of disunity"
-Another example:
- A con~ between what one claims and how one ads

53 ~ Mediation
- A mediation is anything that relates
- One person to another
- One groupto another
- An event to another
- A process to another
- An idea to another

54 @] The Demand for Meritocracy

- Resources and rewards ought to be distributedaccordmg to what one
achieVes not according to who one is or according to which group one
belongs to

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 • Playing fields oughtto be level

55 [§] Is I Ought Distinctioin

• A NORMATIVE claims states what OUGHTto be (the ideal)
• An EMPIRICAL claim states what IS the case (the actual)

56 ~ How meritocratic is Canada?

In the real world, some but not all playing fields are level

57 (§ Meritocratic Legitimation of Inequality

• Existing differences in the distribution of resources and rewards (ie. Social
Inequalities) are the resultof what I have achieved, not who I am, who I
know or what privileges I have had.
• Who believes me?

58 ~ Modern Identities
• The consumer
• The labourer
• The capitalcontroller
• The national-citizen

59 ~ The consumer
Transfonnationof self-reliant, frugal homesteader into credit card debt holder

60 ~ Making the consumer

• Imperative to create new needs
• Transfonnation of wants into needs

61 ~ The creation of new needs

• Conflicting needs?
• Creation of new needs without satisfying existing needs?

62~ The gift vs. the commodity

• Gift symbolizes your relationship to the person who gave it to you _7
• Mediates the social bond
• Commodity: anything made to be sold on the market -)

63 ~ Commodity Fetishism
• In a society where commodity production is the dominantform of
production. therewill be a strong tendency for people to judge and value

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 each other in tenns·of.the commodities they possess ratherthan other
attributes of character

64 [§] Distinction through consumption

• Consumerpossessions used to draw social distinctions
• Consumerpossessions used to belong to a group
• Consumerpossessions used as armour againstpoliticalvolatility of
meritocratic mediation (hummer syndrome)

ontradiction of consumption
• You consume in order to express your individuality in order to confonn and
belong

• Or vice versa

66 § The Labourer
Or wage dependent

67 ~ 2 accounts of power
Exploitation
Power in Motion

68 ~ Mode of (re-)Production
• Hunting &gathering
• Swiddenagriculture
• Nomadic pastoralism
• SetUed agriculture
• CapitaHsm

69 ~ Mode of (re-)productlon
• Whafs inside the Black Box of the global economy?

- Relationships of humans to nature. mediated by relationships of humans to

humans

70~ All adaptation to nature requires:

• Cooperation
• Politics
• Culture

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 • Ecological knowledge
• Sociological knowledge

71 ~ Cycle of Reproduction
Capitalist mode of reproduction

72 [§ Commodity
• Something made to be sold on the market: capital & consumer goods
• (money)
• (labour power)
• (land)

73 [§ Means of Production (second Nature)

• Ecological and socialknowledge
• Technique
- Technology belongs to nature
- But must be usable in a human project
- l'herefore must be meaningful and intelligible
- Means of prouduclion is a second nature

74 ~ Labour Power
Your human potantial in and through Interactions with (second) nature

15 ~ labour power
Asocial power to make based in knowledge, technique and cooperation

76 ~1 The Class Relation

• Wage earners depend upon wage for their access to nature
• Purohaserof labour power need labour power in order to repeat cycle and
maintain rate of profit over successive business cycles
• Note mutual dependency

. n§ Class Exptoitation
• Why would people sell their labourpower?
- B-.lhey must
- They __ been ALIENATED flom l\llIUlll (bolIl finIt l\llIUlllMdI8COfld 118kn)
• C8pitaI OOidlollert hIM property rights oversecond natul'e secured by the state

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78 ~ Class exploitation
Exercise of power by oneclass overanother based on separation from
productive accessto nature

79 @] Alienation
• HistoricaOy,separation from nature achieved by force
- State power
- Private armies
- Frontier zones
- Removal of people & ecological destruction

80 ~ Freeing of labour Power

• HistoriCal emergence of the category of persons called Labourer
• Hlstoric8I and continuing violence
• Double sense of "freeingB
- From dependency on • "suPerior" being
- Free to ... LP (wage dependence)

81 ~ 4 features of the working class

The wort<ing class is:

-Mobile
-S8gmented
-DisclpIned
- Militant

82.~ Labour Power

• The unique commodity in the WOI1d of commodities
• The only commodity that is a creator of wealth,
• One of 3 commodities not "made to be sold on the market"(not a
commodity)

83 [§] Power In MotIon

or "Capital Strike"
• Proprietors of capital demand
- Lowerwages
- Lower en~ standards
- Lowertaxes
- Fewer rights of labour

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 - Less public spending
• -Favourable investment climate-

84 [§] Power in motion

Class monopoly over job creation

8S ~ Contradiction 1
• Wage dependents cooperate with each other in the production process
• But compete with each other in the labour market

86 [gJ Contradiction 2
• M-C-M' cycle:
• Rule 1: Repeat the cycle
• Rule 2: Innovate

87 ~ Contradiction 3
• Products produced socially through cooperation
• Once produced It is private property

88 ~ Contradiction 4
• M wage dependent youwantyour wage to go up
• M coneumer youwant-pric:es to come down
• M proprietor of ceplIaI you wantwages to go down
• M purwyof of commodllles you want consumers wtth dIspoaabIe Income

89 ~ Contradiction 5
• As partner of the production process:
- You want to obtain the inputs of productlon:
• 1st d1ok:e: Plunder
• 2nd d1oloe: In a competitive market at the lowest prices If plunder too difficult
- You want to sell your products under conditions of monopoly

90 ~ Class Conflicts
4 fold competition

91 [@ Between proprietors of capital

• Over market share
• Costs of production

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 • For money (investment capital)

92 ~ Between proprietors of capital and wage dependents

• Over wages
• Length of the working day
• Work intensity (speed)
• Rights in production
• Knowledge and technique

93 ~ Between wage dependents

• For jobs (racism and sexism)
• Results in downward spiral of wages, political rights, standard of life over
the long term

94 ~ Between localities
• Nation-states & communities compete with each other to attract capital
investment
• Compete to provide the best investment climate
• Join "Race to the bottom"

9S~

96~

97 ~ Who is Counting?
Based on Marilyn Waring's book
If Women Counted

• What are the main dlffenInt senses with which lhe word "value" is commonlyused?

• can.lhe8e dlffenInt senses of the word be reconciled? What does this polysemy tell us about
contemporary social life?

• What are lhe defining features of lhe United Nations System of NationalAccounts?How does it assign
value to human endeavours?

• Whatare MarilynWaring's criticIstrni of lhe way the gIobat ma/t(et system detemlineslhe value of human
endeavours?

99~

100 [§] The Global Market \'

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 A social institution

101 [§J Value

• Use Value
• ExchangeValue
• SUrplus Value

102 [§] Functions of Money

• Medium of exchange
• Measure of value
.. Container of wealth
• Concrete fonn of social possibility

103 [§J Historical development of money

, • Commodity money
• Finite credit money
• Infinite credit money (pure fiat money)

1fM{~] Historical forms of the market

• Periodic markets
• Long distance trade routes
• labour market of industriat capitalism

105.[§] 3 Perspectives
On the market from the industrial revolution on

106 [@ Economic liberalism

• A place where buyers and sellers meet under conditionS of full
~ and perfect information such that supptyand demand
calibrate each other through the mechanism of the hidden hand allowing
commodities to find their prices

101 ~KarI Polyani

• Economic libefafism'smarket is an utopian and impossible project to
subsume society under the ideal of the market mechanism

108[@ 3 fictitious commodities

" Market based on 3 fictitious commodities:
- labOur power
- .Mot1er earth
-Money

109[§ FemandBraudel
.
" Market as historicallydeveloped over a long time iss triple layer cake

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110 ~ 3 layers of the market
• Capitalist anti-market

• Labour mal1\:et -> capital market

• Redistribution process ->labour market

111 § Contradictions
Of the culture of Capitalism
Tenn Paper Project

112 ~ Main Objective

• Comparison of social problem

• In country located in the core of w.s.

• In country located in the periphery of W.S.

113 ~ Guidelines
• Steps outlined in course pack
• Not every question listed will be relevant to your project
• You must judge
• Ask for help .

114 ~ Preparatory Research Steps

• Historicatanalysis
• Social analysis
- Social reproduction
- SocialorganiZation of inequality
• Mapping GIobaI-Iocallinks
• Analysis of social agency

115 ~ Describe Contradictions

• In making explieit comparisons
- Describe c:ontradictions explicitly
• Major oonlradk:tiollS discussed in Ieclures
• Many more 10 ftnd via research
- Compere diff8rences
- And simitarities c ,

1l6~ Social Agency

• Actions which cNmge ground rules
• Not behaviOur, practices, routines

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 • Requirespoflticization of a situation
• Group or collectively mediated
• Needto maprelations of political forces
• (Hegemonic Bloc)

117 ~ Getting Started

• How to choose a topic
• Library research
• What is a case study?
• Your informed and carefullyargued point of view

118 ~ The Nation-State System

119 @J Agricultural States:
kingdoms and empires

• Extraction of surpfus by force and ritual

• Supernatural legitimation
• Ritual cement of mutual obfigations
• Relatively lesser inequalitybetweenruler and ruled than now

120 @!I Modem Industrial

Nation-States
• states are olderthan nations
• Nation .... syaaem Is outcome and arena of conflicts between dIIfenmtgroups of
- ~fJf""
- PropriIItola fJfC11P1116 WlIOIt dependents
- W• • • ndllltl
• Nation bulIdlng: hegemony

121 ~ Uses of the State by Capital Controllers

• In conflict with wage dependents
• In conflict with other capital controllers
• In cooperation with other capital controllers nationatty and/or transnationally

122 @] In conflict
with wage dependents
123 [f@ Anatomy of the Class of Wage Dependents
• mobile
• segmented

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 • disciplined
• resistance
- class struggle and struggle for hegemony

124 [§] Mobility

- Separate social groups from access to nature
• (free labour power, alienate people from their hlstorical entitlements)
- Import wage dependents to sites of production

125 ~ Discipline
- Suppress or regulate wage dependent's potitical organizations
- Regulate & restrict emigration & immigration
• hold labour power capIIve to national labour markets (partial monopoly)
- Enforce compulsions for work
- Enforce labour standards

126 ~ Segmentation
- Reproduce segmentation of workers

• Patri8rchic Nationalism
• Olhering Ie. racism. sexism etc.
• DIvide and nJIe strategy

127 ~Dlscipline and Resistance

• Hegemony.
• Natlott Building
• Public In__t
• Public Order & Crisis Management

128 [§!I Hegemony

• Rule by force plus winning consent
• Not everyone's, but just enough to stay on top
• Leadership: moral, political, technological
• Active struggle, "war of position" againstchallenges from sides and below

129 ~ Nation Building &Hegemony

- lnIin. . depel--lhnIuOh educalIon
- eubeIdlze COIld reproctuclIDn thIuugh netonafpubIlc wefare IIlde ~
- CleMe 8IId NinIIIIn ftIndeIds d .. kinds (ufltty 1IIndan:ls. ~. teehnicel ~.lncnlaslngly
done by lnIlIrn8IIlMI 0IPflIZIlI0nt)
- 8uId 8IId ftllIIntIln . . . pubIk: WIlIb.1nfrulruclule (_ _.I'OlIds)
- UnderlIIke blIlIlc IClInIIlc re.-dt 8I1d tlIdw~ development

130 ~ Canadian hegemonic bloc

• From son of the British Empire to multicultural Canada
• We wiU follow the Americans but not too closely

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 • Multicultural Canada? WhiteCanada?
• Regional Alienation
• First Nationsnationalism, Quebecois nationalism

131 ~ In conflict with other capital controllers (& others)

- Plunder production inputs (colonialism, Imperialist rivalry and war)
- Create and protect (partial) monopolies (colonialism, Imperialism, nationalmarkets)
- Build and maintain competitive nation-state
- Enforce and adjudicate conIracts
- Negotiate and enforce favourable trade agreements
- Act as high risk-taking lender of last resort

132 ~ In cooPeration with other capital controllers

As a transnational class

133 ~ As a trans-national social class 1

- Maintain transnationaf hegemonic power bloc against others
-ColdWar
- Washington Consensus.
- Strong state 'neak state dependencies
- Cof'e.periphery (North-South) divide
- Return of Imperial rivalty?

134~ As a transnational social class 2

• DIscipline and police political movements organized by wage dependents
and others
• Manage money supply
• Stimulate oonaumption
• Many national tasks ana now being done internationally

135 ~ Popular and Public Claims on the State

From below
(counter-hegemonic struggles)

136 ~ Public ctaims on the state 1

- EetIblIIh . . . . . . (mII*num) . . 1I¥e/
- ~"""'~·&IMMc""'and88fely-.-s
- PnMde
- cMI
ln IleIIII c-. and educalIon.
cMIri111*
in&l.-:e_ 04her1OClll ~ fltlls

-e Iftd II\VlIUl_ _ ~

131 @] Public Claims 2

- BuIld public inhstructure
- Break up flUstI and monopolies
- Engage· in soc:i8J engineering to level historically uneven ptaying fields
- Establish tnd enforce consumer and public safety standards

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138 ~Class & Hegemonic Struggle
• PolIk:aI . . . . ~ ha¥edetermined the global cIsIribuIfon of:
• Jobs (access 10 naIUnt: Place In the machinafy of global proc:Iudlon)
• Wage 1ItYet t:A jobs
• What poIIIicatrighta(if any) .... linked to a job (human presence In re-produdion proc;ess)

139 [§ID Globalization

2nd Wave
1970's to Present?

140 @J Core Periphery Inequality

• Consequences of colonialism
• Green.RevoJution
• Import SubstitUtion IndustriaIizati
• .NeocotoniaIism
• .Debt Crisis and its Causes
• Structural Adjustment programs
• New hegemonic blocs

1..1 ~.CoJ&.periphery divide

• Why?
• The story to 1970's
.~

1421~ICoI1sequences of Colonialism
• SUmm8ty
-Wille~
- Compradct·eIte·dass
- Reeeun:e eJCfnIction
- Aaltfation agAcuIture
- 0Id·1ech limited indUsIri8Iizati

143~ Green Revolution

• Consequences(SUnlmafy)
- New egrtcuIlWaI claudivi$ions
-latidlllS8neu & Ulban migration
-w.~
- Dll!Jendence oncashaops
- GrowItl of pI8ntation. system

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1'14 ~ Import Substitution Industrialization
• Consequences
- Protected national class of industrialists
- Limited national independence based on old tech industrialization
- Natkmal exploitation of wage dependence
- Some welfare state like social security

145 @!J Export Oriented Industrialization

• Summary
- Core investment in industry
• MNCs and globe! assemblylines
- Core dependent national class at industrialists
-Nationale~~oonofwagedependen~
- Some social security
- Economic dependency on core
• Wages rise. profit rates go down

146 ~1970's Profit Squeeze

• Vietnam war costs
• Core wages and rights (social security)
• l.lmita to extemaliZation of environmental costs
• Resistance of wage dependents in periphery
• Capital begins to be redirected from global assembly lines to finance as a result of
profit squeeze

147.~ Debt Crisis

• Vietnam war era stagflation
- Profitsqueeze crisis
- Capital pooling in money form
• Money becomes unsecured credit after U.S. abandons gold standard
• 1st Oil Shock (1973) petrodollars
• Ever larger quantity of volatile money

148~ Debt Crisis

• Value of money secured as debt obligation
- big loans to periphery for mega-developments, weapons
• 2nd on Shock (1979) interest rate hikes
• 1980's Snowballing Debt
.- Everywhere but especially periphery

.149 ~ MNC class strategies

- DiIec:IyCOfIlRlI ~ ~ pRlducllon . - - - wllh highest IIr8lIglc leCh
- 0Uts0&ne and o«.hoN (IriIep-.::lllng for cheIIper 1Ibour)

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 - CoIIed .... ,...lhIIn produce
- Holddebt oIlIIglIlioM l1Ilheflhlln money
- e-nodIfy~

- F_lIDw of'"
- PrivIIlIa eYelything
& goods lICIOU bolders
- Use mcll. . . . . til SflMd up "dclwrMW spinIr'

150 I§} Structural Adjustment Programs

• Privatized~ of perlpheraI countries
• Demandimpodlon of MNC daas stnRegIes in return for reschedUling debt obligations
• FlMlUnIbIe Inves1ment c:IImate, ClOlnmodify everything, privatize everything
• Allow FDl; promote EOI
• Based on "partneI1hlp" with peripheraf eIIes who are then able to Inve8t their money in the core
while allowing "downwan:l spiral"

151 ~ Neo-colonialism
- Pre-1945 direct political domination (empires) replaced by economic dependence of
periphery on core
-Net low of weaIIh from periphery to core mirrored by migration
- New hegemOnic bIocs:~· elites in core and periphery in votatfle alliances
- 0eveI0pment ofundenJevelopmellt

1Sl~ Neoliberalism in the North

- Corpot'IIIe""1ai'polidIs lIIIo ir1'lpIemen&tId in ~ (ego canada) during 'SO's & '9O's

• Postwar IImiIiId 80"'.-

by u.s. followers. 'Washington Consensus"
of C8nadIan society eroded by c:utbacks to sodaI security
• Those on the f'II89ns or wortdng poor hardest hit

153 ~ American Leadership Unravelling?

- AnI,II' IIilIolft_llln~fnlm1ll8O'. .
- .....jDlnIln willi ...... CMIIec OIlyend Genae PR*SlS
- WOItd SoclIll f'oNlft fnlm 2000
- e-.. AIlIn . . . .CUl'NIlI:Y t:fIelIIngels?
- ~"""""''''lnYuIDnoflnlq
- SaCIIIIIt govemm
- 10 ,fA
_lalIn AIMltc8
1Welry->_ _?
- RiIIIof ........,

154 ~ Global Links & Social Agency

155 ~ Global·Unks
• Debt Trap & SAP
• Foreign investment & control
• Exports
• Weafthy efite'sinvestments In core
• Trade Agreements
• Global hegemony

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156 ~ Social Agency
• Social capital: cooperation
• Political capital: deepening & widening democratic participation in decision
making (resouroeaHocation)
• Access to sociat and political capital
• Time feeding and caring for families and surplustime

157 ~ The Corporation

158 [§J Contradictions
• Cooperation & .cotnpetition
• Public sphere of action and inftuence & private decision-making
• Short tenn success& tong term failure
• Dependent on·pubJidty & secrecy
• Needs to lower wages & needs to raise wages

159 @] Agency
• Natund C8pIt8I: EcotYIfefl'l's Wealth
• Soda! c.pIIaI: Power of cooperation
• Besed in trust8Ild l1'K:ipRx;lty built Into many kinds of institutionsand organfzaIOn$
• Llmltto agency in needing to reinvent the wheel
·PollIcal'"
• 0eepenMg 8ttd widening demOcracy

160 ~ Agency
• Natural C8pitaI
• Social Capital
• Political Capital

161 ~ Social Capital

• Power of cooperation enables agency
- Baled in trust and reciprocity bull into many kinds of Institutions and organizations
- Organized trust facilitates social agency since you don' have 10 reinvent the wheel
- But you can'
play the piano With a vtoIin
- (flO8lJIl'CY wlIIout-gOal, 10 you need "lfOhlldnd 0101" dzaIon)

162 §PoHtical Capital

• Deepening and widening of democracy
• Equelberty. The egalitarian axiom
- EquIIily......... hedom
-FreedOm NquiNI equality
• EIec:tive cooperati()n requires an egalitarian arrangement
• Howcan mcredltfetent kinds of peopteparticipate in fiftding solUtIons?

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163 @ID Some Questions
• Limits to consumption?
• What prevents people from acting as citizens?
• Why and how are we isolated?
• What are the sources of the power of corporations?
• What is an effective strategy?

164 ~ Limits to consumption?

• Ne there existing liMIts to consumpIion that can be bull upon?
- UnllmlIed ......... 01 ' - s 1IniIIId....
- PoIIlIcII 01COMIII'* c:lilln; palilbIl and ec:olllIJk* hidden coets
-~01""- 1nk

- PublIc COIJlIlllnInl D ea r.
- 0Iher_ 01.-.-.. and lIOd8lSlHlS
1lInIam

165 ~l Barriers to active citizenship

• Not enough time
- c.ring for flIIIllIy members
- WorIdnO tongerIleura D make __ !Net
- WOlldng lDngIrlleura D maimlrln and txpIInd consumpllon
- ApdIy·or .......... llt?
• lac:k of modet of ~ (AJinventing the wheet)
• "DIvide and rule": limb to tolid8rity
• RMam. MliIm. 8Ilf-daubl. low MIfoeIteMI. . . . ~ farjcllls. prIIiIegas

14i6@]Modes of Agency
- Bector8IpoIiticaI parties
- SodaIMoYements and their poIitk:aI organizations
- Religk)u$, cuIturIII organizations, & otherngos and affinity groups
- wont related or professional networ1<s
- Convnunity leagues & civic associations
-Media, schools, the arts

167 ~ .: Sources of corporate power

• The state and its arms
• Cooperation in production process
• 5ecnJcy and (mis)information over1oad
• Seduction by life in a utopian bubble
- UtopIanism: pursuit of happiness
- "Iife,1iberty and·the pursuit of happiness"
- ~ u.s. DecIIJnIllon oIllld..,elldllnce

1... ~ Strategies
• Movements of 1848:
- G8in state power (revolution or reform)
• Movements of 1968

23
 - Cultural revolution (the personalis political, human rights)
• Today?
- Search for a new mode of production?

1691§ Is Deep Change" Possible?

• can wechange the course of falling airplane?
• The fad that human beings hIM JIved under dilJerent ec:onomIc, political and cultural arrangements
lndlcates that
- Our .".,......1lIday _ not billed In IlIIlln or e eupemelurIl onIer buI_ ~ Cle8IlIona
- In princlpIe lMn ...., belnge IhCluId be lIble to c:tl8nge tIem

110 ~ The Greater Power?

• Who has greater resources?
• Alliance between state managers & capital controtlers?
• Or the cooper8ttve power of humanmultitudes?

171 ~ Natural Capital

• The Ecosystem's wealth and produdivepower
- Does our natural environment make aIIllfe (and so humans) inflniteIywealthy?
• (ftIllUN lIbllerIe _ ; llIIlln'shom of plenty)
- Is there SC8fdty in nalufe? or Is scarcIly. human & political~
- Is tunan ~ capacity in production"priceless" if sustainable?

112 ~ Hunger, Poverty

& Economic Development

113 ~ Basic World Inequality

• 1.2 billion live on less than U.S. 1 $Iday

• 3 bIlion JiVe on .... than U.S. 3 $/day

• 800 million to 1.4 billion people are malnourished

RaIitllns. p. 115

114 ~ Common Misconceptions

• Population size and food production capacity is a factor in world hunger

• But not the major nor most immediate factor

115 ~ Modes of Production

• Human reproductive relationships with Nature (adaptation? appropriation?):

- Hunting & Gathering

- swtdden AgrtcuIture

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 - Irrigation Agriculture
- Plow AgriclJllure
- IndustrialC8pita1ized Agriculture

176 [§] Hunting & Gathering

• Human beings halve been Iulters and gatherers for most of their specieshistory
• A ute of naturat ~ .. Great wealth?
• 20 hotn of WOft( per week
• Longer lifespan 1hen settled agriaJlturalists
• Mole epIIIari8n societies

in [§ Swidden Agriculture
• Temporary plots "stashed and burned" in a moving path through forests
• 1 to 3 years of use, abandaned to fallow or replanted with useful trees and
shrubs (fruits, medicines)optimized to attract game
• HorticultUre is biodiverse

178 ~J Ecological Strategy

• Swidden agricuIluf'e bI8ed on sophisticated ecoIogieaI strategy:
• Only land intensive; wuIIh. of soil is a fUnc:tl9n Of forest canopy
• Uses rich·foreet SOil wIthOut exhausting It or destroying lis basis: the canopy
• PlanlingcombinalloA end seed maintenanc::e uteS and maintains blodivefSIty

179 ~ lnigation& Plow Agriculture

• Increase crop production per year (l'Ilduclng faIow period)
• Ifrigation Jnc:reases land used in cultivation
• More food.produced,1aIger population supported
• comptex, hierardIicaI social relations emerge: patriarchy and the state
• Women more nwgtnaIlzed in agriculture compared to sWidden· mode

180 ~ Industrial C8pitalized Agriculture

• EMIgy &. . . iIIIInIWeagril;uIlIn
• ..... ,-",,,,lIIlM11l1tlMCblnlly. 01. ........ patIcIdII,.,.., ....... (IIlfIIIDlt.,..)
• ~ muet CIIIhCRlfI8 {perlpheIy) or depend on'" MIbIldy endPl*ldld..... <Olft)
• AQlItluIIUfIII ....
• TAlIld tDlliIIIldlt w muctI operalIons

t81 ~ Comparative Yields

• Com yield per hectare per day of work
• Swidden agriculture: 1000 kg
• Plow agricultUre: 500 kg
• Industrial agrioutture: 7000 kg
• Is this a gain in productivity?

182 (§ Energy Input-oulput Ratios

·PimentaIs' comparisons of kcal input -ootput ratios:

• .Swidden agrioutture: 1 to 11

25
 • Plough agricuftUre: 1 to 4.3
• Industrial agricutture: 1 to 3.5
RobbIns, p. 181

183{§] Neocaloric - Green Revolution

• .Food pRlduclIon d8tIImlned by ..... 4Im8nd not hum8n need
• Food ~ Ilept bellIw Ill8lllmum ClIl)lICIy to PlOP up prices. lind doc:Rd for norHood crops
• FGOd plVlIucllan for ttxpCIlt:_1ucnIllve core matkets .. moneynMded to ~ lnpuIs

184 ~ Core-periphery differences

• Core:
- Food production heavily subsidized to keep Industrial waoes towerbut allow fewer
but bigger operations to buy industrial inputs.

- Markets protected. Only sefected -.ropica'" imports

185 @] Core-periphery differences

• AQricuIluIe domln8ted by (MNC) plafll8llon produc:tion of export _ crops: coffee. tropk:aI fruit,
cotIon• mlIiofHIlIte required to earn dollarS to service debt'
• Need to buy Input$ on wortd merkel requires nHlrientation of agricuIlure for export (to get money)
• Export oriented production 'AJInenIbIe to ttuc::Iuatlon in global comtnodity prices

186 [~) Famine vs. Endemic Hunger

• famine: results from catastrophic collapse of food entitlements due to
incidentat· agricuIturaf failure due to war, weather, dtseaSe, or pestilence
• Endemic Hunger. results from political policies ltlat aeate long term,
conttnuous, erosion of food entitlements
181(@ Entittement to Food
• Human entitlement to food:
- socially defined rights to food
• Wages
• Common land. forest. lakes & seas
• tnheritance or purchase of land
• Religious or moral obligations
• PubIc food security plans

188 ~ Famine in Malawi, 1949-50

• Why were women (and their children) disproportionatel ~Ie during
thetamine?
• The gendering Of social· entitlements provides a clue.

189[§] Gendering of Entitlements

• Women's traditional, matrilineal entitfements:
- Control over land & subsistence fanning

26
 - Food distribution through matritineal kin
- Making and seIIlng beer & some wage work
- Husbands and children's wages

190. [§] Erosion of Wo~n's Entitlements

• British promotion of ~ reduced food production and replaced women wiltl men in
(waged) agriculture
• Prohibited making and selling beer
• Women fft8demore dependent on (migrant) huaband's wage for lICQI$S to food
• Assumed tlusband head of family, food relief not given to women

191 ~ Endemic Hunger in a Brazitian Shantytown

• Expolt orientlId gnMIIl: CIlIh ClOp productlon (1UglII')
• Commorllllnd privalIr.edor~
• PeMentI........ to 1I'1Mt)1lMnS ..-..ling ciIIas
• 8ecome wage dependents only ItbIe to get jobs segmented lIlllow-slatua, inHCUnl and low-wage
• Food 8l~entnly wage medIeIed
• WegeInsu.I.. 'I. . . . . . OftJClIlleS
• CIHa$lIRfy.1lfuctInI~

192 [@ Structural Adjustment Policies

• ElIminate public Illblidlesfor direct and indirect food costs
• DevaIuatIt currency, reducing eamIngs. for exports
• Privatize public sec:torjobs, encourage foNlgn investment
• GIobat ClQmIlalltion drives down wages fut1her
• EIlmiNde or reduce public axpenditul'es for job aeation, training, education, health, unemployment
insuNnce and other public seMces for the poor

193@ Global PaU~m

• Pattem ntpeated. around·the world with manylocalvariations

194 @] Medicalization of Hunger

• Endemic tIungar It • modem invention
• Conlradids Iha mot1IIlrftperaIvesof every human lraditionaI vaIuas we have Inherited from ancient
times
• Rather than admit failure of 1e8denIhIp, rulers tempelId to disguise the problem by
tumlng poIIcy lnto. medicalproblem
• De8It wtIh in IhIsway,lhe hungt'y cOme to believe It too __....._ _1It-.lIP '.'.lIM)

195 @!] Who is hungry in Canada?

• Welare recipients
• Children
• Persons withdisabilities
• Lone mothers
• The working poor
• Theelderly
- s.-:c-.... ~ofFood8anks

196 ~ Economic Reductionism

• Ignore every ...,elCt of soclaI teaIItythat cannotbe "priced" leo evalu8ted by quanlltles of money

27
 • Ignofe aR institutional arrangements, motivations and behaviours that have sources in the human
oondltion o1her lhan the drive to accumulate money
• Recall Marilyn Waring's aitlcism of GOP based poIicy-making

197 ~ High Modem Ideology of Development

• Basedon economic'reductionism
• Everybody must imitate the core (the only human 1llOde1)
• Authoritarian tendencies
- Sponsorship of authoritarian states in periphery
- BIlndfaith in successful or powerfut authority figures in core

1981§ Hegemony
• Commonintereatsof Brazilian and core elites:
- AcoMa to an IMIflIIta for expor1I
- '--"*'*.... glInIlIIIIy but _ high ~ jobs fn:Im fonllgn lnve*nent
- HigIlly prolIlable in-ment oppor1Uniliesfor Br8zilian capIlal in COOl (u.s.) asseta and linencial instruments
• Common intetestd Brazilian middle class & elites? BrazJIlan poor & mlddte class?

199 ~ Situation of Middle Classes

• Globalization generally:
- Fragmentation of middle cIess
- Upper stratas doing very well (older, with investments. Pf:OP8I1'ies in the core)
- Some in great uncertainty
- Many downwardly mobile
• Considerable variation in situation globally

200 ~ Counter-hegemony?
• Can the woMs poor communlcate to definetheir common interests?
• WI! middledaI8eI "fDIow" (focaIIglobaI)elites?
• WIt U.S. lose hegemonicleadership gIobaIy to Europeand Russia?To China pIu8othefs?
• WI! periphM'af .... fonn a regional power bloc (China & others; BnazIt. India & others)?

201 ~ Counter-hegemonic trends?

• MIddle dalles ant a product of the age of nation-states. Is this age about to end?
• Whet might push them 10 ally themselves wIlh wage dependents "below" them?
-~crtIla?
- o - - d IIlCMly'1
- F.... of COftIt.IMflImto deliver hlIppInesaand IIIliIfy soullI?
- RlaIum of HuncInldV..... War?

202 ~l Gender Relations

In the global cutture of capitalism

203 ~ Capitalism's Patriarchal Subsumpuon

• 4 aepects of the erosion of female social power and status:
- Loss of control by women over productive resources

28
 - Nudeation·ofextended families
- IndusIriaIZatiOn
-SAPs

204 [§] separation from)nature and technology

·A familiar story
• Examples in RObbins:
- Chetokee and Iroquois women
-~women

205 @] Nucleation of extended or matrilineal families

• In many (not at) extended and matrtfineal famIles. traditionaIy:

- SiSteftlood....... importantthan ideI'1tily as wife

- Gidt end women~ In exteMi'Ie temale lcin rwIations
- Could c:ontoIland and oller te8OlM"CeS
- Wives not sootalIy iIoIated

- ~ (assembfy line) Wage I;mancipation?

• Core lIClCClnd waw tIIrategy of wage eff\8t'lCipatiO: \MlICI8 .. b88is of women's auIIDI'lorny
· .PoIIkl8t_ 4ICOI1Il"'.C Mgfnentatlon of intematIonlII dIvlIlon oUebcg: some
. . . . . . . . . . and better
wages (cIa88,eIlnidty,ftlltiorHtlltl)
jobs ClOI'tl8 with greater

• Fit I dom from huIblInda end faIhers to dependence on men who domlnaIe states, corporations and
eoonomIc lnItItuIont (SAPs)

201~1 SEWA
• SeIf..ErnpIo)teWomen'a AtaociIllkln
• 0fpnlDIi0n of women WOItcing in InformlIIsector(ClIIUaI dey with no IeglIl protedions)
• Convelvenee otl8bOur mowment. women"
movement and coopII ~
·BulldsuniDMand COClfJ8I'IIIYM
• Founded In. 1972. cunnt membenIhlp: 700,000 women (wodd'l ...... coopenltive)

208~ .Capitalist Development & Indigenous Ethnocide

enVironmental destruction and the Guarani of Paraguay

•.~ Guarani Agro-forestry

• 8wicIlIen egricuIILn
• HunInQ
.~
• <JuInnI system modelled onthe ralnforeIt itMIf
• ProdudIon Is aeIf.ImItlng end proleds be8t ClII'IOPY ~ Is sustalnlIble

210 [§].Guarani sooety

29
 • From Conquest to 1970's
• Classless society
• Men and women both participate in agroforestry
• Political leadership based on persuasion
• Wealth in Ieisufe time

211 ~ Guarani Autonomy

• self limitingconsumption
• Social stability based on gardens not on labour
• Guarani reduced consumption when prices low for forest products, did not
increase harvests to compensate

212~ Development comes to the Guarani, 1970's on

• Green ReYoIuIon PWItaIion enaoac::tvnent
• StaIIe ~: roadc:onstrudion
• FI'OAtier migrIIlioncI dlIpIeced smlIIIfarmers
• Debt N8d'IedUIlnt conditions demandExportOrIented Growth ltIategiea: cash c:roppIng,logging,
rand1lng, agrIbu...... lncnases

213 ~ Consumerism and Environmental Destruction

- EJCPOI1 Oriented Growth Strategy
- s.rv.. consumer markets, especially in core
- Cheaper food,forest products, wood veneer, furniture

214 ~ Clear-cutting of the Rainforest

• Leads to proletarianization of Guarani
• On ranches, agribusiness plantations
• Or a~ small cashcroppers (Cotton &Tobacco)
• Starvation wage plus land shortage

215 ~ New Social Problems

• Suicide epidemic
, • New infectious diseases, addiction now prevalent
• Health problems due to poor nutrition
• Offtcial $fate sponsored political class emerges

216 ~ Pollution in the Canadian High Arctic

• In fast 20 years high levels of Industrial and agricultural pollutants in

30
 ecosystem and people
• Organochlorides
• Heavy metals (esp. mercury)
• RadionucIides

217 @] Pollution Sources

• Distant industry and agriculture
• Northern miningand Industry
• Dew Une PCB source
• 1950's nuclear testing & Chemobyt
• ocean (nuctear) waste dumping
• Naturally occuning cadmium

21$ ~ Arctic Cold Trap .

• Airborne pollutants condense·In cold temperature
• long liVed predatory marinemammals concentrate pollutants In body fat
• Terrestrial mammals accumulate as well

219 ~ canadian Arctic Contaminants Report 1997

• SrnaInurriber of human Impact studies to date
• .High levels of organochIorides (mainly PCBs) in cord blood of newborns
• High levels of mercuryin human hair
• Ekwat8d lewis of persistent organicpotlutants In human milk

220 ~ Human Health Risks

• Traditional-country" diet based on meat and fat
• Swttchto commodity food?
• Low wages and southern food culture present risk of junk food diabetes and
hypertension .
• Majorheallh·probIem of Aboriginat people In southern Canada

221 ~l Anti-systemic Protest

The TwoWoAd Revolutions , ..
.. . And more?

222 ~ Revolution of 1848

- IrIdulMIlWlllMlS'·.-1ft ' " - . . . . 8CIQa Europe

- 'W<lddl'lMlltlllDRd 1148"lnclWM. . , . _ _ llelY*n"tom . . . . 1IiIve l'lMIl 0*1802lGdeeololllz8llon

_ _.0*2OlhC.

31
 - .........lnlofttIIIftlricIIlPlllf*1lve (not only. an .-.t tlut.... - - . . weI). the emet'IJIIllOe of
modem -ant 8) . . . . . . SOCiIIIIllO¥M**

223 ~.Anti-systemiC movements of 1848i

-Modem emergence of anti-sYstemic movements: sodaftsm. feminism,
nationatism
- Movements seek to deepen and widen ideals d French Revolution (1792):
liberty, Equality. Fraternity

224·~ Key features of ASM-1848

• SOdIIlIIt mol.II*" 1neo 3 . . . . . .:
- Soeiald8moclalc vroad 10SllCIlI'lng WOI1ter'a riDI* (COOflellIllvea. unlonaelI:.)
- CommuIIlIt(-...t) b' ....
- "'-NIIt(-...t) IDr ~
•, "."11 ....
• ~ lIIlIti_n lIII:IIlI~twIallIIIIm
• _ · ...............,liandIIM)lnllllhil?

22$ ~. . World·Revolution of 196 c8

• It'lCiIudea Wllffd wide SUdent end puce proIests of 1teC)s

• Second.",. ~
• MIMttty,gay & ..... dvlI ftghts movements
- EmiroI.......... & lndIgenou8lUfViva1 movements
• ~.-vements

226~ AntHsystemic movements of 1968

- ~lslts against the continuing Inequaales and injusticeI of cuIIufe of capitalism
'. Protest aIIoageinst cooptation of 1848 movements by ......... and
• Prelelts ...... economic F8ductionlsm and high modernist deYefoPmeftt

227 ~New Demands of ASM of 1968

• New ror:
- c 1OUlIIeI cllea.1llIICIllnM. & lMnIuc._ and everVWlllllllng CClI'MUllty of~
- o.wer lICY
-__
- PeIOI
"_"~"'Im and media
• 11 UIII.1IIblav
- AIotlt IDrSOCillljultce. ~and equally

218@Antisystefnic'Movements & Social Agency

e : ~lOd8tpoceet·~"""'ftom past...... a
• InYentIon offtl8W"'of·~
• What
• UtinO whlIt
ClIft" flam CIIIJIICIIIM of .... anctMNCatoOfglltlla WQftd widecooperation?
11.. and poe8IbIe to cnetIe counw-i18gemanic '*-,

32
229 ~ Anti-systemic movements?
• Ne these anti-systemlc movements?

- F8SClIm?
- F~lllIlism?
- MiIenat'iInl8m?
- R8c:lsm?
- Does eYely kindof 18sistance. PfOlBst" conlIlct iii the lheoly?

230 ~ World Revolution of 2000?

• World Sociaf Forum, Porto Alegre, Brazil

33