1

CHAPTER
Chemical Reactions
and Equations

School Level

Introduction
Chemistry is defined as the branch of science which deals with the composition and properties of matter and the changes
that matter undergoes by various interactions.

Changes are of Two Types

(a) Physical Change (b) Chemical Change
A change in which physical properties of the substance is The change in which chemical composition of substances
altered but chemical composition remains the same. For is altered. For example, Rusting of Iron, and the burning
example melting of ice, folding paper, breaking of glass, of wood etc.
melting of candles wax and dissolving sugar in water etc.

Fig. 1: Physical Change Fig. 2: Chemical Changes

‰ A chemical compound is formed as a result of a chemical change and in this process different types of energies are either
absorbed or evolved.
‰ The total mass of substance remains the same throughout the chemical change.

Chemical Reactions
The process by which a compound undergo any chemical change to give a new compound is known as a chemical
reaction. This chemical change is indicated by a chemical equation. The matter that is undergoing change in equation is
known as reactant and new chemical compound /substance formed is known as product.

Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction

Characteristics of Chemical Reactions

Change in State Change in Colour Evolution of Gases Change in Temperature Formation of Precipitate
 1. Change in State: Some of the chemical reactions are indicated by a change in state i.e. solid, liquid or gas
For Example:

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O(l)
In this reaction, H2 and O2 are in gaseous state and they combine to form water which is liquid in state.
2. Change in Colour: Some of the chemical reactions are indicated with the colour change of reacting compound.
For Example:
heat
2Pb3O 4 (s)  → 6PbO(s) + O 2 (g)
Lead oxide Lead monoxide
(Re d) (Yellow )

In the above reaction, lead oxide (Pb3O4) that is red in colour gets converted into yellow coloured compound PbO.
3. Evolution of Gases: There are some chemical reactions where evolution of a gas is seen.
 For Example:
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (dilute) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g)
In the above reaction H2 gas is evolved.
4. Change in Temperature (Energy Changes): All chemical reactions proceed either with the adsorption or release
of energy.
(a) Chemical reaction which is accompanied by the release of energy.
For Example:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) + Heat and light
When magnesium wire is heated from its tip in bunsen flame, it catches fire and burns with a dazzling white
flame with release of heat and light energy.
(b) Chemical reaction which is accompanied by the absorption of energy.
For Example:
heat
C(s) + 2S(s) CS2(l)
Light energy is essential for biochemical reaction such as photosynthesis by which green prepare their food from
carbon dioxide & water.
5. Formation of Precipitate: They result in the formation of an insoluble substance known as precipitate. When the
aqueous solutions of the two chemical compounds are mixed together.
For Example:

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) 
→ NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s)
Silver nitrate
(Colourless)
Sodium chloride
(Colourless)
Sodium nitrate
(Colourless)
Silver chloride
(White precipitate)

In the chemical reaction, mentioned above, silver chloride is formed as precipitate.

Chemical Equations
All chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. A chemical equation is a shorthand representation of a
chemical reaction using the symbols and formulae of substance involved in the chemical reaction.
The symbols and formulae of the elements or compounds are given to show the reactants and products of a chemical
reaction.

Types of Chemical Equations

There are two types of chemical equation
(i) Word equations: A word equation is that equation which links together the names of the reactants and products.
For example, when sodium metal react with water to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, the word equation
is written as-

2 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 Sodium + Water —→ Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen gas
There are certain rules for writing word equation,
On the left hand side, the reactants are written with a plus sign (+) in between them.
On the right hand side, the products are written with a plus sign (+) in between them.
The direction of the arrow shows the product formation direction.
An arrow (→) is put between the reactants and products.
(ii) Symbol equation: Symbol equation is short representation of a chemical reaction in terms of formulae and symbols
of the element/substance that are involved in reaction.
In a symbol equation, the symbols and formulae of the elements and compounds are written in place of their word
names.

For Example: Sodium metal react with Water to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas
Na + H2O —→ NaOH + H2

Unbalanced and Balanced Chemical Equations

In an unbalanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of different elements that are taking part in a chemical
reaction on both side of the equation are not equal. For example, in the equation given below, the number of Cl atoms
and the number of hydrogen atoms on both sides of the equation are not equal, It is known as an unbalanced equation.
Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2
An unbalanced equation is also known skeletal equation.
In a balanced chemical equation, the number of different elements on both sides of the equation are always equal. The
balanced equation when magnesium reacts with HCl is written as-
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
(i) Importance of balanced chemical equation: The balancing of a chemical equation is essential or necessary to
fulfill the condition of “Law of conservation of mass”.

Reactants Products

Equal
Fig. 3: Law of Conservation of Mass

Try it Yourself
1. Why chemical reactions should be balanced?

(ii) Balancing of chemical equations: Chemical equations is balanced by making the number of different elements,
equal on both side of the equations.
The balancing of a chemical equation is done with the help of Hit and Trial method. In this method, the coefficients
before the symbols or formulae of the reactants and products are adjusted in such a way that the total no. of atoms of
each element on both the side of the arrow are equal. This balancing is also known as mass balancing because the atoms
of elements on both side are equal and their masses are also be equal.

Chemical Reactions and Equations 3

The major steps that are involved in balancing a chemical equation are given:–
‰ The chemical equations are written in the form of word equations.
‰ Word equation is then converted into the symbol equation.
‰ Then, the atoms of different elements on both side of the equation are made equal
by adding suitable coefficients. 9 8

‰ Try to make the equations more informative if possible.

5
1
Example 1: Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give zinc sulphate and hydrogen.
Solution: The word equation for the reaction is given below- Fig. 4: Total mass of reactants
Zinc + Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen = Total mass of the products
The symbol equation for the same reactions is given below- Balanced chemical equation
makes calculations easy.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
Now we will count the number of atoms of all the elements that are present in the reactants and products on both sides
for the given equation.
Element No. of atoms of reactants (L.H.S.) No. of atoms of products (R.H.S.)
Zn 1 1
S 1 1
H 2 2
O 4 4
As in the above equation, the number of atoms of the elements that are involved in the reactants and products are equal,
so, the equation is already balanced and there is no need of balancing for this equation.
Example 2: Iron reacts with water (steam) to form iron (II, III) oxide and liberates hydrogen gas.
The word equation for the reaction is given below-
Iron + Water → Iron (II, III) oxide + Hydrogen gas.
The symbol equation for the same reaction is given below-
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
So, the balancing of the equations is done as follow:
1. First we will count the number of atoms of all the elements that are in the reactants and products on both sides of
the equation.

Element No. of atoms of reactants (L.H.S.) No. of atoms of products (R.H.S.)

Fe 1 3
O 1 4
H 2 2

In the above equation, the number of H atoms are equal on both the sides, but the number of Fe and O atoms are
not equal.
2. On noticing we have seen that, the number of O atoms in the reactant (H2O) is 1 while in the product (Fe3O4), it
is 4. To balance the oxygen atoms, we put coefficient 4 before H2O on the reactant side. So, equation is written as
Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
3. Now we will equate H atoms, by putting coefficient 4 before H2 on the product side. Thus, the H atoms on both
sides of the equation become 8 and are thus balanced. The equation now written as:
Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
4. At end, we will balance the Fe atoms, by putting coefficient 3 before Fe on the reactant side. The equation is written as-
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
5. Finally, the number of atoms of all the elements on both sides of the equation are equal and the equation is
balanced.

4 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 Try it Yourself
1. Balance The Following
     (i) Fe(s)+H2O(l) Fe3O4(s)+H2(g)
    (ii) N2(g)+H2(g) NH3(g)
(iii) Pb(NO3)2(s) PbO(s)+NO2(g)+O2(g)
(iv)C4H10(g)+O2(g) CO2(g)+H2O(g)
    (v) CH4(g)+O2(g) CO2(g)+H2O(g)

Writing State Symbols

The equation is made more informative by mentioning the physical state of reactants and product involved with the use
of certain specific symbols known as state symbols. These symbols are
‰ (s) for solid state
‰ (l) for liquid state
‰ (g) for gaseous state
‰ (aq) for aqueous solution i.e., solution that prepared in water.
A gas evolution is shown by the symbol (↑) in a reaction i.e., with an arrow point towards upwards. Similarly the
precipitate formation is shown by the symbol (↓) in a reaction i.e., with an arrow point towards downwards.
The short form ‘ppt’ is used to indicate the precipitate formation.
Δ
(i) ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2↑
(ii) AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl↓ + KNO3(aq)

Importance of State Symbols

The state symbols are most important part for those chemical reactions that are either accompanied by the release of heat
(exothermic) or by the absorption of heat (endothermic).
For Example:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 572 kJ
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + 484 kJ
The above reactions are the examples of exothermic as heat is released in these reactions. Thus, actual amounts of heat
are different when water is in the liquid state i.e. H2O(l) and when it is in the gaseous state i.e. H2O(g).

Importance of Chemical Equation

1. The weight of reactant or products can be determined by chemical equation.
2. The chemical equation follows law of conservation of mass, that is, total weight of reactants is equal to the total
weight of products.
3. It gives information about the substances that are taking part and formed in the reaction.
4. The information about the number of molecules of elements or compounds which are either taking part or formed
in the chemical reaction is revealed.

Some of Limitations of Chemical Equations

(1) It does not give information about the physical state of reactants and products.
For example, solid, liquid or gas.

Chemical Reactions and Equations 5

 (2) We does not get information about the reactants and products concentration.
(3) It does not give information about the speed of reaction.
(4) We does not get information about the favorable conditions of the reactions such as temperature, catalyst, pressure etc.
(5) The information whether heat is absorbed or released during the reaction cannot be determined.
(6) The information about the necessary precautions that has to be taken for the completion of reaction can not be
obtained.
(7) The information if the reaction is reversible or irreversible can not be obtained.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Types of Chemical Reaction

Thermal Decomposition Reaction Between two or more Elements

Photo Decomposition Reaction Combination Reaction Between two or more Compounds

Decomposition Reaction

Electrical Decomposition Displacement Reaction Between Elements and Compounds

Precipitation Reaction Oxidation and Reduction

Double Displacement Reaction
Neutralisation Reaction

1. Combination/Addition Reaction
It is a addition or combination of two or more than two substances/elements to form a new substance/compound. This
can be done by the application of pressure, light, electricity or heat.
For Example: H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
In the above example, H2 and Cl2, two elements combine to form hydrogen chloride (HCl).

Activity
Aim: To study combination reaction between calcium oxide, i.e., quick lime and water.
Procedure:
U Take a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker.
U Slowly add water to this.
U Touch the beaker
Discussion. A vigorous reaction is found to occur and the beaker is found to become very hot.
Conclusion. Calcium oxide combines with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) and this reaction is highly
exothermic.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2 (aq.) + Heat
Calcium oxide Water Calcium hydroxide
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)

2. Decomposition Reaction
It is breaking up of a substance into simpler compounds by the application of various forms of heat, light, electricity etc.
(i) A decomposition reaction that is carried out by the application of heat is known as thermal decomposition.
For Example:

∆
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
∆
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(Red)      (Yellow) (Brown gas)

6 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 ™ 2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
Above reaction is used in airbags of automobiles.
The decomposition of sodium azide rapidly releases N2(g).
Decomposition reaction is opposite of combination reaction.

(ii) Decomposition reactions that is carried out by the application of electricity is known as electrolysis/electrical
decomposition.
For Example
Electricity
2NaCl  → 2Na + Cl2
Electricity
2Al2O3  → 4 Al + 3O2
(iii) The decomposition reaction that is carried out by the application of light is known as photo decomposition /
photolytic.
For Example
Light
2AgBr  → 2Ag + Br2
(Yellow)      (Grey)
Light
2AgCl  → 2Ag + Cl2
(White)       (Grey)
NOTE: The above reactions are used in black and white photography.

Activity
Aim: To study the decomposition of ferrous sulphate on heating.
Procedure:
U Take about 2g ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry boiling tube.
U Note the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals.
U Heat the boiling tube over the flame of a burner or spirit lamp as.
U Observe the colour of the crystals after heating.
Discussion. It is observed that green coloured ferrous sulphate crystals (FeSO4.7H2O) on heating first change colour by
losing water to form FeSO4 which on further beating decomposes to leave behind a reddish brown residue along with
evolution of sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide gases.
Conclusion. The reddish brown residue is of ferric oxide. Hence, the following decomposition reaction takes place:
FeSO4(s) + 7H2O(l)
FeSO4.7H2O(s) Heat
Anhydrous ferrous
Ferrous sulphate crystals
(Green) sulphate
2 FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

Anhydrous ferrous sulphate Ferric oxide Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide

(Reddish brown)

3. Displacement Reaction
These reaction involves displacement of one of the elements of a compound by another substance that is placed above
in activity series.

Chemical Reactions and Equations 7

For Example:
1. Zinc displaces hydrogen from sulphuric acid.
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2↑
2. Iron displaces copper from a copper sulphate solution.
Fe (s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
4. Double Displacement Reaction
It is mutual exchange of the ions of two compounds that are taking part in the reaction and results in the formation of
two new compounds.
For Example:
NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → AgCl(s) ↓ + NaNO3 (aq)
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4(s)↓ + 2NaCl (aq)
Any reaction that produces a precipitate (insoluble substance) can be called a precipitation reaction.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)
Note: All precipitation reaction are double displacement reaction but all double displacement reaction are not precipitation
reaction.

Try it Yourself
1. Sodium chlorate is a colourless solid which decomposes on heating, forming sodium chloride and oxygen
gas. Balance the chemical equation.
2. Classify each of the following as a decomposition, combination, single-displacement, or double-displacement
reaction.
(a) Na2S(aq) + 2HCl(aq) H2S(g) + 2NaCl(aq)
(b) H2(g) + CuO(s) Cu(s) + H2O(g)
(c) 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s)

5. Oxidation and Reduction

It is a chemical reaction in which there is a gain of oxygen or any electronegative atom or a loss of hydrogen or
electropositive atom.
(i) Gain of oxygen atom
For Example:
   (Oxidation)
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
(Oxidation)
           
       2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
(ii) Gain of electronegative atom.
For Example:        
(Oxidation)
      Mg(s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s)
(iii) Removal of a hydrogen atom.
For Example:   
(Oxidation)
2HCl(g) → Cl2(g) + H2(g)

(iv) Removal or loss of electropositive element.

8 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 For Example:
      (Oxidation)
2KI(aq) + H2O2(aq) → 2KOH(aq) + I2(s)
Reduction
It is a chemical reaction in which there is a gain of hydrogen or any electropositive atom or a loss of oxygen or
electronegative atom.
(i) Gain of hydrogen.
For Example:   (Reduction)
    
Cl2(g) + H2S(g) → 2HCl(g) + S(s)
(ii) Gain of any electropositive element.
For Example:                (Reduction)
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
(iii) Removal of oxygen atom.
For Example:   (Reduction)
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
(iv) Loss of electronegative element
For Example:            (Reduction)
    FeS(s) → Fe(s) + S(s)

Redox Reactions
Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously are known as redox reactions.

Reduction

CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(g)

Oxidation
When hydrogen gas is passed through hot cupric oxide, hydrogen is oxidised to water (H2O) while cupric oxide is
reduced to metallic copper by the loss of oxygen. H2 helps in reduction of cupric oxide to metallic copper so it acts
as a reducing agent, where as cupric oxide helps in oxidation of hydrogen so it acts as an oxidizing agent.
‰ The substance which itself gets oxidized acts as reducing agent or reductant.
‰ The substance which itself gets reduced acts as oxidizing agent or oxidant.

Effect of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life

1. Corrosion
Corrosion is defined as the process of deterioration of the surfaces of metals when kept in open for a long period of time
and metal get converted into oxide, sulphide etc.
Few examples of corrosion are: black coating on the surface of silver and green layer on the surface of copper. In case
of iron, corrosion is known rusting. Rust is a chemical substance that is brown in colour and is produced by the chemical
action of moist air (containing O2 and H2O) on iron, and the formula of rust is Fe2O3.xH2O. It is very slow in nature.
3
2Fe(s) + O 2 (g) + xH 2 O (l ) 
 Fe 2 O3 .xH 2 O(s)
2 Rust
Moist air

Both corrosion and rusting are very harmful and damage the building, Railway tracks, cars and other objects/ materials
where metals are used are damaged due to rusting.

Chemical Reactions and Equations 9

Prevention of Corrosion:
Corrosion can be prevented in following ways:
Prevention of Corrosion

Paint Metals parts should Electroplating Galvanisation

be oiled and greased.

2. Rancidity
When the fats and oils present in butter and margarine are oxidised, they become rancid on prolonged exposure in air. As
a result, their smell and taste change. They become quite unpleasant. This process is known as rancidity.
Prevention of Rancidity
‰ Manufacturer sometimes add certain food additives to the food materials. These are known as antioxidant and substances
which prevent oxidation.
‰ Food should be kept in air tight containers to prevent its oxidation.
‰ Refrigeration of food also retards rancidity as the temperature inside refrigerator is very low and direct contact with air
or oxygen is avoided.
‰ Chips manufacturers usually fills their bags with nitrogen gas (as it is unreactive gas at room temperature there is no
oxygen of air) to cause its oxidation and make it rancid.

™ Oil causes rancidity but it acts as a preservative in pickles.

10 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 Summary

Chemical Reaction
When a chemical change occurs, a chemical compound is formed and it is known as chemical reaction. A chemical
change or chemical action is shown by chemical equation.
Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction
(i) Evolution of gases
(ii) Change of colour
(iii) Formation of precipitate
(iv) Change in temperature
(v) Change of state
Representation of chemical reaction using symbols and formulae of the substances is called Chemical Equation.
Example: A + B → C + D

Types of Chemical Equations

(i) Word equations: A word equation links together the names of the reactants with those of the products. For
example, Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
(ii) Symbol equation: A short representation of a chemical reaction in terms of symbols and formulae of the
substance involved is known as a symbol equation for example Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Unbalanced and Balanced Chemical Equations

In an unbalanced equation, the number of atoms of different elements that are on both side of the equation are not
equal. It is also known as skeletal reaction.
In a balanced equation, the number of different elements on both sides of the equation are always equal.
Importance of balanced chemical equation: The balancing of a chemical equation is essential to satisfy the
requirement of “Law of conservation of mass”.
The balancing of a chemical equation is done with the Hit and Trial method. In this method, the coefficients before
the symbols or formulae of the reactants and products are placed in such a way that the total number of atoms of
each element on both the side of the equation had become equal.
For e.g., Fe + H2O → Fe2O3 + H2 can be written as
4Fe(s) + 6H2O(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 6H2(g) ()
2 Fe + 3H2O(g) → Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g) ()

Types of Chemical Reaction

1. Combination Reactions: It is a addition or combination of two or more than two substances to form a new
substance.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
2. Decomposition Reaction: It is breaking up of a substance into simpler compounds and it is done by the
application of heat, light, electricity etc.
sunlight
2AgBr + →
2Ag(s) + Br2(g)

Chemical Reactions and Equations 11

 3. Displacement Reaction: It involves displacement of one of the elements of a compound by another substance
that is placed above in activity series.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq.) → FeSO4(aq.) + Cu(s)
4. Double Displacement: It is mutual exchange of the ions of two compounds that takes part in the reaction and
results in the formation of two new compounds
Na2SO4(aq.) + BaCl2(aq.) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq.)
Precipitation reaction: It is a type of double displacement reaction in which precipitate formation takes place.
5. Oxidation and Reduction: Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen or loses
hydrogen. Since oxygen is an electronegative element and hydrogen is an electropositive element, Reduction
is a chemical reaction in which there is a gain of hydrogen or any electropositive element or a loss of oxygen
or electronegative element.
A substance, which brings about reduction, is called reducing agent.
A substance, which brings about oxidation, is called an oxidizing agent.
Redox Reaction: The reaction in which one reactant gets oxidised while other gets reduced

(Reduction)
ZnO + C    →   Zn + CO
(Oxidation)
Oxidation
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Reaction

Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Our Daily Life

Corrosion: When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acids etc. eg. reddish brown coating
is developed on iron.
Prevention: Use a coating or barrier product such as grease, oil, paint or carbon fibre coating.
Rancidity: When fats and oils are oxidised they become rancid and their smell and taste change.
Prevention: Antioxidants are added to foods containing fats and oil.

12 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 NCERT Corner
In-text Questions 5. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before test tubes in text book Activity 1.7 (NCERT Book)
burning in air ? double of the amount collected in the other? Name
Ans. Magnesium is highly reactive element. this gas.
Magnesium gets covered with a layer of MgO Ans. During the electrolysis of water, hydrogen and
(magnesium oxide) when kept in air for a long
oxygen is get separated by the electricity, water
period time. This layer of MgO hinders the
burning of magnesium. Thus, it is to be cleaned (H2O) contains two parts hydrogen and one part
before burning. oxygen. Since H2 gas collected at one electrode
2. Write the balanced equation for the following and O2 gas at other electrode.
chemical reactions.

2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride

Hence the amount of H2 gas is double than O2 gas.
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate →
Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride 6. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
 + Hydrogen Ans. When an iron nail is dipped in CuSO4 solution,
Ans. (i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl the displacement reaction takes place. The colour
(ii) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → BaSO4 + 2AlCl3 of copper sulphate solution fades due to the
(iii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑
formation of pale green solution of iron sulphate
3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state
(FeSO4).
symbols for the following reactions:
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium Fe(s) + CuSO 4 (aq)  → FeSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s)
(Blue solution ) (Greenish solution )
sulphate in water react to give insoluble
7. Give an example of a double displacement reaction
barium sulphate and the solution of sodium
chloride. other than the one given in Activity 1.10 (NCERT
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts Text Book).
with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to Ans. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react
produce sodium chloride solution and water. to form sodium chloride and water.
Ans. (i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s)
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) 
→ NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l )
+ 2NaCl(aq) Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Water

(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 8. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the
4. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white substances which are reduced in the following
washing. reactions.
(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named
in (i) above with water. (ii) CuO (s) + H2(g) → Cu (s) + H2O(l)
Ans. (i) The substance whose solution in water is used Ans. (i) Substances that oxidised is Na as it gains
for white washing is calcium oxide (or quick oxygen and oxygen is reduced.
lime). Its formula of ‘X’ is CaO. (ii) Substances that reduced is CuO as oxygen is
(ii) CaO(s) + H 2 O(l )  → Ca(OH) 2 (aq) removed and hydrogen is oxidised as it gains
Calcium oxide Calcium hydroxide
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)
oxygen.

Chemical Reactions and Equations 13

 NCERT Exercise
1. Which of the statements about the reaction below (c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate
are incorrect? to give aluminium chloride and a precipitate of
2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g) barium sulphate. (CBSE 2019)
(i) Lead is getting reduced. (d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give
(ii) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised. potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
(iii) Carbon is getting oxidised. Ans. (a) 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
(iv) Lead oxide is getting reduced. (b) H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) 3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq)
 + 3BaSO4(s)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) All
(d) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2 (g)
Ans. (a) PbO reduces to Pb and C oxidises into CO2.
6. Balance the following chemical equations
2. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca (NO3)2 + H2O
The above reaction is an example of a
(b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
(a) Combination reaction
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(b) Double displacement reaction
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
(c) Decomposition reaction Ans. (a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(d) Displacement reaction (b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Ans. (b) Aluminium (Al) being more reactive than iron (c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(Fe) displaces iron from Fe2O3 and results in the (d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
formation of aluminium oxide and iron.
7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the
3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is following reactions:
added to iron filings? Tick the correct answer:
(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
→ Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced. (b) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) No reaction takes place. (c) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium
(d) Iron salt and water are produced. chloride + Copper
Ans. (a) Fe(g) + 2HCl(dil) → FeCl2(aq) + H2↑ (d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate
Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced. → Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should Ans. (a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
chemical equations be balanced ? (b) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Ans. A balanced chemical equation contains an equal (c) 2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
number of atoms of different elements in the (d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl
reactants and products side of a chemical equation.
8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the
The chemical equations should be balanced in order following and identify the type of reaction in each
to satisfy the law of conservation of mass. case:
According to it, the total mass of element in products
(a) Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) →
is equal to the total mass of element in reactants.
Potassium iodide (aq) + Barium bromide(s)
5. Translate the following statements into chemical
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon
equations and then balance them.
dioxide(g)
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form
(c) Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g) → Hydrogen
ammonia.
chloride(g)
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq)
and sulphur dioxide.
→ Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)

14 Class-X CHEMISTRY
Ans. (a) 2KBr (aq) + BaI2(aq) → 2KI(aq) + BaBr2(s) 12. Write one equation each for the decomposition
Type of reaction: Double displacement reaction reactions where energy is supplied in the form of
heat, light or electricity.
(b) ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
Heat
Type of reaction: Decomposition reaction Ans. CaCO3 (s)  → CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
Calcium carbonate
(c) H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) 2AgBr(s)  Light
→ 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g)
Type of reaction: Combination reaction
Silver bromide
Electricity
(d) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) 2H 2 O(l )  → 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
Water
Type of reaction: Displacement reaction
13. What is the difference between displacement and
9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic double displacement reactions? Write equations for
reactions? Give examples.
these reactions.
Ans. Reactions in which heat is released are known as
Ans. In displacement reactions, a more reactive metal
exothermic reactions. This reaction is represented
by writing “+Heat” on the products side of an displaces a less reactive metal from its solution. For
equation. example,
(i) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
(ii) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) + Heat This is a displacement reaction where Fe displaces
Reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as Cu from its CuSO4 solution.
endothermic reactions. This reaction is represented In double displacement reactions, two reactants in
by writing “-Heat” on the product side of a chemical solution, mutual exchange their ions. For example,
equation. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Examples:
(i) C(s) + 2S(s) → CS2(l) – Heat This is a double displacement reaction where
silver nitrate (AgNO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl)
(ii) N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) – Heat
exchange ions mutually between them.
10. Why is respiration considered an exothermic
reaction? Explain. 14. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from
silver nitrate solution involved displacement by
Ans. Respiration is considered an exothermic process
copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.
because in respiration process glucose combines
with oxygen in the cells of our body to form carbon Ans. Displacement reaction.
dioxide and water along with the release of energy. 2AgNO3 (aq)+ Cu(s) 
→ Cu(NO3 ) 2 + 2Ag(s)
Silver nitrate Copper Copper nitrate Silver
C H12 O6 (aq)+ 6O 2 (g) 
→ 6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l )
6 Glucose 15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction?
+ Energy Explain by giving examples.
11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite Ans. In precipitation reaction, an insoluble solid mass
of combination reactions? Write equations for these called precipitate is formed that separates out from
reactions. the solution.
Ans. In a decomposition reaction, a compound breaks Example: When a solution of iron (III) chloride
down to give two or more simpler product. and ammonium hydroxide reacts with each other, a
For example: brown precipitate of iron (III) hydroxide is formed.
Electricity FeCl3 (aq) + 3NH 4 OH(aq) → Fe(OH)3 (s)+ 3NH 4 Cl(aq)
2H 2 O(l ) 
(decomposition )
→ 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) Iron (III) chloride Ammonium hydroxide Iron (III) hydroxide Ammonium chloride
Water

Whereas in a combination reaction, two or more 16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of
substances combine to give a new product. oxygen with two examples each:
For example: (a) Oxidation and
Combination
2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) → 2 H 2 O(l ) (b) Reduction.
Water

Chemical Reactions and Equations 15

Ans. (a) Oxidation: The addition of oxygen or removal of 18. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
hydrogen. Ans. We apply paint as it does not allow iron articles
Example: to come in contact with air, water or moisture and
(i) S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) saves them from damage caused due to rusting.
(Addition of oxygen to sulphur) 19. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with
(ii) 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s) nitrogen. Why ?
(Addition of oxygen to magnesium)
Ans.Food items are flushed with nitrogen so to keep food
(b) Reduction: The addition of hydrogen or removal items fresh and prevent from getting oxidised.
of oxygen.
20. Explain the following terms with one example each
Example:
Heat
(a) Corrosion, (b) Rancidity.
(i) CuO + H2  → Cu + H2O
Ans. (a) Corrosion is a process in which metals are
Oxygen gets removed from copper oxide
deteriorated slowly by the action of air, moisture
and reduce to Cu.
or a chemicals (such as an acid) on their surface.
(ii) ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Example: When iron is exposed to moist air for a
Oxygen gets removed from zinc oxide and
reduce to zinc. long span of time, its surface develop a coating of
a brown, flaky substance known as rust.
17. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in
4Fe + 3O2 + 2xH2O  → 2Fe 2 O3 ⋅ xH 2 O
air becomes black in colour. Name the element ‘X’ Hydrated iron (III) oxide
and the black coloured compound formed. (Rust )

Ans. The element ‘X’ is copper (Cu). (b) Rancidity is a process that is produced by aerial
The black coloured compound is copper oxide oxidation of fats and oils in foods noticed by an
(CuO). The reaction: unpleasant smell and taste.
2Cu + O 2  → 2CuO Rancidity spoils the food materials and makes them
Copper (Brown ) Oxygen Copper oxide
unfit for eating.

Quick Recall
8. Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → ________ + 2 Ag(s)
Fill in the Blanks
9. _________ is the process in which metals is attacked
1. A unbalanced chemical equation has _________ by the action of air, moisture or a chemical on their
masses of various elements in reactants and surface.
products. 10. BHA and BHT are two _________ which are usually
2. In a _________ reaction, two or more substances added to fat and oil containing foods to prevent
combine to form a new single substance. rancidity.
3. Precipitation reactions produce _________ True and False Statements
substance.
1. A chemical reaction is all about the rearrangement
4. Heat absorbing reactions are called as _________
of chemical bonds.
reactions.
2. The number of atoms of each element is conserved in
5. Pb(NO3)2(s) + Heat → PbO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
any chemical reaction.
is an example of _________ reaction.
3. A balanced chemical equation represents the reactants,
6. When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to
products and their physical states symbolically.
give _________ and _________.
4. The reaction between ammonia and hydrochloric
7. 2CO + O2 → 2CO2, ________ is acting as oxidising acid to give ammonium chloride is an example of a
agent combination reaction.

16 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 5. The formation of AuCl and Cl2 from Auric chloride 3. Match the following columns:
is an example of a redox reaction. Column-I Column-II
6. 2Na2O2(s) → 2Na2O(s) + O2(g). This is an example P. 2CO + O2 → 2CO2 (i) Double
of displacement reaction. Displacement
7. Oxidation is the gain of electrons by a substance.
Q. AgNO3 + NaCl → (ii) Combination
8. A substance which oxidises itself and causes
reduction of other is known as oxidising agent.  AgCl + NaNO3
9. Rusting of iron is a physical change. R. 2FeSO (s) 
∆
→
(iii) Oxidation
4
10. Rancidity is caused by prolonged exposure of food in Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g)
air.
+ SO3(g)
S. Cu (iv) Decomposition
Match the Followings CH3CH2OH →
CH3CHO + H2
In this section, each question has two matching lists.
(a) P-(iii), Q-(ii), R-(iv), S-(i)
Choices for the correct combination from Column-I
(b) P-(ii), Q-(i), R-(iv), S-(iii)
and Column-II are given as options (a), (b), (c) and (d)
out of which one is correct. (c) P-(iv), Q-(i), R-(iii), S-(ii)
(d) P-(i), Q-(iii), R-(iv), S-(i)
1. Match Column-I and Column-II:
4. Match Column-I with Column-II
Column-I Column-II
Column-I Column-II
P. → (i) Aqueous P. 2Ca + O2 → (i) 2HCl
Q. (g) (ii) Gives Q. 4Fe + 3O→
moisture (ii) 2CaO
2
R. D (iii) Heat
R. H + Cl 
hv
→ (iii) 2Fe2O3
S. (aq) (iv) Evolution of gas 2 2

S. 2Fe + 3Cl2 → (iv) 2FeCl3

(a) P-(iii), Q-(i), R-(iv), S-(ii)
(a) P-(iii), Q-(i), R-(ii), S-(iv)
(b) P-(ii), Q-(iii), R-(i), S-(iv)
(b) P-(iv), Q-(iii), R-(i), S-(ii)
(c) P-(ii), Q-(iv), R-(iii), S-(i)
(c) P-(ii), Q-(i), R-(iii), S-(iv)
(d) P-(iv), Q-(iii), R-(i), S-(ii)
(d) P-(ii), Q-(iii), R-(i), S-(iv)
2. For the given reaction, match Column-I with
5. Match the given columns:
Column-II and mark the correct option from the
codes given below. Column-I Column-II
Fe2O3 + aCO → bFe + aCO2 P. Combination (i) Synthesis reaction

Column-I Column-II Q. Oxidation of iron (ii) Splitting-up of

P. Oxidising agent (i) 2 reactants
Q. Reducing agent (ii) 3 R. Displacement (iii) Combustion reaction
reaction
R. a (iii) Fe2O3
S. b (iv) CO S. Decomposition (iv) Substitution reaction

(a) P-(iii), Q-(ii), R-(i), S-(iv) (a) P-(iii), Q-(i), R-(ii), S-(iv)
(b) P-(iv), Q-(iii), R-(i), S-(ii) (b) P-(iv), Q-(ii), R-(iii), S-(i)
(c) P-(ii), Q-(i), R-(iii), S-(iv) (c) P-(i), Q-(iii), R-(iv), S-(ii)
(d) P-(iii), Q-(iv), R-(ii), S-(i) (d) P-(ii), Q-(i), R-(iii), S-(iv)

Chemical Reactions and Equations 17

 Assertion & Reason Type Questions Statement Type Questions
Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Directions: These questions consist of two statements each,
assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark printed as Statement-I and Statement-II. While answering
the correct choice. these questions, you are required to choose any one of the
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true following four responses.
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct.
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are incorrect.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (c) Statement-I is correct & Statement-II is incorrect.
Assertion (A). (d) Statement-I is incorrect & Statement-II is correct.
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 1. Statement-I: All decomposition reactions are
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. exothermic reactions.
1. Assertion (A): Magnesium ribbon burns with a
Statement-II: Respiration is an exothermic reaction.
dazzling white flames and changes into a white
Reason (R): It is formed due to the reaction between 2. Statement-I: Potato chips manufacturers fill the packet
magnesium and oxygen present in the air. of chips with Nitrogen gas.
2. Assertion (A): Corrosion of iron is called as rusting. Statement-II: Nitrogen gas is inert in nature.
Reason (R): Corrosion of iron occurs in presence of
air and water. 3. Statement-I: The process of making atoms of various
elements equal on either side of an equation is called
3. Assertion (A): In the given reaction,
balancing of chemical equation.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Statement-II: A balanced chemical equation always
Zn acts as a reductant but itself gets oxidised.
follows the law of conservation of mass.
Reason (R): In a redox reaction, oxidant gets
reduced by accepting electrons and reductant gets 4. Statement-I: The reaction conditions such as pressure,
oxidized by losing electrons. temperature, catalyst, etc. are indicated above and/or
4. Assertion (A): When CO2 gas is passed through below the arrow in the equation.
lime water, a white precipitate is formed initially. Statement-II: The arrow head points towards the
Reason (R): White precipitate formed is CaCO3 which reactants and show the direction of the reaction.
is formed during the reaction.
5. Assertion (A): Copper can easily displace silver on 5. Statement-I: If the reactant and product is present in
reacting with aqueous solution of silver nitrate. acetone, then word aqueous (aq) is use.
Reason (R): Silver can be easily precipitated since
Statement-II: It is not necessary to specify physical
it is insoluble in water. states in a chemical equation.

1. Mg dissolves in hot water to form 3. Which of the following solution can be stored in
(a) MgOH (b) MgO aluminium container?
(a) MgSO4(aq) (b) FeSO4(aq)
(c) Mg(OH)2 (d) No reaction (c) Cu(NO3)2(aq) (d) ZnSO4(aq)
2. When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in air, the ash 4. Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to form which
formed is compounds?
(a) Yellow (b) White (a) ZnNO3 + Ag (b) AgNO3 + Zn(NO3)2
(c) Black (d) Grey (c) Zn(NO3)2 + Ag (d) No reaction

18 Class-X CHEMISTRY
5. The blue coloured CuSO4 solution fades away when 10. State the type of chemical reactions take place when
Mg wire is kept in this solution due to the formation of electricity is passed through water?
(a) CuSO4 (b) MgSO4 (a) Double displacement (b) Synthesis
(c) ZnSO4 (d) No reaction (c) Decomposition (d) Displacement
6. We store silver chloride in dark bottles because it is 11. MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
(a) To avoid action of sunlight Identify the substance that is oxidized in the given
equation.
(b) A white solid is formed
(a) H2O (b) MnO2
(c) Undergoes displacement reaction (c) MnCl2 (d) HCl
(d) None of the above 12. An element X that is on exposing to moist air turns
7. The brown gas evolved on heating of copper nitrate is reddish brown and new substance ‘Y’ is formed.
(a) N2 (b) NO2 The substance ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are
(c) O2 (d) N2O5 (a) X = Fe; Y = Fe2O3 (b) X = Ag2S; Y = Ag
8. A neutralization reaction is a
(c) X = Zn; Y = ZnO (d) X = Mn; Y = Mn2O3
(a) Displacement reaction
13. Silver jewellery becomes black on prolonged
(b) Double displacement reaction exposure to air, it is due to the formation of
(c) Addition reaction (a) Ag2S and Ag3N (b) Ag2S
(d) Decomposition reaction (c) Ag3N (d) Ag2O + Ag2S
9. Copper reacts with nitric acid to give ______ 14. Fatty foods become rancid due to
(a) Nitrogen dioxide (b) Nitrogen pentoxide (a) Oxidation (b) Corrosion
(c) Nitric oxide (d) All of the above (c) Hydrogenation (d) Reduction

8. Balance the following chemical equations.

Very Short Answer Type Questions Pb(NO3)2 → PbO + NO2 + O2
1. What is meant by a chemical reaction? 9. In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas
collected over one electrode double that of gas
2. Give the one basic difference between a physical collected over the other electrode? [CBSE 2020]
change and a chemical change. 10. Define photochemical reaction.
3. Write the conditions necessary for a chemical 11. What is the colour of the precipitate formed when
change or reaction. H2S is bubbled through copper sulphate solution.
4. Give an example of the following chemical changes. 12. What change in colour is observed when white
silver chloride is left exposed to sunlight? State the
An erxothemic reaction involving carbon as one of
type of chemical reaction in this change.
the reactants.
5. Write the chemical reaction where the following Short Answer Type Questions
changes are observed.
1. Grapes hanging on the plant do not ferment but
(a) Gas is evolved after being plucked from the plant can be fermented.
(b) Colour change is noticed Under what conditions do these grapes ferment? Is
it a chemical or a physical change?
6. On what basis, balancing of chemical equation is done.
(NCERT Exemplar)
7. Write a balanced chemical equation for the
2. Write balanced chemical equations for the following
reaction between sodium chloride and silver nitrate reactions.
indicating the physical state of the reactants and the (i) Silver bromide on exposure to sunlight
products. decomposes into silver and bromine,

Chemical Reactions and Equations 19

 (ii) Sodium metal reacts with water to form sodium (c) List two types of reactions in which this reaction
hydroxide and hydrogen gas. can be placed.  (CBSE 2019)
3. Complete and balance the following equations: 10. (a) What is observed when a solution of sodium
(a) NaOH + _______ → Na2SO4 + H2O sulphate is added to a solution of barium chloride
taken in a test tube? Write equation for the
(b) Ca(OH)2 + _______ → CaCO3 + H2O chemical reaction involved and name the type of
4. Complete the missing components/variables given as reaction in this case. (CBSE 2018)
x and y in the following reactions (b) Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution
(a) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2 (x) + 2KNO3(y) change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
(b) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + x(s) 11. What is meant by redox reaction? Identify the
(c) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(x) + H2(y) substance oxidised and the substance reduced in the
(d) CaCO3(s) → x CaO(s) + CO (g) following reactions.
2
(NCERT Exemplar) (i) 2PbO + C → 2Pb + CO2
5. What is the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals? (ii) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
How does this colour change after heating? 12. Name the reducing agent in the following reaction:
6. A shining metal ‘M’, on burning gives a dazzling 3MnO2 + 4A1 → 3Mn + 2A2O3
white flame and changes to a white powder ‘N’.
State which is more reactive, Mn or Al and why?
(a) Identify ‘M’ and ‘N’.
13. A silver article generally turns black when kept in
(b) Represent the above reaction in the form of a
the open for a few days. The article when rubbed
balanced chemical equation.
with toothpaste again starts shining.
(c) Does ‘M’ undergo oxidation or reduction in this
(a) Why do silver articles turn black when kept in
reaction? Justify. (CBSE 2020)
the open for a few days? Name the phenomenon
7. A zinc plate was put into a solution of copper involved.
sulphate kept in a glass container. It was found that (b) Name the black substance formed and give its
blue colour of the solution gets fader and fader with chemical formula. (NCERT Exemplar)
the passage of time. After few days, when zinc plate
was taken out of the solution, a number of holes
Long Answer Type Questions
were observed on it.
(i) What is the reason for changes observed on the 1. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the
zinc plate. following reactions and also classify them.
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction (a) Lead acetate solution is treated with dilute
involved. hydrochloric acid to form lead chloride and
8. A small amount of quicklime is added to water in a acetic acid solution.
glass beaker. (b) Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas
(a) Name and define the type of reaction that has taken to form solid sulphur and liquid water.
place. (c) Iron (III) oxide on heating with carbon
(b) Write the chemical equation for the above reaction. monoxide reacts to form solid iron and liberates
(c) List two main observations of this reaction. carbon dioxide gas.
(CBSE 2020) (d) A piece of sodium metal is added to absolute
9. When potassium iodide solution is added to a ethanol to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
solution of lead (II) nitrate in a test tube, a precipitate gas.
is formed. 2. (a) Complete and balance the following chemical
(a) What is the colour of this precipitate? Name the equations:
compound precipitated. (i) NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) →
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for this
(ii) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) →(CBSE 2020)
reaction.

20 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 (b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the D 2KCl(s) + 3O (g)
(iii) 2KClO3(s) 
→ 2
following reaction: (iv) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq.) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(i) Phosphorus burns in presence of chlorine gas to  (CBSE 2019)
form phosphorus pentachloride.
9. Identify the oxidising agent (oxidant) in the
(ii) Burning of natural gas. following reactions:
(iii) The process of respiration. (a) Pb3O4 + 8HCl → 3PbCl2 + Cl2 + 4H2O
3. What happens when zinc granules are treated with (b) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
dilute solution of H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, NaCl and (c) CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + ZnSO4
NaOH, also write the chemical equations if reaction (d) V2O5 + 5Ca → 2V + 5CaO
occurs. (NCERT Exemplar) (e) 3Fe+ 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
4. What happens when a piece of 10. (a) 
Explain the two methods by which food
(a) Zinc metal is added to copper sulphate solution? industries prevent rancidity.
(b) Aluminium metal is added to dilute hydrochloric (b) Discuss the importance of decomposition reaction
acid? in metal industry with three points.
(c) Silver metal is added to copper sulphate solution?
Case-Based Type Questions
Also, write the balanced chemical equation if the
reaction occurs Case Study-I
5. On heating blue coloured powder of copper (II) In redox reaction, oxidation and reduction always occur
nitrate in a boiling tube, copper oxide (black), simultaneously. So, every redox reaction contain two half
oxygen gas and a brown gas X is formed reactions. One half reaction shows oxidation and other half
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation of the reaction. reaction shows the reduction. Oxidation and reduction of
(b) Identity the brown gas X evolved. an atom, molecule or ion is defined in terms of electrons
(c) Identity the type of reaction. transfer between two species. The substance that gains
electrons, is reduced to a lower oxidation state and will
(d) What could be the pH range of aqueous solution
act as an oxidising agent. Similarly, the substance which
of the gas X?
loses electrons is oxidised to a higher oxidation state, and
6. (a) 
Decomposition reactions require energy either is also known as a reducing agent.
in the form of heat or light or electricity for
breaking down the reactants. Write one equation 1. In which of the following reactions hydrogen
each for decomposition reactions where energy peroxide will act as a reducing agent?
is supplied in the form of heat, light and (a) 2FeCl2 + 2HCl + H2O2 → 2FeCl3 + 2H2O
electricity. (CBSE 2018) (b) Cl2 + H2O2 → 2HCl + O2
(b) Why copper can displace silver from silver nitrate (c) H2SO3 + H2O2 → H2SO4 + H2O
solution? (d) 2HI + H2O2 → 2H2O + I2
7. On adding a drop of barium chloride solution to 2. The following reaction: H2S + H2O2 → S + 2H2O
an aqueous solution of sodium sulphite, white will represent which type of nature of H2O2.
precipitate is obtained.
(a) Oxidising nature of H2O2
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation of the
(b) Reducing nature of H2O2
reaction involved
(c) Alkaline nature of H2O2
(b) What other name can be given to this precipitation
reaction? (d) Acidic nature of H2O2
(c) On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the reaction 3. In presence of acidic medium Mn7+ changes to
mixture, white precipitate disappears. Why? Mn2+, it is
(a) Oxidation by 3 electrons
8. Classify the following reactions into different types:
(b) Reduction by 5 electrons
(i) AgNO3(aq)+NaCl(aq)→AgCl(s)+NaNO3(aq) (c) Oxidation by 4 electrons
(ii) CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) (d) Reduction by 7 electrons.

Chemical Reactions and Equations 21

Case Study-II (a) Manufacture of C2H5OH
(b) Haber’s process
Combination reactions has greater number of application
(c) Contact process
in the manufacturing of some industrial based important
compounds such as (d) Ostwald process
‰ Ammonia (NH3) is produced by Haber’s process for 3. Which of the given process will involve combination
industrial use. reaction of compounds only?
(a) Contact process
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
(b) Haber’s process
‰ Industrial preparation of nitric acid by Ostwald’s process
(c) Manufacture of C2H5OH
4NO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4HNO3(aq)
(d) Ostwald process
‰ Similarly Contact process is used for industrial
preparation of sulphuric acid that involves following Case Study-III
steps of combination reaction Following sequence of reaction is given
(i) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) X + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + Y + H2O
(ii) H2SO4(l) + SO3(g) → H2S2O7(l) ↓
(iii) H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(l) Ca(OH) 2
Z
(Conc)
(Milky precipitate)
‰ Manufacturing of ethanol is usually done by acid
Answer the following questions on the basis of
catalysed hydration of ethylene.
above reaction sequence
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(l) 1. Write the chemical formula of X.
1. Which of the given process involves only (a) Na2CO3 (b) NaOH
combination reaction of elements? (c) Na2SO4 (d) NaCl
(a) Ostwald process 2. Write the name of product Y
(b) Haber’s process (a) Sodium carbonate (b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Contact process (c) Hydrogen (d) Hydrogen peroxide
(d) Manufacture of C2H5OH 3. Write the chemical name of Z.
2. Which of the given process will involve the (a) Sodium chloride (b) Calcium hydroxide
combination reaction of compounds with element? (c) Calcium carbonate (d) Sodium carbonate

22 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 Competitive Level

Characteristics of Chemical Reaction

On the basis of energy changes, there are two types of reactions:
(a) Endothermic reaction: The chemical reaction where there is absorption of heat energy is known as an
endothermic reaction.
Heat
C (s) + 2S (s)  → CS2(l)
(b) Exothermic reaction: The chemical reaction where there is the release of heat energy is known as an
exothermic reaction.
Heat
2Mg (s) + O2 (g)  → 2MgO (s) + Energy
When magnesium wire is heated from its tip in a bunsen flame, it burns with a dazzling white flame along
with release of heat and light energy.

Addition/Combination Reactions
Addition reactions are also formed in the following conditions -
(i) When two or more elements combine to form a new compound.
Synthesis reaction: It is a type of addition reaction in which a new substance is formed by the combination of its
component elements.
For Example: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (Haber’s Process)
Ammonia is synthesised from its components, nitrogen and hydrogen, so it is an example of synthesis reaction.

™ All synthesis reaction are addition reactions but all addition reactions are not synthesis reactions.

(ii) When two or more compounds combine to form a new compound.

For Example:
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
(iii) When an element and a compound combine to form a new compound.
For Example:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2

Oxidation Number
It is defined as an imaginary or apparent charge developed over atom of an element when it goes from its elemental free
state to combined state in molecules.
Rules to Determine Oxidation State
In uncombined state or free state, oxidation number of an element is zero (H2, O2, Cu, Zn, S).
In combined state, oxidation number of-
‰ F is always –1.
‰ O is –2 in oxide, in peroxide ( –O–O– ) it is –1, in superoxide it is –1/2 . However in F2O it is +2, O2F2 = + 1.

Chemical Reactions and Equations 23

‰ H is +1, in ionic hydrides it is –1.
‰ Metal is always positive.
‰ Alkali metal (Li, Na, K) is always +1.
‰ Alkaline earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, is always +2).
‰ Halogen in halide is –1, sulphur in sulphides is –2.
‰ The sum of oxidation number of all the elements is equal to zero.
‰ Sum of the oxidation numbers of atoms of all elements in anion is equal to the change on the ion.
NOTE: Oxidation state of some of the compounds is to be determined by their structure.

Oxidation in Terms of Electrons Transfer

The electronic concept explains the oxidation on the basis of Oxidation
electron transfer. According to octet rule, atom try to complete its e– Compound A
A loses electrons A
octet by losing, gaining or sharing electrons. Sodium chloride is an e–
electrovalent compound and consists of an ion pair (Na+) (Cl–) even Reducing Oxidized
in the solid state. In its ions, the neutral sodium loses an electron agent
and becomes positively charged sodium ion. Sodium is said to be
oxidised. Chlorine gain an electron and negatively charged chloride
ion. chlorine is solid to be reduced. Reduction
–
Compound B e B
Na → Na+ + e– B gains electrons e–
Cl + e– → Cl– Reduced
Oxidizing
Na+ + Cl– → NaCl. agent
Thus, oxidation is a process that involves loss of electron. Fig. 3: Oxidation and reduction in terms of
electronic concept.
Reduction in Terms of Electrons Transfer
Reduction is a process that involve the gain of electrons and is the reverse of oxidation.
For example
Mg combines with oxygen and is oxidized to MgO. According to electronic concept, magnesium atom loses two electrons
from its valence shell (M) and is oxidised to Mg2+ while oxygen atom gains these two electrons and gets reduced to oxide
anion. Thus, oxidation involves loss of electrons and it is also known as de- electronation. Reduction involves gain of
electrons and it is known as electronation.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Mg → Mg+2 + 2e–
O + 2e– → O2–
Mg+2 + O2– → MgO

Spectator Ions
Species that are present in the solution but do not take part in the reaction that occurs and they are omitted in writing the net
ionic reaction.
Zn + 2H+ + 2Cl– → Zn2+ + 2Cl– + H2
Cl– ions are omitted. These omitted ions are called as spectator ions or bystander ions. In order to indicate that they do
not take part in the reaction, the spectator ions appear on the reactant as well as on the product side.

24 Class-X CHEMISTRY
Balancing of Redox Reaction
Redox reactions are balanced by two methods:
‰ Oxidation number method
‰ Ion electron method or Half-Reaction method
(a) Oxidation Number Method:
(i) Write the skeleton equation.
(ii) Indicate the oxidation numbers of all the atoms involved in the equation above their symbols.
(iii) Identify the elements which change oxidation number.
(iv) Calculate the increase and decrease in oxidation number per atom concerning the reactants. If more than one
atom is involved, then multiply with the number of the atoms undergoing the change to calculate the total
change in oxidation number.
(v) Balance the increase and decrease in oxidation number on both sides(reactant, product). Multiply the reactant
side by the no. of the oxidizing and reducing agents alternatively. This means reducing agents are multiplied
by the change of electrons of oxidizing agents and vice-versa.
(vi) Balance the equation with respect to all the atoms except hydrogen and oxygen.
(vii) Finally, balance hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
(viii) For the reactions that are taking place in the acidic medium, balance the O atoms by adding the required
number of H2O molecules to the side deficient in O atoms. Then balance the H atoms by adding H+ to the
side deficient in H atoms.
(ix) Basically, first balance the negative by adding the required number of OH– ions on the missing side. Then
add H2O molecules on the other side to balance additional OH– ions. Let’s try to measure a few chemical
reactions in the form of several oxidations.
(b) Ion Electron Method or Half-Reaction Method:
(i) Write the redox reaction in ionic form.
(ii) Find out species that are getting oxidised and also the one which are getting reduced.
(iii) Split the whole equation into two half-reactions. Oxidation half-reaction and reduction-half reaction.
(iv) While balancing each half-reaction add electrons for the number of atoms of each element.
(v) In the acidic medium, and neutral medium add water molecules to the side deficient in O and H+ to the side
deficient in hydrogen.
(vi) In the basic medium, add one water molecule to the same side for each excess of oxygen and two OH– ions
to the other side. If hydrogen is still unbalanced, add OH– ion for each excess hydrogen on the same side and
one water molecule to the other side.
(vii) Multiply one or both half-reactions by a suitable number so that the number of electrons become equal in
both the equation.
(viii) Add the two balanced half-reactions and cancel the term that are common to both sides.

Effect of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life

Oxygen is most essential element that is important for sustaining life. O2 is involved in a variety of process that have wide
range of effects on our day to day life. Some of these effects are-

Chemical Reactions and Equations 25

Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance CH4
burns or gets oxidised in the presence of air or oxygen. For example,
coal, charcoal, wood etc. are burn in air and they undergo combustion. +
Methane (CH4) is major constituent of natural gas undergoes combustion
in excess of oxygen upon heating.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) O2 O2
Similarly, butane (C4H10) is the main constituent of L.P.G which also
undergoes combustion.
13
C4H10 (g) + O 2 (g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O CO2
2
Butane

All combustion reactions are example of exothermic reaction and

are accompanied by release of heat energy. The carbohydrates such
+
as glucose, fructose, starch etc. are the major source of energy to the H2O H2O
human body. They undergo combustion with the help of O2 to form
carbon dioxide and water. For example.

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + energy =C =O =H

Generally, all combustion reactions are not accompanied by flame.
Combustion is usually an oxidation along with release of energy.
Fig. 4: The reaction between methane and oxygen.

™ All combustion reactions are exothermic in nature.

Respiration
‰ Respiration is the most important biochemical process that releases energy in the cells.
‰ When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and passes into thousands of smalls air sacs known as alveoli. These air sacs
occupies a large area of membranes and O2 diffuses from the membranes into blood. It binds itself to with haemoglobin
present in red blood cells (RBCs) and is carried out to various cells in the body.
‰ Respiration process occurs in these cells along with the combustion of glucose producing carbon dioxide and water.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) → 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy
  (Glucose)      (Carbon dioxide)
‰ As the reaction is exothermic reaction, the energy released during respiration process carries many cell reactions and
also keeps our heart and muscles working.
‰ Both carbon dioxide and water are pass back into the blood and we finally breathe them out.
‰ Respiration takes place in the cells of all living beings.

26 Class-X CHEMISTRY
1. At reaction temperature, which of the given 6. A is a yellow coloured non-metal, when A is burnt
chemical equations, represent the correct states of it produces a pungent smelling gas B. Gas B gets
the reactants and products involved. mixed with rain water to cause acid rain, which
(a) 2H2(l) + O2(l) → 2H2O(g) is harmful for building and crops both. Identify A
(b) 2H2(g) + O2(l) → 2H2O(l) and B.
(c) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) (a) Na, NaOH (b) C, CO2
(d) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) (c) N2, NH3 (d) S, SO2
2. Two test tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ contain aqueous solution 7. The element ‘A’ reacting with chlorine forms a
of potassium iodide and lead nitrate separately. compound that is water soluble and having high
When these two test-tubes ‘A’ and ‘B’ are mixed melting point. Element ‘A’ is
to each other, results into ‘X’ and ‘Y’. The ‘X’ and (a) Mg (b) Ne
‘Y’ are: (c) CO2 (d) He
(a) Yellow ppt, yellow solution
8. The following reactions are given below:
(b) Yellow ppt, colourless solution
(i) Cu + I2 → CuI2 (ii) Fe + S → FeS
(c) White ppt, black solution
Which of the given reactions is/are redox reactions?
(d) Black ppt, colourless solution (a) Only (i)
3. A substance X reacts with another substance Y to (b) Neither (i) nor (ii)
produce the product Z and a gas D. If a mixture (c) Both (i) and (ii)
of the gas D and ammonia is passed through an
aqueous solution of Z, baking soda is formed. The (d) Only (ii)
Substance X and Y are 9. Which among the following statement(s) is(are)
(a) HCl and NaOH true? Silver chloride on exposing to sunlight for a
(b) Na and NH4Cl long period of time turns grey due to
(c) HCl and Na2CO3 (i) The formation of silver by decomposition of
AgCl
(d) Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
(ii) Sublimation of AgCl
4. A student added dilute hydrochloric acid to a test
tube containing Zn granules and notice the following (iii) Decomposition of chlorine gas from AgCl
observation (iv) Oxidation of AgCl
(i) The zinc surface became dull and black. (a) (i) only
(ii) A gas evolved which burnt with a pop sound. (b) (i) and (iii)
(iii) The solution remained colourless. (c) (iv) only
Correct observations regarding the above experiment (d) (ii) and (iii)
are- 10. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iii) a blue solution of copper sulphate, a black ppt.
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) All three of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric
5. Which of these statements(s) is/are correct? acid that is formed remains in the solution.
(i) Rusting is a process in which double The reaction is an example of
decomposition reaction take place. (a) An addition reaction
(ii) Silver salt are usually sensitive to light. (b) A redox reaction
(a) (i) only (b) (ii) only (c) A decomposition reaction
(c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii) (d) double displacement reaction

Chemical Reactions and Equations 27

11. A dilute solution of sodium carbonate which was 17. Barium oxide reacts vigorously with water to
added to two test-tubes one containing dilute HCl produce barium hydroxide.
labeled (I) and the other containing dilute NaOH
labeled (II). The correct observation regarding the BaO(s) + H2O(g) → Ba(OH)2(g)
reaction was: This reaction can be classified as:
(a) A colourless gas liberated in test-tube I (i) Combination reaction
(b) A colourless gas liberated in test-tube II (ii) Exothermic reaction
(c) A brown coloured gas liberated in test-tube I (iii) Endothermic reaction
(d) A brown coloured gas liberated in test-tube II (iv) Oxidation reaction
12. Consider the following statements: Which of the following is the correct option?
(i) Oxidation is process in which loss of electrons (a) (i) and (iii)
from a substance take place. (b) (iii) and (iv)
(ii) Reduction is process in which electron is (c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
gained by the substance. (d) (i) and (ii)
(iii) The formation of Na+Cl– by the action of 18. In a double displacement reaction such as the
sodium and chlorine is an example of a redox reaction between sodium sulphate solution and
reaction. barium chloride solution:
Which of these statements(s) is/are correct? (i) exchange of atoms takes place
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (ii) exchange of ions takes place
(c) (ii) only (iii) (d) All are correct (iii) a precipitate is produced
13. On passing CO2 in excess in aqueous solution of (iv) an insoluble salt is produced
sodium carbonate the compound that is formed is: 
The correct option is:
(a) NaCl (b) NaHCO3 (a) (ii) and (iv) (b) only (ii)
(c) Na2CO3 (d) Na2CO3.H2O (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
14. The equation 19. Which one of the following is not double displacement
Mg(s) + CuO(s) → MgO(s) + Cu(s) represents reaction?
which type of reaction
(i) Decomposition reaction (a) Pb (NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) →
(ii) Displacement reaction PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(iii) Addition reaction (b) CuSO4(aq) + H2S(aq) →
(iv) Neutralization reaction  CuS(s) + H2SO4(aq)
(v) Redox reaction (c) Na2CO3(s) + 2HCI (aq) →
(a) (ii) and (v) (b) (iii) and (iv)  2NaCl(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iv) and (v) (d) CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)
15. For the balanced equation given below: 20. Which one of the following reactions is an example
aP4 + bCl2 → cPCl5, the value of a, b, c are of electrical decomposition?
(a) 1, 2, 2 (b) 1, 10, 4 (a) CaCO3(s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
(c) 2, 3, 4 (d) 1, 3, 4 (b) 2HOCI (aq) → O2 (g) + HCl (g)
16. Which of the following displacement reactions will (c) 2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2(g)
occur if the indicated reactants are mixed? (d) 2AgCl (s) → 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
(a) 3Mg(s)+2AlCl3(aq) → 3MgCl2(aq) + 2Al(s)
21. Aluminium oxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form
(b) Zn(s) + MgCl2(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + Mg(s) (a) Aluminium sulphate and hydrogen
(c) Cu(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Pb(s) (b) Aluminium sulphate and oxygen
(d) Ni(s) + 2AgNO 3 (aq) → Ni(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + (c) Aluminium sulphate and water
2Ag(s) (d) Aluminium sulphate and sulphur dioxide

28 Class-X CHEMISTRY
22. Which of these reactions shows only reduction? (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(a) Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
(b) Fe2O3+3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 24. Which one of the following processes involve
(c) HCI+NaOH → NaCl + H2O chemical reactions?
(d) Mg + ZnSO4 → Zn+MgSO4 (a) Storing of oxygen gas under pressure in a gas
23. Solid calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to cylinder
form calcium hydroxide accompanied by liberation (b) Liquefaction of air
of heat. This process is called slaking of lime.
(c) Keeping petrol in a china dish in the open
Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form
its solution called lime water. Which among the (d) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high
following is (are) true about slaking of lime and the temperature
solution formed? (NCERT Exemplar) 25. CH4 + Cl2 is → CH3Cl + HCl reaction is an
(i) It is an endothermic reaction example of
(ii) It is an exothermic reaction (a) Synthetic
(iii) The pH of the resulting solution will be more than (b) Analytical
seven
(c) Displacement
(iv) The pH of the resulting solution will be less than
(d) Neutralisation.
seven

Competitive Corner

1. The values of stoichiometirc coefficients m, x, y

Column-I Column-II
and z in the following reaction after balancing are,
respectively:  (NTSE 2021) P. 4HNO3 + C 
→ (i) Double
∆
m(NH4)2 Cr2O7  4NO2 + CO2 displacement
→ xCr2O3 + yN2 + zH2O
(a) 2, 1, 1, 2 (b) 2, 2, 2, 4 + 2H2O
(c) 1, 1, 1, 4 (d) 2, 2, 1, 2 Q. 2KCIO3(s) (ii) Displacement
2. Two beakers A and B contain iron (II) sulphate solution. Heat

MnO 2
→ 2KCI +
In the beakers A and B, small pieces of copper and zinc 3O2
are placed respectively. It is found that a grey deposit R. NaCl + AgNO3 (iii) Oxidation-
forms on the zinc but not on the copper. From these
 → AgCl + reduction
observations, it can be concluded that: (NTSE 2021)
NaNO3
(a) zinc is most active metal followed by iron and then
copper. S. N2 + 3H2 (iv) Decomposition
Fe
 → 2NH3
(b) zinc is most active metal followed by copper and 410º c

then iron. T. Na + CuSO4 (v) Combination

(c) iron is most active metal followed by zinc and then  → Na2SO4
copper. + Cu(s)
(d) iron is most active metal followed by copper and (a) P-(v), Q-(iii), R-(ii), S-(i), T-(iv)
then zinc. (b) P-(iii), Q-(iv), R-(i), S-(v), T-(ii)
3. Match the items of column-I with column-II and choose (c) P-(ii), Q-(iii), R-(iv), S-(v), T-(i)
the correct option (Haryana 2020) (d) P-(iv), Q-(iii), R-(ii), S-(v), T-(i)

Chemical Reactions and Equations 29

 4. The gas that gives a black precipitate with aqueous 12. Write values of a, b, and c so that following chemical
Pb(NO)3 solution and a white precipitate with aqueous equation is balanced aH2 + bO2 → cH2O
ZnCl2 solution is  (West Bengal 2020)
(Madhya Pradesh 2020)
(a) CO2 (b) NO2
(a) a = 2, b = 1, c = 2 (b) a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
(c) NH3 (d) H2S
(c) a = 1, b = 2, c = 1 (d) a = 2, b = 2, c = 1
5. CuSO4 + Zn —→ ZnSO4 + Cu
13. Vinegar on reaction with baking soda produces a gas
Correct statement related to the above reaction is - which when passed through lime water turns it milky.
(Rajasthan 2020) The milkiness is due to the formation of:
(a) Zn is less reactive as compared to Cu
(Chandigarh 2020)
(b) Zn is more reactive as compared to Cu
(a) Calcium Oxalate (b) Calcium Carbonate
(c) Reactivity of Cu and Zn is equal
(c) Calcium Hydroxide (d) Calcium Bicarbonate
(d) Zn is displaced by Cu
14. Which of the following is a displacement reaction?
6. Identify the double displacement reactions.
(Odisha 2020)
(Tamil Nadu 2020)
A. Pb(NO3)2 +2Kl → PbI2 + 2KNO3 I. MgO + H2O —→ Mg(OH)2
II. 2FeSO4— D → Fe O +SO + SO
B. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O 2 3 2 3

C. CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O III. 4Al + 3O2 —→ 2Al2SO3

D. Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 IV. Zn + FeSO4 —→ ZnSO4 + Fe
(a) A and B (b) B and C (a) (I) (b) (II)
(c) A, B and D (d) A, B and C (c) (III) (d) (IV)
7. In the reaction 3MnO2 + 4Al → 3Mn + 2A12O3 the 15. Which one is addition reaction?(Uttar Pradesh 2020)
oxidising agent is (Punjab 2020) (a) Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
(a) MnO2 (b) Al (b) 2KBr + Cl2 →2KCl + Br2
(c) Al2O3 (d) Mn (c) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
(d) HgO → 2Hg + O2
8. Copper sulphate can be safely kept in a container made
up of (Punjab 2020) 16. Read the following table: (NTSE 2020)
(a) Aluminum (b) Lead Reaction with
(c) Silver (d) Zinc Metal ZnSO4 FeSO4 CuSO4
9. Fatty foods become rancid due to process of solution solution solution
(Madhya Pradesh 2020) X No reaction No reaction No reaction
(a) Oxidation (b) Corrosion
No reaction No reaction Displacement
(c) Reduction (d) Hydrogenation Y
reaction
10. Which of the following are physical changes? Displacement Displacement Displacement
Z
(Madhya Pradesh 2020) reaction reaction reaction
A. Melting of iron metal Based on the above table consider the following
B. Rusting of iron statements
C. Bending of an iron rod I. Reaction of Y with CuSO4 solution produces Cu
D. Drawing a wire of iron metal metal.
(a) A, B, C (b) A, B, D II. Z is the most reactive element and X is the least
(c) A, C, D (d) B, C, D reactive
III. Y is more reactive than X and less reactive than Z
11. A chemical equation is said to be balanced if number
of(Madhya Pradesh 2020) IV. Metal Y produces Zn on reaction with ZnSO4
solution
(a) compounds are same in both side
(b) molecules are same in both side Which of the following options gives the correct
(c) number of atoms are same in both side statements?
(a) I, II and III only (b) I, III and IV only
(d) number of electrons are same in both side
(c) II and III only (d) III and IV only

30 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 17. In an experiment with 100 mL, 0.1 M solution of 22. In balanced chemical equation (Delhi 2019)
Copper Chloride, by mistake 5 gm of a mixture aKMnO4 + bH2SO4 —→ cK2SO4
containing equal weights of Tin, Silver, Lead and + dMnSO4 + eH2O + f [O]
Calcium, was added. Finally after some time the Which of the following alternative are correct?
solution gets completely decolorized. This is mainly (a) a = 2, b = 3, c = 1, d = 2, e = 3, f = 5
due to:  (IOQJS 2020) (b) a = 1, b = 2, c = 1, d = 3, e = 2, f = 3
(a) Silver reacts with Copper Chloride (c) a = 2, b = 3, c = 2, d = 3, e = 2, f = 5
(b) Calcium reacts with Copper Chloride (d) a = 3, b = 1, c = 3, d = 3, e = 1, f = 3
(c) All the metals react with Copper Chloride
23. Which of the following reactions takes place during
(d) Only Lead reacts with Copper Chloride forming
break down of molecules in the respiration in our body?
white precipitate of lead chloride.
(Delhi 2019)
18. Consider the following equation of chemical reaction (a) Oxidation (b) Reduction
of a metal M (Punjab 2019)
(c) Oxidation-reduction (d) Photo-oxidation
4M+3O2 → 2M2O3
The equation represents: 24. Which statements are correct regarding the following
(a) Combination reaction as well as oxidation reaction reaction?(Madhya Pradesh 2019)
(b) Combination reaction as well as reduction 2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)
(c) Decomposition reaction as well as oxidation I. Lead is reduced
(d) Oxidation reaction as well as displacement reaction II. Carbon dioxide is oxidised
19. Identify the correct oxidant and reductant in the III. Carbon is oxidized
following reaction (Punjab 2019) IV. Lead oxide is reduced
PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O (a) (I) and (II) (b) (III) and (IV)
(a) PbS – Oxidant (c) (I), (II) and (III) (d) All
H2O2 – Reductant 25. Choose the correct statements about the given chemical
(b) PbS – Reductant reaction:(Karnataka 2019)
PbSO4 – Oxidant 3MnO2 (s) + 4Al(s) → 3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3 + Heat
(c) PbS – Reductant A. Reaction is exothermic.
H2O2 – Oxidant B. Al is acting as oxidizing agent.
(d) H2O2 – Oxidant C. MnO2 is getting reduced.
H2O – Reductant D. Al is more reactive than Mn.
20. When a vegetative oil is treated with Hydrogen in the (a) A, C and D (b) A, B and C
presence of Nickel catalyst it forms fat (Vegetable (c) A, B and D (d) A, B, C and D
Ghee) This is an example of (Punjab 2019)
(a) Displacement reaction 26. Assertion (A): Silver articles becomes black after some
time when exposed to air.
(b) Decomposition reaction
(c) Addition Reaction Reason (R): It reacts with oxygen in the air to form
(d) Double displacement reaction a coating of silver oxide. (Karnataka 2019)
(a) ‘A’ and ‘R’ are correct and ‘R’ is the correct
21. Which of the following are combination reaction? explanation of ‘A’
(Gujarat 2019) (b) ‘A’ and ‘R’ are correct, but ‘R’ is not the correct
∆
I. 2KClO3  → 2KCl + 3O2 explanation of ‘A’
II. MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2 (c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false
III. 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 (d) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are false
IV. Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4 + Fe
27. Which of the following set of reactions will NOT
(a) (I) and (III)
occur?(NTSE 2019)
(b) (III) and (IV)
I. MgSO4(aq)+Fe(s)→FeSO4(aq)+Mg(s)
(c) (II) and (IV)
II. CuSO4(aq)+Fe(s)→FeSO4(aq)+Cu(s)
(d) (II) and (III)

Chemical Reactions and Equations 31

 III. MgSO4(aq)+Cu(s)→CuSO4(aq)+Mg(s) 34. In the balanced chemical equation:
IV. CuSO4(aq)+Zn(s)→ZnSO4(aq)+Cu(s) (a lead nitrate + b aluminium chloride → aluminium
(a) I and III (b) II and IV  c nitrate + d lead chloride)
Which of the following alternatives is correct?
(c) I, II and III (d) II, III and IV  [NTSE 2018]
28. What happens when dilute Hydrochloric acid is added (a) a = 1, b = 2, c = 2, d = 1
to iron filings? (Jharkhand 2018) (b) a = 4, b = 3, c = 3, d = 4
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride is produced. (c) a = 2, b = 3, c = 2, d = 3
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced (d) a = 3, b = 2, c = 2, d = 3
(c) No reaction takes place
35. What type of reaction is this?
(d) Iron salt and water are produced
MnO2 + 4HCI → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
29. Which of the following pair of reactants can undergo (Chandigarh 2017)
a displacement reaction under appropriate conditions?
(a) Redox reaction
(Jharkhand 2018)
(b) Double displacement reaction
(a) MgSO4 + Fe (b) ZnSO4 + Fe
(c) Displacement reaction
(c) MgSO4+ Pb (d) CuSO4 + Fe
(d) Decomposition reaction
30. Shweta went for a journey by train in June 2018.
Her train was to depart at 7 am. Her mother packed 36. All of the following processes involve a separation of
‘Bread Pakodas’ for her lunch. However Shweta did either a mixture into its components, or a compound
not eat them till evening. In the evening when she into elements. For each, decide whether a physical
opened her lunch box, she felt an unpleasant smell. process or a chemical reaction is required
The taste of Pakodas was also sour. This happened  (Andhra 2017)
due to _________. (Chandigarh 2018) A. Sodium metal is obtained from the substance
(a) Thermal Decomposition sodium chloride
(b) Calcinations B. Iron fillings are separated from sand by using a
(c) Isomerism magnet
(d) Rancidity C. Sugar crystals are separated from sugar syrup by
31. Colour of silver bromide is (Telangana 2018) evaporation of water
(a) red D. Fine crystals of silver chloride are separated from
(b) silver a suspension of the crystals in water
(c) light yellow E. Copper is produced when zinc metal is placed in
a solution of copper (II) sulphate, a compound
(d) blue
Physical processes (Chemical processes)
32. Which of the following arrangement represent
increasing oxidation number of central atom (Mn, Cr, (a) A, B, C D, E
CI)?  (Haryana 2018) (b) A, D B, C, E
– 2– –
(a) MnO4 , CrO4 , ClO3 , CrO2 – (c) B, C, D A, E
(b) ClO3–, CrO42–, MnO4–, CrO42 (d) E A, B, C, D
(c) CrO2–, ClO3–, CrO42–, MnO4– 37. Which of the following is not an oxidation reaction?
(d) CrO42–, MnO4–, CrO2–, ClO3–  (Andhra 2017)
33. A test tube along with calcium carbonate in it (a) Bleaching of coloured objects using moist chlorine
initially weighed 30.08 g. A heating experiment was (b) Rancidity of fats
performed on this test tube till calcium carbonate
completely decomposed with evolution of a gas. (c) Thermite process involving the reaction of
Loss of weight during this experiment was 4.40 g. Iron (III) oxide (or) chromium (III) oxide with
What is the weight of the empty test tube in this Aluminium
experiment? [NTSE 2018] (d) The poling process involving the removal of
(a) 20.08 g (b) 21.00 g impurities from a molten metal
(c) 24.50 g (d) 2.008 g

32 Class-X CHEMISTRY
38. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing agent in acidic medium. (d) Lead (II) and nitrate
To provide acidic medium H2SO4 is used instead of
HCI because: (Haryana 2017) 43. Oxygen gas reacts with hydrogen to produce water.
(a) H2SO4 is stronger acid than HCI The reaction is represented by the equation:
(b) H2SO4 is a dibasic acid O2(g) + H2(g) → H2O(g)
(c) HCI is oxidized by KMnO4 to Cl2 The above reaction is an example of (NTSE 2014)
(i) Oxidation of hydrogen
(d) Only H2SO4 is completely ionized
39. The schematic diagram is given below. (ii) Reduction of oxygen
heat
A B + HCl (iii) Reduction of hydrogen
cool
(Solid) (vapour) (vapour) (iv) Redox reaction
heat NaOH(aq) (a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Conc. HCl H 2O (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
C D shake well
E(aq)
(Gas) (acidic solution) (c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Which of the following is a correct statement?
 (NTSE 2017) 44. A metal carbonate X on treatment with a mineral
(a) A and E are chemically same acid liberates a gas which when passed through
(b) A and D are chemically same aqueous solution of a substance Y gives back X.
(c) D and E are chemically same The substance Y on reaction with the gas obtained
(d) C and E are chemically same at anode during electrolysis of brine gives a
compound Z which can decolorise coloured fabrics.
40. In balanced chemical equation  (Haryana 2016)
The compounds X, Y and Z respectively are
aCu + bHNO3(dil) —→ cCu(NO3)2 + dH2O + eNO
 (NTSE 2013)
Which of the following alternative are correct?
(a) a = 1 , b = 4 , c = 1 , d = 2 e = 2 (a) CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaOCl2
(b) a = 3 b = 4 c = 3 , d = 1 , e = 1 (b) Ca(OH)2, CaO, CaOCl2
(c) a = 1 , b = 4 , c = 1 , d = 4 e = 2 (c) CaCO3, CaOCl2, Ca(OH)2
(d) a = 3 b = 8 c = 3 , d = 4 e = 2 (d) Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaOCl2
41. Rekha dropped a metal piece A in the solution of another
metal B. After some time a new colourless compound 45. The change in the oxidation state of Mn in MnO4– and
C is formed. A, B, C respectively can be  O in H2O in the following redox reaction,
 (Haryana 2016) 
4MnO4– (aq) + 2H2O(l)  4MnO2 (s)
(a) Cu, ZnSO4, CuSO4 + 3O2(g) + 4OH–(aq),
(b) Mg, NaCl, MgCl2 is: (IJSO 2011)
(c) Mg, CuSO4, MgSO4
(a) Mn+7 to Mn+2 and O–2 to O–
(d) Fe, ZnSO4, FeSO4
(b) Mn+7 to Mn+4 and O2– to O
42. Compound A on strong heating in a boiling tube
(c) Mn+7 to Mn+2 and O–2 to O2–2
gives off reddish brown fumes and a yellow residue.
When the aqueous solution of A is treated with a (d) Mn+7 to Mn+4 and O–2 to O
few drops of sodium hydroxide solution, a white 46. For the oxidation-reduction reaction; (IJSO 2010)
precipitate appeared. Identify the cation and anion
K2Cr2O7 + XH2SO4 + YSO2 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3+ZH2O
present in the compound A. (NTSE 2015)
(a) Copper (II) and nitrate The values X, Y and Z are:
(b) Lead (II) and chloride (a) 1, 3, 1 (b) 4, 1, 4
(c) Zinc and sulphate (c) 3, 2, 3 (d) 2, 1, 2

Chemical Reactions and Equations 33

 Statement Type Questions
School Level 1. 
(d) Decomposition reactions require energy either
in the form of light, heat or electricity for breaking
Quick Recall down the reactants. So, energy is absorbed and are
endothermic in nature.
Fill in the Blanks 2. (a) Both the statement are correct.
1. Unequal 2. combination 3. (a) Both the statement are correct.
3. Insoluble 4. endothermic 4. (c) The arrow head always points towards the
5. decomposition 6. CaO,CO2 products.
7. O2 8. Zn(NO3)2 5. (d) If the reactant and product is present in water,
then word aqueous (aq.) is used.
9. Corrosion 10. antioxidants

True and False Statements Multiple Choice Questions

1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)
5. True 6. False 7. False 8. False 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
9. False 10. True 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a)

Match the Followings Subjective Questions

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. The reaction which represents a chemical change is
Assertion & Reason Type Questions called a chemical reaction.
1. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the 2. The basic difference is that in a physical change,
correct explanation of A. no new substance is formed, while in a chemical
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s) + heat change, new substance(s) is/are formed.
(White)
2. (b) The correct reason for given assertion is that 3. The most important condition necessary for a
corrosion occurs due to oxidation of iron. chemical change is the formation of new products.
3. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and 4. C + O 2 
→ CO 2 + H 2 O
(Carbon)
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
4. (a) Reason is the correct explanation of assertion. 5. (a) CaCO3 
→ CaO + CO 2 (gas)
Lime water contains small amount of calcium (b) CuSO 4 + Fe 
→ FeSO 4 + Cu
(blue) (blue)
hydroxide dissolved in it. It reacts with CO2 gas to
form a white precipitate of calcium carbonate. 6. A chemical reaction is balanced on the basis of law
Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 (g)  → CaCO3 (s)+ H 2 O(g) of conservation of mass.
(lim e water) (White ppt )
7. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
5. (b) Copper is more reactive than silver. It can
8. 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
show displacement reaction. Silver is insoluble in
9. It is because water contains hydrogen and oxygen in
water.
a ratio of 2 : 1.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

34 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 10. The reaction which occurs in the presence of light (c) Double Displacement Reaction and Precipitation
is known as a photochemical reaction. Reaction
11. Black precipitate of CuS. 10. (a) White precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
CuSO4 + H2S → CuS↓ + H2SO4 BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
12. Silver chloride becomes grey. It is a photochemical (White ppt.)
decomposition reaction. It is a kind of double displacement reaction.

2AgCl  sunlight
→ 2Ag + Cl2 (b) It is because iron displaces copper from CuSO4
to form FeSO4 which is pale green.
Short Answer Type Questions Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
1. When grapes are still on the plants, their self- Blue Pale green
defence mechanism is in action. This stops grape 11. Those reactions in which both oxidation and
fermentation. When grapes are picked from the reduction takes place simultaneously are called
plants, yeast (a type of fungus) begins fermentation. redox reactions.
Sugar is converted into alcohol during fermentation.
(i) PbO gets reduced and C gets oxidised in the
As a result, it is a chemical change.
following reaction.
Sunlight
2. (i) 2AgBr(s)  → 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g) (ii) MnO2 gets reduced and HCl gets oxidised in the
(ii) 2Na(s) + 2H 2 O(l ) 
→ 2NaOH(aq) + H 2 (g) given reaction.
3. (a) 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O 12. ‘Al’ is reducing agent in the reaction.
‘Al’ is more reactive than Mn so, ‘Al’ displaces Mn
(b) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
from its oxide MnO2.
4. (a) s, aq
13. (a) After a while, silver objects exposed to air turn
(b) Ag
(c) aq, g black. This is because it creates a black covering
(d) Δ of silver sulphide when it reacts with sulphur in
5. The colour of ferrous sulphate FeSO4 is pale green. the air. This phenomenon is called the corrosion of
The colour changes into reddish brown on heating silver or tarnishing of silver.
due to formation of iron (III) oxide Fe2O3. (b) Black substance is silver sulphide and chemical
6. (a) M is Magnesium formula is Ag2S.
N is MgO (Magnesium Oxide) Long Answer Type Questions
(b) Mg + O2 → 2MgO 1. (a) Pb(COOCH3)2(aq) + 2HCl(dil.) → PbCl2(s) +
(c) M undergoes Oxidation in this reaction because  2CH3COOH(l)
oxygen is being added to it.
7. (i) It is because zinc has displaced copper from (b) 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + 2SO2(g)
CuSO4. Zinc metal has been used to form zinc (c) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
sulphate, thus, number of holes were noticed. (d) 2 Na(s) + 2C2H5OH(l) → 2C2H5ONa(l) +
(ii) Zn(s) + CuSO 4 (aq) 
→ ZnSO 4 (aq) + Cu(s)  H2(g)
Blue Colourless
8. 
(a) Combination Reaction 2. (a)
A combination reaction is a reaction in which two (i) Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2ZnO2 (aq) + H2(g)
or more substances combine to form a single new (ii) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
substance.
CaO(s) + H 4 O(l ) 
→ Ca(OH) 2 (s) + heat + hissing sound
(b)

(b) (Calcium
Quicklime
oxide)
Water Slaked lime
(Calcium hydroxide)
(i) P4(s) + 10Cl2(g) → 4PCl5(s)
(c) The two main observations are: (ii) CH4(g) + 202(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(i) It produces a lot of heat. + heat energy
(ii) It produces a hissing sound.
(iii) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2 (g)
9. 
(a) Yellow precipitate of lead iodide Pbl2 is formed.
(b) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy

Chemical Reactions and Equations 35

 3. The reaction of Zn granules with  (c) Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) decomposes
(i) dilute H2SO4 barium sulphite to form barium chloride (BaCl2),
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and water (H2O). Since
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
barium chloride is soluble in water, thus white
(ii) dilute HCI precipitate disappears.
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) BaSO3 +2HCl→BaCl2+SO2 +H2O
(iii) dilute HNO3 8. (i) Double Displacement Reaction
Reaction with dilute HNO3 is different as compared (ii) Combination Reaction
to other acids because nitric acid is an oxidising (iii) Thermal Decomposition Reaction
agent and it oxidises H2 gas evolved to H2O (iv) Displacement Reaction
4Zn(s) + 10HNO3(aq) → 4Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 9. 
(a) Pb3O4 (Red lead). It is also called Sindur used
5H2O(l) +N2O(g) by married ladies. It is an oxidant (oxidising agent).
(iv) NaCl solution (b) O2 is oxidising agent.
(c) CuSO4 is oxidising agent.
Zn(s) + NaCl(aq) → No reaction
(d) V2O5, is oxidising agent.
(v) NaOH solution (e) H2O is oxidising agent.
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g) 10. (a) The two ways by which rancidity can be
sodium zincate prevented by:
4. (a) Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu  (i) Adding antioxidants to food containing fat and
oil, e.g. BHA is added to butter as antioxidant.
The blue colour of the CuSO4 solution fades, and a
colourless solution of ZnSO4 is formed.  (ii) By packaging fat and oil containing foods in
nitrogen gas.
(b) When aluminium reacts with dilute hydrochoric
(b) (i) By electrolysis molten NaCl is decomposed
acid, aqueous aluminium chloride produce. to form sodium metal.
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2↑ 2NaCl Electric
 → 2Na + Cl2 ↑
Sodium chloride Current Sodium metal
(Release of hydrogen gas) Chlorine
(molten)

(c) No reaction will take place as silver is less  (ii) Aluminium metal is obtained by electric
reactive than water, and it will not be able to decomposition of bauxite ore mixed with cryolite.
displace copper from the copper sulphate solution.  (iii) In thermal decomposition carbonate ores are
5. (a) 2Cu(NO3 )2 (s)  Heat
→ 2CuO(s)+ 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 ( g ) decomposed to give metal oxide that on reduction
Copper(II)
nitrate
(Black) (Brown)
(X)
Oxygen give metal

(b) The brown gas X is NO2.

(c) Thermal decomposition Reaction Case-Based Type Questions
(d) pH < 7
6. 
(a) 2H 2 O 
electricity
→ 2H 2 (g) + O 2
Case Study-I
heat 1. (b) H2O2 is oxidised to O2, hence acts as a reducing
CaCO3 
→ CaO + CO 2
agent.
sunlight
2AgBr  → 2Ag + Br2 2. (a) H2O2 is reduced to H2O and oxidises H2S to S.
(b) Copper can displace silver from AgNO3 Hence, it is acts as an oxidising agent.
3. (b) Mn7+ changes to Mn2+ by gaining 5 electrons
because copper is more reactive than silver.
(reduction).
Cu + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
7. (a) Na 2SO3 (aq)+ BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO3 (s)+ 2NaCl(aq) Case Study-II
Sodium Barium Barium Sodium chloride
sulphite chloride sulphite 1. (b) Haber’s process is used for the manufacturing
of ammonia that involves combination of elements

(b) Double Displacement Reaction
nitrogen and Hydrogen.

36 Class-X CHEMISTRY
 2. (d) Ostwald’s process of manufacturing of HNO3. It 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c)
involves combination of compounds i.e. NO2, H2O 16. (a) According to reactivity series of metals
with element oxygen. Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu
3. (c) Combination of ethylene and water produces Z > Y > X
ethyl alcohol 17. (b) All metals except silver are more reactive than
Case Study-III Copper. Thus, they can react with copper chloride and
can decolourise it.
1. (a) Na2CO3-sodium carbonate
When calcium reacts with copper chloride, calcium
2. (b) Carbon dioxide-Y chloride will be formed, which is white in colour.
3. (c) Calcium carbonate 18. (a)
(Y)
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O 19. (c) PbS is getting oxidised to PbSO4, hence acting a as
(X) Ca(OH)2 reductant. H2O2 is getting reduced to H2O, hence act
CaCO3
(Z) an as oxidant.
20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b)
Competitive Level 25. (a)
26. (c) Silver articles become black after some time
when exposed to the air due to the formation of silver
Multiple Choice Questions sulphide (Ag2S).
4Ag + O2 + 2H2S → 2Ag2S + 2H2O
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
27. (a)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
28. (a) The following reaction takes place when dilute
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) HCl is added to iron filings:
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (c) Fe(s) + HCl(aq) → FeCl2 + H2(g)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (a) 29. (d) CuSO4 + Fe
30. (d) 31. (c)
Competitive Corner 32. (c) Oxidation number of Mn in MnO4– = +7
Oxidation number of Cr in CrO42– = +6
1. (c) The balanced chemical equation is Oxidation number of Cl in ClO3– = +5
(NH4)2Cr2O7 → Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O Oxidation number of Cr in CrO2– = +3
2. (a) According to the reactivity series, zinc is the Hence correct order is:
most reactive, and copper is the least reactive among CrO2– , ClO3– , CrO42– , MnO4–
zinc, copper and iron. 33. 
(a) On thermal decomposition of CaCO3
∆
Reactivity order: Zinc> Iron > Tin > Lead > CaCO3  → CaO + CO 2
100 g 56 g 44 g
Hydrogen > Copper > Silver > Gold
44g CO2 is formed from 100g CaCO3
3. (b) A – iii, B – iv, C – i, D – v, E – ii
4.40g CO is formed from 100 × 4.4 = 10g CaCO3
4. (d) Pb(NO3)2 + H2S → PbS↓ + 2HNO3 44
       (Black precipitate) If weight of CaCO3 is 10g, Thus, weight of empty
ZnCl2 + H2S → ZnS↓ + 2HCl test tube = 30.08 – 10.0 = 20.08 g
34. 
(d) Balanced reaction is
      (White precipitate)
3Pb(NO3)2 + 2AlCl3 → 2Al(NO3)3 + 3PbCl2
5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) Thus, a = 3, b = 2, c = 2, d = 3
8. (c) Since silver is less reactive than Copper, therefore 35. (a) Redox Reaction
no reaction will take place. Hence, copper sulphate can 36. (c)
be safely kept in a container made up of silver. 37. 
(c) Thermite process involving the reaction of Fe2O3
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (c) or Cr2O3 with Aluminium.
12. (a) The balanced chemical equation is: Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe
Alumina is formed. Hence, it is a displacement
 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Chemical Reactions and Equations 37

 reaction, not oxidation reaction. 43. 
(d) Oxidation is addition of oxygen to form oxides.
H
38. (c) MnO 4– + Cl− 
+
→ Mn 2 + + Cl2 ↑ Reduction is addition of hydrogen to form hydrides.
In reaction,
39. 
(b) O2(g) + H2(g) → H2O(l)
(vapour)
heat In this reaction, both oxidation of hydrogen and
(solid) A B + HCl
reduction of oxygen take place.
cool (vapour)
NH4Cl NH3 44. 
(a)
.)

Ca (OH)2
CaCO3 + mineral acid → CO 2 ↑  → CaCO3
(aq
Na eat

(Y)
OH

(X) (X)
h

HCl (con) (shake well) Ca(OH) 2 + Cl2  → CaOCl2

C D NH4Cl E HCl (Y) (Z) Bleaching power
H2O
NH3(g) (acidic soln.) During electrolysis of brine, Cl2 obtained at anode
A = NH4Cl; D = NH4Cl 45. (d) In MnO4–, Mn is in a +7 oxidation state, and O
Therefore correct statement is: A and D are is in a -2 oxidation state.
chemically same.

In MnO2, Mn is in a +4 oxidation state and O in O2
40. (d) is in a 0 oxidation state. Hence, the oxidation state
3Cu + 7NHO3 
→ 3Cu(NO3 ) 2 + 4H 2 O+ 2NO of Mn changes from +7 to +2 and O from –2 to 0.
Copper Nitric acid Copper Water Nitric
nitrate oxide
46. 
(a) From the reaction, Cr2O7– is reduced to Cr3+ and
41. (c) Mg is more reactive than copper, hence will displace SO2 is oxidized to SO42–
Copper from CuSO4. Cr2O7– + 14H+ + 6e– → Cr3+
Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu + 7H2O (Reduction) …(i)
(A) (B) (C) 3SO2 + 6H2O → 3SO4 + 12H+
2–
1
42. 
(d) Pb(NO3 ) 2  ∆
→ PbO + 2NO 2 + O 2 + 6e– (Oxidation) …(ii)
A Yellow Raddish 2 Addition of (i) and (ii) gives
brown
fumes
Cr2O7– + 2H+ + 3SO2 → 3SO42– + 2Cr3+ + H2O
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) →
2NaNO3(aq) + Pb(OH) 2 K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 → 3K2SO4
\ Compound is Pb(NO3)2 white ppt + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
Ions that are present in compound are Pb2+ and NO3– Hence, X = 1, Y = 3 and Z = 1

38 Class-X CHEMISTRY