DEPARTMENT OF

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

SELF STUDY ASSIGNMENT – 4

(CASE STUDY)

MCB1703 – ADVANCED DATABASE TECHNOLOGY

Name : VIGNESH R

Register No. : 927623MCA060

Year / Sec : I - MCA

Marks Awarded:

Solution Technology Conclusion

Problem
Descriptive Objective and and and Total
Analysis
Headline (2) (3) Results Statistics References (20)
(4)
(4) (4) (3)
 Assignment Topics CO PO addressed BTL Level

PO1, PO2, BTL 4

DEVELOP FRONTEND AND BACKEND CO3,
PO3, PO4,
CONNECTIVITY CO4
PO12

DEVELOP FRONTEND AND BACKEND CONNECTIVITY

Objective:
Frontend and backend are two critical aspects of any application. The frontend is what
your users see and includes visual elements like buttons, checkboxes, graphics, and text
messages. It allows your users to interact with your application. The backend is the data and
infrastructure that make your application work. It stores and processes application data for your
users. The frontend and backend are separate parts of an application. The frontend handles the
user interface and interactions, while the backend handles server-side operations like data
storage and processing.

Best practices for integrating the frontend and backend:

❖ Secure authentication
Use a secure authentication process, like OAuth or token-based authentication, to
establish a trusted communication channel. This ensures that only authorized users can
access sensitive information or perform certain actions.
❖ Initialize the frontend
Initialize the frontend with create-react-app and name it.
❖ Fetch resources
The frontend should fetch all resources from the backend application. The state should
hold the data from the fetch call, and there should be a default state for the fetched data.
❖ Use the HTTP protocol
Communication between the frontend and backend is usually handled by the HTTP
protocol. The frontend sends a request to change a resource or retrieve data, and the
backend returns the appropriate results.
Problem Analysis:

Here are some common issues that can cause problems with database connectivity between
the front-end and back-end:

❖ Data mismatch: When the data sent between the front-end and back-end is not in the
expected format
❖ API versioning: When the front-end and back-end are not using the same version of
the API
❖ Network issues: These include DNS configuration errors, firewall restrictions, and
misconfigured network settings
Front-end issues are related to the user interface of a web application, while back-end issues
are related to the data, logic, or communication of the application.
Communication between the front-end and back-end is usually handled by the HTTP
protocol. The front-end sends a request to change resource or retrieve data, while the back-
end returns appropriate results.

Front-end and back-end integration can cause problems such as:

❖ Performance issues
If the front-end and back-end aren't optimized for performance, it can cause slowloading
times and poor user experience.
❖ Lack of communication
If the front-end and back-end teams aren't communicating effectively, it can lead tointegration
problems and delays in development.
❖ Different data representations
Different representations or interpretations of data can lead to functional problems and
user frustration.
❖ Bugs
The integration of front-end and back-end can result in bugs, progress delays, and in
worst cases leads to development failure.
Front-end and back-end integration is a crucial process in the development of websites and
applications. It ensures that both parts collaborate effectively and communicate to deliver a
comprehensive and functional user experience.
Solution and Results:
Some ways to identify front-end and back-end issues:

❖ Browser developer tools

Front-end issues can be identified using browser developer tools, which highlight client-
side errors.
❖ Server logs
Back-end issues are often logged in server logs, which provide insights into server-side
errors.
❖ Front-end testing
Front-end testing is black box testing, meaning the tester will not be able to see the code
logic behind the user interface and functionality.
❖ Back-end testing
Back-end testing is white-box testing, meaning the tester will interact with the code
logic behind any functionality.

Some other differences between front-end and back-end:

❖ Front-end testing: Front-end testing is essential to check the application's

overallfunctionality.
❖ Back-end testing: Back-end testing is important to check for deadlock,
datacorruption, data loss, etc..
❖ Front-end languages: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are used for the front end.
❖ Back-end languages: Java, Ruby, Python, and . Net are used for the back end.
❖ Front-end elements: Visual elements like buttons, checkboxes, graphics, and
text messages.
❖ Back-end elements: Data and infrastructure that make the application work.
In most cases, it's recommended to develop the front-end first. This is especially true for
applications that depend heavily on the user experience. It's usually easier to work the back-
end to meet the needs of the front-end instead of following the process in reverse.
However, if the back-end is complex, it's recommended to develop the back-end and front-
end simultaneously. For data-driven apps, it's more important to have a well-structured
database and an efficient API. In these cases, it's recommended to create the back-end first
and then work on the UI around the logic that's been developed.
Information about front-end and back-end development:

❖ Front-end development: This involves the user interface and client-side functionality.
Front-end development is usually built to interact with the server-side.
❖ Back-end development: This involves everything that goes on behind the scenes of a
website or application that the user can't see. Back-end development makes the front-
end of a website possible by building and maintaining the systems that makes user
interaction possible.

❖ Front-end languages: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are used for the front end.
❖ Back-end languages: PHP, Python, and NodeJS are a few languages used for backend.

Things to try if you're having database connectivity problems:

❖ Check your database server: If there are too many concurrent connections to your
database, it could generate an error. Many hosts limit the number of connections
allowed at once.
❖ Reset the backend service: You can make a manual reset by making a GET call from
Postman or Fiddler.
❖ Use connection pooling: You can resolve this problem by pooling connections from
clients.
You can also try these troubleshooting techniques:

❖ Inspect the source code and DOM using the browser's developer tools
❖ Check the network tab in the browser's developer tools to monitor requests and
responses between the browser and server
The front end is responsible for the visual look and feel of the website, while the back end is
responsible for the behind the scenes logic and infrastructure of the site.
Technology/ Methodology Adopted:
When learning frontend development or selecting the tools for your new project, you will
undoubtedly want to utilize the latest and most potent frontend technologies to create
impressive and high-speed user interfaces.

Beyond the basics of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, numerous potent technologies are available
for front-end developers to build progressive web apps for both desktop and mobiledevices

Frontend

❖ Technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frontend frameworks

❖ Methodologies: GraphQL, Web3 apps, and progressive frameworks
Backend

❖ Technologies: Programming languages like Java, Python, Ruby, APIs, and database
management systems
❖ Methodologies: Scalable technologies like cloud platforms, load balancers, and
caching mechanisms
❖ Methodologies: Extreme programming (XP)
❖ Methodologies: Agile development

Frontend Technologies:

1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

Let's begin with the basics: HTML is the foundation of frontend development and its
importance is unlikely to diminish anytime soon. This technology enables you to create the
structure or "markup" of your website, although it may not offer the most dynamic user
interface, HTML elements provide you with basic tools to add buttons, forms, containers, and
other features to web page.

2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

Another core frontend technology, CSS allows you to add additional styling rules to
the HTML structure you have created, ensuring that your web application is responsive and
visually appealing with eye-catching animations that make it interactive and work seamlessly
on any screen size or device.
 3. JavaScript

JavaScript (JS) is a programming language that has always been and will continue to be
one of the most important frontend technologies for web and mobile applications, allowing
developers to dynamically modify the contents of both mobile and desktop apps and implement
various features such as shopping carts, complex animations, tax calculators, web browser
games, and more.

4. React

React is a JavaScript library that offers new syntax while still being powered by
JavaScript, making it faster and easier to create web applications due to its declarative and
component-based nature.
Originally designed by Facebook to enhance performance and maintenance for their internal
use, it's now an open-source project with a vast community of the frontend developers, and is
among the most popular JS tools.

5. Angular

Angular is a full-fledged JavaScript-based frontend framework supported by Google,

and the modularity and component-based approach it provides have garnered a strong
community among frontend developers worldwide.

Its simplicity makes this framework perfect for single-page applications, and though
some developers say that it's a bit harder to learn Angular than React, it's definitely worth it
as there is a high demand in the market for experts in this technology, with Angular developer
demand showing predicted growth of approximately 31% between 2016 and 2026.

Backend Technologies:

1. Python
Python is a powerful, versatile, and popular backend language used for web
development. It is one of the most popular backend technologies in the list. has a simple syntax
which makes it easy to learn and use. Python allows developers to quickly develop applications
without having to write complex code. It also supports several frameworks, suchas Django,
Flask, and Pyramid, that make web development easier. Some of the features of Python include
scalability
2. Laravel
Laravel is a next on the list of backend technologies. It is an open-source PHP
framework designed for rapid application development. It offers out-of-the-box functionality
and features that allow developers to quickly create complex applications. It is lightweight
and secure, making it a great choice for businesses with sensitive data.
Laravel also has an active community, which means that developers can easily access
online resources such as tutorials and libraries. Some of the key features of Laravel include
database migrations; authentication support; integration with third-party services (such as
PayPal); multiple layers of security; scalability; and unit testing support.

3. PHP
PHP is one of the most popular backend technology used in web development today.
It is a general-purpose scripting language designed for creating dynamic web pages and
applications. PHP offers built-in modules that make developing fast websites and applications
easy. Some of the features of PHP include fast performance; interoperability with other
languages such as JavaScript, HTML, and CSS; scalability for large projects; integration with
various databases (such as MySQL); easy debugging tools; and support for object-oriented
programming (OOP).

4. JavaScript
JavaScript is a versatile, high-level scripting language used in frontend and backend
development. It can be used to develop both web and mobile applications. It is cross-platform
compatible and can run on multiple platforms with minimal changes. JavaScript also has an
active community, making it easy to find tutorials or resources online. Key features include the
ability to create dynamic content, access to frameworks like React and Angular, real-time
communication support, and integration with HTML and CSS.

5.MongoDB
MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL database management system designed to store
data in a document-oriented format. It is one of the most popular databases used for web
development today. MongoDB offers scalability, high performance, easy querying of data,
and integration with various languages .
Statistical Data:
Frontend :

➢ ARIA code usage: Increased 29% since 2022 and nearly quadrupled since 2019
➢ Home pages using ARIA: 80% of 1 million home pages, up from 74.6% in 2022
➢ Home pages with valid HTML5 doctype: 89.8%, up from 86.1% in 2022 and 79.1%
in 2021
➢ Google Front End usage: 18,627 live websites, 338,816 domains redirecting to sites,
56,687 sites that previously used the technology, and 11,329 websites in the United
States currently using it

According to a 2020 Stack Overflow survey, 37.1% of programmers worldwide

identify as front-end developers. However, a 2023 Stack Overflow survey found that only
6.6% of developers identify as front-end developers.

Backend:

➢ According to a Statista report, 14.64% of respondents in 2022 said Flask was one of
the most widely used web frameworks.
➢ According to a Statistics & Data report, the top 5 backend frameworks in 2023 were
Laravel, Django, Spring, Flask, and Express.js.
➢ According to a W3Techs survey, around 79.1% of websites use PHP as server-side
technology.
Backend technologies are the server-side infrastructure that handles tasks like user
authentication, database queries, and server-side validations. They also ensure smooth
application performance and analyze data.

Some examples of backend technologies include:

➢ Express.js (for Node.js)

➢ Django (for Python)
➢ Ruby on Rails (for Ruby)
➢ Laravel (for PHP)
➢ Spring (for Java)
Conclusion:
In conclusion, establishing seamless connectivity between the frontend and backend is a
critical component in the development of robust and efficient web applications. The frontend serves
as the user interface, creating an interactive and engaging experience, while the backend manages
data processing, storage, and overall functionality. Bridging the gap between these two layers is
essential for ensuring a cohesive and responsive application. Collaboration between frontend and
backend developers is essential throughout the development lifecycle. Regular communication and
a shared understanding of requirements contribute to the successful integration of the two
components. Embracing best practices, employing modular design principles, and optimizing
performance are key factors in achieving a harmonious connection between the frontend and
backend.

References:

1. https://aws.amazon.com/compare/the-difference-between-frontend-and-backend/
2. https://www.netguru.com/blog/front-end-technologies
3. https://legacy.reactjs.org/docs/getting-started.html
4. https://herovired.com/learning-hub/blogs/back-end-technology/
5. https://www.mongodb.com/docs/