How To Design Load
Flow Analysis in ETAP
Software
By: Dr. J. A. Laghari
This example is taken
from the book Power System
Analysis by Hadi Sadat.
Chapter 6,
Example 6.7.
Example
Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple power three bus power
system with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is
adjusted to 1.05 p.u. the scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on
the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base
and the line charging susceptance are neglected.
(a) Using the Gauss-seidel
method, determine the phasor
values of the voltage at the load
buses (P-Q buses) 2 and 3
accurate to four decimal places.
(b) Find the slack bus real
and reactive power.
Example
(c) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a
power flow diagram showing the direction of the line flows.
Solution:
Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
Resistance in per unit is given as below:
R 0.02 p.u.
X L 0.04 p.u.
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
First admittance matrix is formed. To form admittance bus
matrix, first impedances are converted into their admittances.
1 1 1 0.02 j 0.04
y12 10 j 20
Z12 0.02 j 0.04 0.02 j 0.04 0.02 j 0.04
1 1 1 0.01 j 0.03
y13 10 j 30
Z13 0.01 j 0.03 0.01 j 0.03 0.01 j 0.03
1 1 1 0.0125 j 0.025
y23 16 j 32
Z 23 0.0125 j 0.025 0.0125 j 0.025 0.0125 j 0.025
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Y11 y12 y13 10 j 20 10 j 30 20 j 50
Y22 y12 y23 10 j 20 16 j 32 26 j 52
Y33 y13 y23 10 j 30 16 j 32 26 j 62
Y12 Y21 y12 10 j 20
Y13 Y31 y13 10 j 30
Y23 Y32 y23 16 j32
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Now, the bus admittance matrix can be formed as below:
20 j50 10 j 20 10 j30
YBus 10 j 20 26 j52 16 j32
10 j30 16 j32 26 j 62
At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per unit are:
Here negative
S 2( Actual ) 256.6 j110.2
S 2( p.u ) 2.566 j1.102 p.u sign is given in
S Base 100 order to show that
this is not the
S3( Actual ) 138.6 j 45.2 supplied power. In
S3( p.u ) 1.386 j 0.452 p.u fact, it is load.
S Base 100
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
To calculate the voltages at bus 2 and bus 3, Bus 1 is
selected as slack bus. Starting from an initial estimate of
V20 1.0 j 0; V30 1.0 j 0
V2 and V3 are computed by using equation:
1 Pk jQk n
r
Vk( r 1) ( r )*
Yki Vi
Ykk Vk i 1
i k
1 P2 jQ2 (0)
V 2
(1)
( 0 )*
Y21 V1 Y23 V3
(0)
Y22 V2
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
2.566 j1.102
1 ( 10 j 20 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V2(1) 1.0 j 0.0
26 j52
( 16 j 32 ) (1.0 j 0.0)
V2(1) 0.9825 j 0.0310
1 P3 jQ3 (1)
V3
(1)
( 0 )*
Y31 V1 Y32 V2
(0)
Y33 V3
1.386 j 0.452
1 ( 10 j 30 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V3(1) 1.0 j 0.0
26 j 62
( 16 j 32 ) ( 0.9825 j 0.0310 )
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
1.0011 j 0.0353
For second iteration,
1 P2 jQ2 (1)
V 2
( 2)
(1)*
Y21 V1 Y23 V3
(0)
Y22 V2
2.566 j1.102
1 ( 10 j 20 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V2( 2) 0.9825 j 0.031
26 j52
( 16 j 32 ) (1.0011 j 0.0353 )
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
1.0011 j 0.0353
For second iteration,
1 P2 jQ2 (1)
V 2
( 2)
(1)*
Y21 V1 Y23 V3
(0)
Y22 V2
2.566 j1.102
1 ( 10 j 20 ) (1.05 j 0.0)
V2( 2) 0.9825 j 0.031
26 j52
( 16 j 32 ) (1.0011 j 0.0353 )
V 2
( 2)
0.9816 j 0.052
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
1 P3 jQ3 ( 2)
V 3
( 2)
(1)*
Y31 V1 Y32 V2
(0)
Y33 V3
1.386 j 0.452
1 (10 j30) (1.05 j 0.0)
V3( 2) 1.0011 j 0.0353
26 j 62
( 16 j 32 ) ( 0.9816 j 0.052 )
V3( 2) 1.0008 j 0.0459
Solution:
1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
The process is continued and a solution is converged with an
accuracy of 5x10-5 per unit in seven iteration as given below:
V 2
(7)
0.98 j 0.06 0.98183 3.5035 p.u
V 3
(7)
1.0 j 0.05 1.00125 2.8624 p.u
Solution:
2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
With the knowledge of all bus voltages, the slack bus power is obtained from:
P1 jQ1 V1 I1 V1 V1 ( y12 y13 ) y12 V2 y13 V3
1.05 (10 j 20 10 j30)
P1 jQ1 1.05 (10 j 20) (0.98 j 0.06)
(10 j30) (1.0 j 0.05)
P1 jQ1 4.095 j1.890
Solution:
2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
P1( Actual) 4.095 100 409.5 MW
Q1( Actual ) 1.89 100 189.0 M var
Solution:
(c) Line Flows:
To find the line flows, first the line currents are computed
with line charging capacitors neglected, the line currents are:
I12 y12 (V1 V2 ) (10 j 20) (1.05 j0) (0.98 j 0.06)
I12 1.9 j0.8 I 21 I12 1.9 j 0.8
I13 y13 (V1 V3 ) (10 j30) (1.05 j 0) (1.0 j 0.05)
I13 2.0 j1.0 I 31 I13 2.0 j1.0
Solution:
(c) Line Flows:
I 23 y23 (V2 V3 ) (16 j32) (0.98 j 0.06) (1.0 j 0.05)
I 23 0.64 j 0.48 I 32 I 23 0.64 j 0.48
The line flows are:
S12 V1 I12* (1.05 j 0.0) (1.9 j 0.8) (1.995 j 0.84) p.u
S12( Actual) (1.995 j 0.84) 100 199.5 MW j84.0 M var
S 21 V2 I 21
*
(0.98 j 0.06) (1.9 j 0.8) 1.91 j 0.67 p.u
S21( Actual) (1.91 j 0.67) 100 191.0 MW j 67.0 M var
Solution:
(c) Line Flows:
S13 V1 I13
*
(1.05 j 0.0) (2.0 j1.0) (2.1 j1.05) p.u
S13( Actual) (2.1 j1.05) 100 210 MW j105 M var
S31 V3 I 31
*
(1.0 j 0.05) (2.0 j1.0) (2.05 j 0.9) p.u
S31( Actual) (2.05 j 0.9) 100 205 MW j90 M var
S23 V2 I 23
*
(0.98 j 0.06) (0.64 j 0.48) 0.656 j 0.432 p.u
S23( Actual) (0.656 j 0.432) 100 65.6 MW j 43.2 M var
S32 V3 I 32
*
(1.0 j 0.05) (0.64 j 0.48) 0.664 j 0.448 p.u
S32 (0.664 j 0.448) 100 66.4 MW j 44.8 M var
Solution:
(c) Line Losses:
Now, the line losses are:
SL12 S12 S21 199.5 j84.0 191.0 j67.0
SL12 8.5 MW j17.0 M var
S L13 S13 S31 210 j105 205 j90
S L13 5.0 MW j15.0 M var
S L 23 S 23 S32 65.6 j 43.2 66.4 j 44.8
S L 23 0.8 MW j1.6 M var
Solution:
(c) Power Flow Diagram:
The power flow diagram is shown in Figure below. The values
within parenthesis are the real and reactive losses in the lines.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
