CODING &
CATEGORIZING
Groups 3 by :
Marianne P.Talimbekas (23012340015)
Hilda Asrina (23012340062)
OUTLINE :
Introduction
Purpose
Type of Coding
Step in conducting Coding
Categorizing
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
DEFFINITION OF CODING
CODING IS THE PROCESS OF
LABELLING AND ORGANIZING
YOUR QUALITATIVE DATA TO
IDENTIFY DIFFERENT THEMES
AND THE RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN THEM.
SALDANA (2009)
Benefits of qualitative coding
Increase validity
Decrease bias
Accurately represent participants
Enable transparency
PURPOSE OF CODING
Coding is usually the first phase in data analysis of qualitative data, where code
are assigned to features in the data.
Coding is the process of labelling and organizing your qualitative data to
identify different themes and the relationships between them.
When coding any kind of feedback, you assign labels to words or phrases that
represent important and recurring themes in each response. These labels can be
words, pharases, or numbers we recommend using words or short phrases since
they’re easier to remember, skim, and organize.
The orign of the codes used is usually distinct in confirmatory research (where
predetermined codes are often derived form the conceptual framework before
data collection) and in discovery research (such as in grounded theory studies)
where the codes are derived from the data it self: open coding
TYPES OF CODING
Open coding Axial Coding
Research (analytic)
Selective Coding MEMOS
TYPES OF CODING:
Open coding Axial Coding
Axial coding is a stage in grounded
theory analysis (constant
Open coding: is a procedure of comparison) after open coding, where
coding data that does not rely the researcher seeks to make links
upon a preconceived set of and find relationship between the
codes, but rather is open the concepts and categories derived
analyst using whatever codes from open coding.
seem to best work (fit) for the
data being analysed. (Glaser & Holton,2004)
TYPES-TYPES OF CODING:
Selective Coding Research (analytic)
MEMOS
Selective coding is a stage
Memos are a way of recording,
in grounded theory analysis
reflecting on and thinking
(constant comparison) which
through, the ideas that arise
is undertaken once a core
variable has been indetified during analysis.
(Glaser & Holton ,2004)
How to Code Qualitative Data
Inductive Coding Start with some Group into
data Themes
Inductive coding is a ground-up
approach where you derive your codes
from the data. You don’t start with
preconceived notions of what the
codes should be, but allow the narrative
or theory to emerge from the raw data Develop codes from
itself. This is great for exploratory the data and themes
research or times when you want to
come up with a new theories, ideas or
concepts.
How to Code Qualitative Data
Start with Code
Deductive Coding
Inductive coding is a ground-up
approach where you derive your
codes from the data. You don’t
start with preconceived notions of
what the codes should be, but allow
the narrative or theory to emerge
from the raw data itself. This is Find excerpts that
great for exploratory research or fit the codes
times when you want to come up
with a new theories, ideas or
concepts.
How to Code Qualitative Data
Combining inductive and
deductive approaches
In practice, research studies often
combine both deductive and inductive
approaches to coding. For example, you
could deductively start with a set of
codes, but then inductively come up with
new codes and iterate on the codes as you
sift through your data.
STEPS FOR CODING QUALITATIVE DATA
Organize your
1 2 qualitative codes into
categories and subcodes
DO YOUR FIRST ROUND
PASS AT CODING
QUALITATIVE DATA
4 3
Turn codes and Do further rounds
categories into your
of qualitative
final narrative
coding
How to code qualitative data in Excel
• What you need: Your qualitative data in digital form, spreadsheet software such as
Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets
• How to do it: Take your qualitative data and organize them into a spreadsheet so
that each row contains an excerpt of data. You can do this by putting a sentence in
each line, or another way. Create a column called “Codes” and write down your codes
for each excerpt in the “Codes” column.
• Considerations:
o Pros: If you know your way around spreadsheets, this can be an intuitive way to
code your data, and you’ll have the power of the software to filter, search, and
create views that are helpful for viewing your data.
o Cons: It’s moderately time consuming to process your data into individual rows. If
you’re not comfortable with using spreadsheet software, it can be cumbersome to
figure out how to make it work for coding purposes.
CATEGORIZING
Categorizing is a major component of qualitative data analysis
by which investigators attempt to group patterns obeserved
in the data into meaningful units or categories. Through this
process, categories are often created by chunking together
groups of previously coded data.
WHAT IS PURPOSE
CATEGORIZING ?
to provide an opportunity to encourage students to
practice acceptance and
1 to share existing 3
knowledge and understanding of diverse
understanding ideas and viewpoints
to extend students'
thinking and to demonstrate that
2 4 information can be
understanding by
requiring them to grouped or classified in
organize ideas and more than one way
incorporate new ones
METHODS FOR
CATEGORIZING
QUALITATIVE DATA
Coding
Thematic Analysis
Segmenting
Automated Coding
Manual Coding.
CONCLUSION
Coding is the process of labeling and organizing our qualitative data to
identify themes. After we code our qualitative data, we can analyze it just
like numerical data.Our code frames need to be flexible enough that we can
make the most of our results and use them in different contexts.
· When creating codes, make sure they cover several responses that
contrast one another and strike a balance between too much and too little
information.
REFERENCESS
Saldana J (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers.
London.Sage
Creswell, J.W (2013). Qualitative inquiry and Resesarch Design: Choosing
Among, Five Approaches (3rd). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
Glaser, Barney G. & Holton, Judith (2004) Remodeling Grounded
Theory, Forum Qualitative Social Research, 5(2), Article 4.
Given, Lisa M (2008). The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research
Methods. Swinburne University, Australia, Charles Sturt University,
Australia: Sage.
Braun, Virginia; Clarke, Victoria (2013). Successful qualitative
research: A practical guide for beginners. Sage.
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU !!
