s

Addy model, Assure model, Taba- consider the "Learner" first before
the "objective" other models consider "vice-versa.
PED 4 – Methods and Strategies of Teaching – Building and Taba- diagnose learner skills
Enhancing New Literacies across the Curriculum
2. Unit plan- Subdivision of the Subject Matter
Methods and strategies of teaching 3. Lesson plan- instructor's road map, framework, model guide.
ELEMENTS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
1. Learner- Key participant Parts of a Lesson Plan
2. Teacher- Prime mover I- objective
3. Learning environment- Conducive S- specific
M- Measurable
Learning style- preferred way of learning information A- attainable
Sensory Preference R- Relevant
Tactile T- time-bound
Visual
Auditory S- Subject Matter
Kinesthetic A. Topic
B. References
Multiple Intelligences C. Materials
Howard Gardner- suggested that all people have different kinds of D. Concepts
"intelligence" E. Values integration

I- intrapersonal intelligent- self smart L- Learning Activities

N- naturalistic- nature smart A. Preliminary Activities
V-verbal linguistic -word smart - Greeting
I- interpersonal intelligence - -Prayer
S- Spatial/visual- picture smart - Classroom management
- Checking of attendance
B-bodily/kinesthetic - body smart B. Motivation (mood setting)
L- logical/mathematical- C. Recall/review
E- existential intelligence - spirit smart D. Lesson Proper
M- musical intelligence- music smart P- preparation
P- presentation
Teacher A- association
Professional trait G-generalization
° Sense of efficacy A- application
° Subject matter knowledge
° Pedagogical knowledge E- Evaluation
- Quiz
Personal trait A- Assignment
° Passion -Enhance the topic today if the students
° Humor
° Compassionate Instructional objective
° Patience Audience - students will
° Enthusiasm Behavior -
° Positive Conditions
° motivational Degree
° Flexible
° communicative Guiding principles in formulating objective
° Creative 1. Begin with the end in mind
2. Show lesson objective with the Learners
Learning Environment 3. Lesson objective must be in two or three domain
Physical learning environment 4. Work on significant and relevant objectives
- Physical condition of the classroom
Types of objectives
Phycology learning environment Cognitive - learning by mind
- Atmosphere or climate that reigns in the classroom bloom's, Anderson's

5s Formula to Create a Conducive Learning Environment Affective- learning by heart

1. Sort- Clean and neat Krathwohl
2. Set in Order- arrangements/organized
3. Shine- cleaning the classroom Psychomotor - learning by hand
4. Standardize- setting rules/standards Simpson and Harrow
5. Sustain- maintaining the rules
Bloom's Taxonomy
Classroom seating arrangement - Flexible seating arrangement K- knowledge - what, who
1. Traditional rows and columns- handy during tests or individual C- comprehension- why
works and suitable for large classes. A- application - use of concept
2. Stadium- this layout is best suited for teacher-centric classes A-analysis(creating)
3. Runway- best used with smaller classes, this setup emphasizes the S-synthesis
educator E-evaluation
4. Horseshoe/U-shape- this model supports Teacher-to-student
interaction 4 types of knowledge
5. Clusters- clustering the desks into small groups promotes student- 1. Factual
to-student interaction 2. Conceptual/structural
6. Circular- it encourages students to keep the conversation going 3. Procedural
independently (group discussion) 4. Metacognitive

Types of Instructional Planning Anderson's Taxonomy

1. Course Plan- concepts, skills, and values to be taught for the entire Remembering
course ( curriculum experts) Understanding
Course mapping - aligning objective, instruction, and assessment Applying
Analyzing 1. Role playing - ive students the opportunity to assume the role of a
Evaluating person or act out a given situation.
Creating 2. Case study- in depth study
3. Simulation- Imitation
Krathwohl Taxonomy 4. Seminar- formal
Receiving- involves passive paying attention 5. Workshop- with output after the meetings
Responding - active participation of the part of the students
Valuing - to see value or worth DISCUSSION PROCEDURES
Organizing - creating your own values system 1. Panel discussion - a direct, conversational, interactional discussion
Characterizing - acting consistent in accordance with the values you among a small group of experts or well informed lay persons.
have internalized (Cannot be interrupted)
2. Symposium - interrupted speeches
Simpsons taxonomy of Psychomotor domain 3. Debate- occurs when people with different beliefs study the same
Includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill problem and arrive at different Conclusions
areas 4. Buzz session- a small informal group discussion

Perception - using senses SELECTION OF LEARNING MATERIALS

Set- Readiness to act By: Hayden Smith and Thomas Nagel
Guided response- it is the first attempt at a physical skills and P-prepare yourself
includes imitation, and trial and error P-prepare your students
Mechanism- ability to convert the learned responses into habitual P- Present the materials
actions F- follow up objective
Complex over response- ability to skillfully perform complex
movement correctly LEARNING DELIVERY MODES
Adaptation- ability to modify the learned skills to meet new or Face to face- physically present to hold classes in designated place
special requirements Distance Learning- not physically present.
Origination- ability to create new movement for a special situation or Online- synchronous or asynchronous
problem Modular- asynchronous
Blended learning (hybrid learning)- combination of face to face and
Psychomotor domains (Anita Harrow) distance learning.
Reflects movement - involuntary reactions Experiential learning - Lifelong Learning
Basic fundamental movements- basic movements Homeschooling - access to formal education in an out of school
Perceptual abilities - cognitive as well as psychomotor behavior environment and can graduate.
Physical abilities - physical activities requiring endurance, flexibility, Tutorials -
agility and dexterity Flipped classroom - give assignments sa una while sa traditional after
Skilled movements- advanced learned movement while level of na nag bibigay ng assignment.
efficiency is achieves
Non- discursive communication - expressive and interpretive Outcome base research education
movements that communicate meaning "OBE" is clearly focusing and organizing students to do successfully
at the end of their learning experiences."W. Spady
Kendall and Marzano's taxonomy
Information domain- declarative KNOWLEDGE Learning principles of OBE
Mental procedure - procedural knowledge Competencies -natutunan na kaya niyang I demonstrate
Psychomotor- physical skills - end focus of outcome based education

Cognitive system 1: retrieval ° Clarity focus

2: comprehension ° Designing backwards
3: Analysis ° High expectations
4: knowledge utilization °Expanded opportunities
5: metacognitive system thinking
6: self-system thinking Classroom management
- it involves the ability to maintain order and sustain students
Principles I. Determining learning activities attention
P- learning is a discovery of personal meaning and relevance of ideas
A- learning is an active process Mistaken Goals - Rudolf Dreikurs
C- effective learning begins with clear and high expectations and Attention-seeking- wanting the teacher's attention
leaning outcomes Power-seeking- bossy in the class and doesn't follow the rules.
CO- learning is a cooperative and collaborative process Revenge-seeking-
Isolation/assumed inadequacy- low self-esteem
COLLABORATIVE PROCESS
Concepts in TEACHING Approaches to classroom management
Approach - set of principles, beliefs or ideas about the nature of
learning Assertive approach- has clear and set expectations
Methods - series of systematic action in order to achieve short term - Has rules and consequences
teaching objective
Strategy - Acceptance Approach - Pinaparamdam na belong
Technique- teachers particular style or trick uses to accomplish an
immediate objective Success approach- you will support students to achieve their goals or
accomplishing something you've set up to achieve

GENERAL APPROACHES IN TEACHING Behavior modification approach - behavioral could be shaped

1. Direct approach bida so teacher through reinforcement
- Lecture method
- Demonstration Method Group Managerial approach - responding immediately to group
- expository student's behavior.
- Deductive (gen-specific)
- Inductive (specific-gen) Desist Technique - Teacher action to stop misbehavior
2. Indirect approach bida si learner Movement Management - Management in the transition
- Inquiry method
- Problem-solcing method Ripple effect - when a Teacher corrects a misbehavior of one
- exploration students, and this positively influences the behavior of other

Special technique to insure active participation Withitness- Teacher has eyes on the back of the head.
 - questions that require a single predictable answer
Overlapping - Teacher can multitask.
Divergent question
Jacob S. Kuonin "Discipline and Group Management in Classroom" - open questions and may have more than one acceptable answer
(Group Managerial approach)
GUIDELINES IN ASKING QUESTIONS
Movement Management 1. Wait time-"pause" inaantay na makasagot si learner
1. Smoothness- even and calm flow of activities 2. Prompting- giving clue, cues
2. Jerkiness- Disorderly flow of activities 3. Redirection -
4. Rephrasing -
Our preventing measures 5. Probing- follow-up question
1. Proximity control- reducing distance between the student and the 6. Calling on Non-volunteers
teacher 7. Asking non-directed questions
2. Removal of seductive object - eliminatting distraction to stop
undesirable behavior
3. Redirecting - asking the students to do a task, to refocus the PED 2 – The Professional Teacher
students attention. Giving alternative activity
4. Planned ignoring - intentionally dismissing or not acknowledging a Teaching as a:

✅ Profession- long preparation

student's behavior
5. Signal interference - using a variety of nonverbal signals

✅ Vacation - Latin word "vocare" means to call

6. Direct appeal- courteously requesting that a student still the
disruptive behavior.

✅ Mission - Latin word "misio" means to send

7. Antiseptic bouncing- temporarily removing a student from the
setting
8. Hurdle help- assisting

Classroom management as time management Elements of a Profession

Mandated time- binigay na time ng government Allocated time- time 1. Initial professional education
of the Subject 18 units in ProfEd to take if you have a non teaching bachelor's
Academic learning time- time na natututo ang student degree
Teaching time- time na nagtuturo si teacher 60 units to take for specialization
2. Accreditation - recognized institution/university
Management styles 3. Licensing- issued by the PRC valid for 3 years
Reactive- reacting a problem after it arises 45 Units by RA 10912 (CPD ACT OF 2016) latest is 15 units to
take for growth and development
Proactive- preventing problems before they arise 4. Professional developments
5. Professional Societies
Teaching styles Accredited Professional Organization (APO)- teachers are
Socratic- gets into arguments with students over the subject matter recommended to join this organization but not required. (PAFTE)- an
through artful questioning organization for teachers
1. Code of Ethics
Apprenticeship- this person serves as a role model towards learning
Boss-employee- this teacher assert authority and provides rewards RA 7610 Anti Child Abuse Act
and punishments to see that work is done
Compulsive- this teacher is fussy, teaches things over and over, and is Laws of professionalism of teaching
concerned with functional order ma structure.
Quite one- this teacher commands both respect and attention 1. PD 1006- "Decree professionalizing teaching"
Entertainer- this teacher is free enough to joke and laugh with the - First Exam for teachers in 1977 president Marcos Sr.
students - PBET
Secular- this person is relaxed and informal with students - Passing rate 70%
Academic- this teacher is interested in knowledge and substance of - Results within 150 days after exam
ideas. - Board for professional teachers- they make the exam
-Civil Service Commission-
Authoritarian- more teacher control and less children involvement -Professional Teacher Certificate- No certificate No Practice
Authoritative- Flexible with making rules.
Uninvolved - Neglectful 2. RA 7836- Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
Permissive - No rules imposed but more caring to the students. More President Ramos
student involvement but less teacher control -Let
-Passing rate 75%
PITFALLS OF TEACHING -Board for professional teachers
1. Dangling- when issues or questions left unfinished -PRC
Truncation - teacher does not resume the initiated activity -Results of examination- within 120 days after the exam
Flipflop- informal, dude, unexpected reversal -The Gazette- Official publication of Philippine Government
2. Over dwelling- giving too much time or attention to something - Oath before Practice
longer than required - Periodic Merit Examination for Teacher
3. Fragmentation - breaking down an activity into subparts even - RA 7836 the board is given the power to suspend or revoke the
though it could be performed easily as a single unit license/certificate
4. Stimulus-boundness- when a teacher has students engaged in a Causes:
lesson and something else attracts the teachers attention ° Conviction of any crime
5. Thrust - teacher engage students in activities without warning or ° Immoral Acts
considering whether students are ready or not. ° Mentally unsound or insanity
THE ART OF QUESTIONING AND REACTING TECHNIQUE ° Malpractice/serious ignorance
TYPES OF QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO LEVEL/ANSWER ° Fraud or Deceit
° Habitual use of drugs
LOW LEVEL ° Willful failure to attend CPD
- Memory questions
- Require simple recall 3. RA 9293- Amendment to certain sections of RA 7836
- Para- teachers 70-74 rate
HIGH LEVEL- needs analysis, critical thinking. - special permit valid for 2 years can renew and will only able to use
- These question call for a respondent's ability to analyze, evaluate for 4 years in general
and solve problems - experts and internationally - known individuals
- 12 units refresher course for inactive teachers
Convergent question
4. RA 10912- Continuing professional development act of 2016 - Free public education
- Benigno III Administration - First teachers (soldiers)
- CPD units - first formal teachers (THOMASITES) barko (THOMAS)
- requirements for renewal of license:45 Units with 600 THOMASITES Teachers from USA
- New PRC resolution (no. 1146 Series of 2019; 15 units) - 1901 (PHILIPPINE NORMAL SCHOOL) naging training school
ng mga Pilipino para maging teachers
Legal basis of the Philippines Educational System - English was the medium of instruction
A. Constitutional
1. 1987 Philippine Constitution (Corazon Aquino) 4. Commonwealth (Manuel L. Quezon) Ama ng wikang pambansa
Article XIV - Nationalism or Patriotism
° Free public education (elem - secondary)
° Highest budgetary allocation 5. Japanese (under Jose P. Laurel) known as Puppet President
° Types of learning systems - they offered vocational courses
- Formal at school and may sinusunof na syllabus curriculum - love for the labor
- Non-formal kahit saan but may sinusunof na syllabus
- Informal Naruto kahit kanino ng walang syllabus 6. Ferdinand Marcos
° Optional religion instruction in public schools - PBEC 1006
° Ownership of education institution
° Number of Foreigners in school 1/3 of the population or 33% 7. CORAZON AQUINO
° Academic Freedom for Tertiary - 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION AND VALUES
EDUCATION
B. Statutory Bases
1. Batas Pambansa bilang 232 (Educational Act of 1982) 8.FIDEL RAMOS
° Govern formal and non formal systems in public and private in - LET 7836
all levels - Trivocalization of education (DECS)- (CHED, 7722)- (TESDA,
° Voluntary accreditation 7796)
2. RA 9155
° Governance of Basuc education act of 2001 (DepEd) 9. JOSEPH ESTRADA
° From Department of Education, Culture and Sports to DepEd - PCER (PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON EDUCATION
(Arroyo presidential) REFORM)
° National Commission on Culture and art (NCCA) GOAL - BUDGET FRIENDLY EDUCATION BUT WORLD
° Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) CLASS QUALITY
3. RA 10157 (AQUINO)
° "Kindergarten Education Act" ( 5 years old) 10. ARROYO
° Compulsory Kindergarten -(DEPED, 9155)

4. RA 10533 (K-12)- Enhanced Basic education act of 2013. 11.BENIGNO

° Benigno S. Aquino III - (KINDERGARTEN, 10157) (K-12, 10533) ( CPD, 10192)
° Curriculum Changes
-Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) 12. DUTERTE
-RBEC- 2002 - (FREE TERTIARY EDUCATION, 10931)
-EBEC or K-12- 2013
-MATATAG- 2023 13. FERDINAND MARCOS JR.
°Alternative delivery mode Also is part of K-12 - MATATAG CURRICULUM (2023)
° Madrasah Education (Muslim children)

Salient features QUALIFICATION FOR ADMISSION TO THE LICENSURE

- compulsory Kindergarten EXAMINATION
- mother tongue language- ituturo 1-3 gagamitin K-3 1. Citizenship - Filipino citizen
- International recognition - Reciprocity
- Scholarship program - Naturalization (10 years of residency
1.GASTPE- Government Assistance for Students and Teachers in in the Philippines)
Private Education 2. Good moral character
- ESC Scheme (junior high school) 3. Bachelor's/Unit
- Voucher programs (senior high school)
- TLE is not Tuesday based Code of ethics for professional teachers
- Changes in nomenclature of subjects - Non-Partisan in religion and politics
- spiral progression approach - Intellectual and community leader
- No to immoral Acts
5. RA 7796 - Principle of Confidentiality
- TESDA Act of 1994 (Ramos) - Criticism against an associate
- No to remuneration from unauthorized tutorials (tutor your own
6. RA 772 student)
- higher education of 1994 -Basis of learner’s grades
- CHED C-Checklist W-Written
A-Anecdotal P-Performance
7. RA 10931 P-Portfolios QA-Quarterly Assessment
- Free tertiary Education (Duterte) - Deduction of grades
- UniFAST Scholarship - Subsequent love between teacher and student
- Punishment/Corporal Punishment
Historical Foundation of education
RA 4670- Magna Carta for public School Teachers
1. Pre-Hispanic- Informal education -Rights and benefits
- Survival and conformity - Promotion and improvement of socioeconomic status
- Vernacular - Recruitment Qualifications
- Oldest for of writing (Baybayin) -RQA (Registry of Qualified Applicants)
- with 50 points and masters degree matters
2. Spanish (333 years) - 8hours duty and 6vhours regular teaching hours
-Spanish and Vernacular - Overtime pay- 25% of the salary that teaches more than 6 hours
-Nagkaroon ng paaralan sa bawat brgy. para sa mga babae(Beaterios) - Regular salary Increment every 3 years
at paaralan para sa mga lalaki (Colegios)-(Royal decree of 1863) -No transfer post 3 months before the election
- salary Increment upon retirement
3. American - Hardship allowance- 25% of the salary
- Study leave if 7 consecutive years. 3. Democratic - The final decision comes from the majority "majority
- Indefinite leave wins".
- COLA (Cost of leaving allowance) 4. Laissez faire (allow them to do what they want) - negative.
- free medical and examination treatment

ASEAN COUNTRIES
BRUNEI, CAMBODIA, INDONESIA, LAOS, MALAYSIA
MYANMAR, PHILIPPINES , SINGAPORE ,THAILAND , Philosophies of Education
VIETNAM o Idealism - exist in your “mind” ex. Believing in God
o Realism – “tangible” paniniwala sa totoo o bagay na
Pillars of Education (UNESCO) nahahawakan
1. LEARNING TO KNOW - Cognitive o Pragmatism - learning by doing, “practical experiences” by Jhon
2. LEARNING TO DO - Skills Dewey
3. LEARNING TO BE – Holistic o Essentialism- Mga bagay na mahahalaga 4rs, reading, writing,
4. LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER – Unity in Diversity arithmetic and right conduct
5. LEARNING TO TRANSFORM ONESELF AND OTHER – o Perennialism- Constant, unchanging, everlasting, forever.
“Learning should by head, heart, and hand” – Johan Pestalouzy Paniniwala sa mga ideas na Hindi nagbabago. (Humanities) Like
(Father of Modern Education) history, values, religion.
o Existentialism - freedom, choice. (Learner centered)
o Social Reconstructionism - to change the society
Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST)
o Progressivism – board/general term, to develop the learners
Old - National Competency-Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS) holistically for lifelong learning. (Learner centered approach)
o Hedonism- considering the pleasure/wants of the child/learners
7 DOMAINS OF PPST o Utilitarianism- usage/utility for the common good.
1. Content knowledgeable and Pedagogy o Rationalism – reasoning, logical and critical thinking
2. Learning Environment Lots- lower order thinking skill
3. Diversity of Learners Hots- higher order thinking skill
4. Curriculum and Planning o Behaviorism- crucial environment. Environment can change the
5. Assessment and Reporting child learning.
6. Community Linkages and Professional Engagement o Constructivism - build prior knowledge for meaningful learning
7. Personal Growth and Professional Development o Patriotism/Nationalism - love for the country

Heart of teaching) instructor- Curriculum

Elements of curriculum
4 career stages of PPST B- balance (appropriate weight to each aspects of design
1. BEGINNING - newly licensed/newly teachers A- articulation (Interrelatedness/interconnectedness of topic)
2. Proficient - Can independently apply all the skills and knowledge S- scope (lawak, sakop/coverage, breadth and depth of content)
3. Highly Proficient - Consistent high level of performance (master I- integration (linking of knowledge and experiences across subject
teachers, principal, supervisors) areas)
4. Distinguished - well known leaders in education (DepEd Secretary, C- continuity ( recurring and repeating)
National Level, Board Members) S- sequence ( order, arrangement, hierarchy)

ASEAN Qualification Reference Framework (AQRF) Theorist of Curriculum

- 6 descriptors Ralph Tyler (Deductive Approach)
- school will make objects
RA 7834-Baguio - top down
- administrator's application
RA 8980- EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT ACT
P- planning
RA 8491- FLAG AND HERALDIC CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES D-designing
I- implementing
RA 8190- PAG PRIORITIZE NG SCHOOL NA NAROON SA E-evaluating
KANILA
Hilda Taba (Grassroots Approach/Inductive Approach)
RA 6713 "CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS -bottom up
FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES" -teacher's application
- Uphold public interest over personal interest
- norms of conduct and duties Curriculum vs. Instruction
- civil service commission Curriculum -what of teaching
- Ombudsman Instruction- how/means of teaching
- Simple living
- SALN Models of the Curriculum-Instructional Relationship
- Letters and Request (within 15 working days) 1. Cyclical model- curriculum and instruction are separate entities but
- No to solicitation or gifts connected to each other.
2. Concentric model- connected and subsystem to each other.
3. Dualistic model- curriculum and instruction are separate and can
"PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ESSENTIALS" change the other without harming the other.
4. Interlocking model- curriculum and instruction are intertwined,
Transformational leadership partner.
1. Transformational motivation
2. Idealize influence- the leader should be a good role model
3. Intellectual stimulation - They do brainstorming, share ideas,
opinion ls and suggestion is essential Disciplined approach -pag hiwa-hiwalay ang pag turo
4. Individualized Consideration - the leader should know the Spiral progression approach - palawak ng palawak,at paulit-ulit.
members, who needs some progress or guidelines.
MATATAG Curriculum (August 10,2023)
Leadership style - VP/ DepEd secretary, Sara Duterte
1. Autocratic (authoritarian)- the power and decision is from the - Decongested Curriculum (revised K-10)
leader - reduced learning competencies from 11,000-3,000
2. Consultative - members can consult there opinions and ideas to the - focused on foundation skills
leader but the leader will still decide. - Pilot implementation 35 schools (S.Y.2023-2024)
- Official implementation (S.Y. 2024-2025)
 o Exosystem- environment that does not have anything to do with
Basic concept of Human Development that child but will affect the child.
Growth- measurable o Macrosystem - society and culture
Development – o Chronosystem - any major event or transition affecting the life
span of a child
Gregor Mendel (Father Of Genetics)
Global -general to specific
Jean Piaget Analytic-specific to general
-Cognitive Development Process
-Schema Edward Thorndike (Connectionism Theory)
-Assimilation – same schema, similar situation 3 primary laws:
-Accommodation – create, change 1. Law of Readiness - children are prepared
-Equilibration – balance 2. Law of Exercise - repetition and drill
3. Law of Effect - consequence
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
S- Sensory Motor ABC Analysis model (Defining Features)
P- Pre - Operational
C- Concrete Operational Antecedent Behavior Consequences
F- Formal Operational
PC- Pavlov, Classical conditioning (stimulus and response)
1. Sensory motor (birth -2 yrs. Old) SO - Skinner, Operant conditioning (punishment or reinforcement)
- explore the world through senses
-object permanence (nare recognize ng Bata na nag exist ang Isang Social learning Theory (Albert Bandura)
bagay kahit niya nakikita) A- attention- Actual na Makita/actual na ma observe
-stranger anxiety (takot sa mga taong Hindi niya Kilala) R- retention - ma retain ang action na nakita
-separation anxiety (takot malayo sa mga parents) R- reproduction - replicate, duplicate, imitate the action
M- motivation
2. Pre-operational stage (2-7 yrs. Old)
-Egocentrism Socio-cultural development theory (Vygotsky)
-Pretentious -natututo through the help of other people
-Irreversibility -Actual development -
-Animism (binibigyang buhay ang mga walang buhay) -Potential development
-Incapable of logical thinking -Scaffolding - guidance or attention that is given to the child
-MKO (more knowledgeable others)- parents, teachers o kahit sinong
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11yrs. Old) mas marunong sa bata
-becomes more systematic and logical thinking -Zone of Proximal Development - gap sa kayang gawin ng Bata ng
-Conservation (na recognized na same quantity kaht magkaiba mag-isa sa bagay na kaya niyang gawin ng may kasama
ang container)
-Reversibility Stages of Grief In Learning Your Child Has Special Needs
-Seriation (can arrange things in order) Stages:
-Classification (can sort things based on characteristics) Stage 1 : Denial
-Decentering (kaibahan ng egocentrism) Stage 2 : Anger
-Elimination of Egocentrism Stage 3 : Bargaining
Stage 4 : Depression
4. Formal operational stage (11-16 yrs. Old) Stage 5 : Acceptance
-High school years
-Revelops logical reasoning skills
-Formukates hypothesis
-Deductive and analytical reasoning

Brain Development
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG (Moral Development Theory) Brain- is one of the largest and most complex organ in the body
1. Pruning- process of decaying information that are no longer use.
Level 1 2. Plasticity - our memory is malleable and changeables (100 billion
Pre-conventional (Punishment and reinforcement) neurons)
Stage 1: Punishment -avoidance and obedience (2-4yrs old)
- Fear of punishment Types of questions
Stage 2: Mutual Benefit (5-9yrs. Old)  Convergent - close ended question (one, narrowing)
-Exchange of favors  Divergent - open-ended (many, widening)
 Directed - the question is directed to the child
 Non-directed- ang Tanong ay binato sa buong klase na mag-iisip
ang lahat ng estudyante
Level 2
Conventional Ask a question, pause, call a student- correct way of asking the
Stage 3: Good-boy/Nice girl (7-10/12 yrs old) student
- Social approval
Stage 4: Law and Order (10/12-15 yrs old) Classroom management
-following established rule Surface behavior management (Jacob Kounin)
1. Planned ignoring
Level 3 2. Signal interference
Post-Conventional 3. Proximity control
Stage 5: Social Contract (12-20 yrs. Old) 4. Touch control
- Common good 5. Direct appeal
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles (20 yrs old above) 6. Removal of seductive object
-Conscience 7. Hurdle help
8. Antiseptic bouncing
URIE BRONFENBRENNER 9. Physical restraint
(BIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY)
-learning is greatly affected by the kind of environment we are in. THE TPACK MODEL
o Microsystem- one relationship, direct contact (home, - TECHNOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
neighborhood, school) - PEDAGOGICAL
o Mesosystem - interaction of two microsystem - CONTENT KNOWLEDGE
Edgar dale's come of experience
- the more the senses involved the better the learning.

Direct purposeful - real

Contrived experience - use models
Dramatized- role playing
Demonstration -
Field trips-
Exhibits
Modern pictures
Audio
Pictures/visual symbols
Text/visual symbols

Basic concepts in assessment of learning

° Test
° Measurement
° Assessment
-Assessment For learning- before and during
-Assessment Of learning- after
-Assessment As learning - as self evaluation
° Evaluation- putting judgement

Percentile
- represent the percent of people/students below the student's score.

Learning promotion and retention

At least 75%- Promoted

Did not meet expectations in not- must pass remedial

More than two learning areas- class

Did not meet 3 or more subjects- Retained

Research
° Problem
° Hypothesis
° Data gathering
° Interpreting data
° Conclusions