Sets

Exercise – 1.1

Solution 1:

A well-defined collection of objects is called a set:

The collection of prime numbers is a well-defined collection of objects and is hence a
set.
The collection of easy subtopics in this chapter is not a well-defined collection of objects
and is hence not a set.
The collection of good teachers in your school is not a well-defined collection of objects
and is hence not a set.
The collection of girls in your class is a well-defined collection of objects and is hence a
set.
The collection of odd natural numbers is a well-defined collection of objects and is
hence a set.

Solution 2:
Solution 3

Solution 4:
Let ‘A’ be the set of first five integers whose square is odd.
A = {1,3,5,7,9}

Exercise – 1.2

Solution 1:
Solution 2:

An empty set has no elements.

i. Let ‘A’ be the set of all even prime numbers
A = {2}; Set A has only one element.
Thus, A is a singleton set.
Hence, A is not an empty set
ii. B = {x|x is a capital of India}
∴B = {Delhi}; Set B has only one element.
Thus, B is a singleton set.
Hence, B is not an empty set
iii. F = {y|y is a point of intersection of two parallel lines}
The two parallel lines do not intersect each other.
∴There are 0 elements in set F
∴Hence, F is an empty set.
iv. G = {z|z ∈ N, 3 < Z < 4}
There is no natural number between 3 and 4
∴G = ϕand hence G is an empty set.
v. H = {t|triangle having four sides}
A triangle always has three sides and it cannot have four sides.
Hence, H is an empty set.
Solution 3:

Solution 4:

Since the number of boys and girls in a class terminates at a certain stage, G and H are
finite sets.

Exercise – 1.3

Solution 1:

i. The subset relation between the set A and set C is:

A = The set of all residents in Mumbai
C = The set of all residents in Maharashtra
Since Mumbai is in Maharashtra, every element of Set A is an element of Set C, hence,
set A is a subset of set C.
But there are some elements in set C which are not in set A, therefore A is the proper
subset of set C.
Hence, A ⊂ C
ii.The subset relation between the sets E and D is:
E⊂D
E = The set of all residents in Madhya-Pradesh.
D = The set of all residents in India
Since Madhya-Pradesh is inIndia, every element of Set E is an element of Set D, hence,
set E is a subset of set D.
But there are some elements in set D which are not in set E, therefore D is the proper
subset of set E.
Hence, E ⊂ D
iii. Mumbai, Bhopal, Maharashtra, and Madhya-Pradesh all are in India. Therefore, all
the sets under consideration are the subsets of set D.
Hence, A ⊂ D, B ⊂ D, C ⊂ D, E ⊂ D
Therefore Set D can be chosen as the universal set.

Solution 2:
Solution 3:
solution 4:

Let x be an element of set A.

Thus, ∴ x ∊ A.
Given that A ⊂ B.
∴ Every element of set A is an element of B.
∴x ∊ B
Also given that B ⊂ C
∴ Every element of set B is an element of C.
∴x ∊ C
∴If x ∊ A, then x ∊ C for all x ∊ A.
∴ Every element of the set A is an element of the set C.
Hence, A ⊂ C.

Solution 5:

All possible subsets of X = {1, 2, 3} are:

{1},{2},{3},{1, 2},{1, 3},{2, 3}, {1, 2, 3},{} or φ

Exercise – 1.4

Solution 1:

P = {x|x is a letter in the word ‘CATARACT’}

Let us avoid the repetition of letters and write the distinct letters in curly brackets, with
comma as a separator.
∴ P = {C, A, T, R}
Q = {y|y is a letter in the word ‘TRAC’}
∴ Q = {T, R, A, C}
The order in which the letters are listed is immaterial.
∴Every element of set P is an element of set Q.
∴P Í Q.
Also, every element of set Q is an element of set P
∴Q Í P.
All the elements in set P and all the elements in set Q are equal, hence, P = Q.

Solution 2:

The union of pairs of sets A and B is the set of all elements which are in set A or in set
B. It is denoted by A ∪ B.
i. A = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7}, B ={4, 5, 7, 8}
A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
ii. C = {a, e, i, o, u}, D ={a, b, c, d}
C ∪ D = { a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u }
iii. E= {x|x ∈ N and x is a divisor of 12}
∴E= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
F= {y|y ∈ N and y is a divisor of 18}
∴F = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}
∴E ∪ F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18}

Solution 3:

Solution 4:
Solution 5:
Exercise – 1.5

Solution 1:

A = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7}, B ={4, 6, 7, 9}

∴A ∪ B = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
The number of elements of the set A ∪ B is denoted by n(A ∪ B).
∴n(A ∪ B) = 7
∴L.H.S. = 7
Now consider the R.H.S, n (A) + n (B) – n (A ∩ B).
n (A) = 5, n (B) = 4, n (A ∩ B) = 2
∴n (A) + n (B) = 5 + 4 = 9
∴n (A) + n (B) – n (A ∩ B) = 5 + 4 – 2 = 7
∴L.H.S = R.H.S
∴n(A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A ∩ B)
Hence, verified.

Solution 2:

We know the identity,

n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
Substituting the values n(A) = 5, n(A ∪ B) = 9 and n(A ∩ B) = 2 in the above identity, we
have,
9= 5 + n(B) – 2
∴ n(B) = 9 + 2 – 5
∴ n(B) = 11 – 5
∴ n(B) = 6

Solution 3:

Let A be the set of students who drink tea.

∴ n (A) = 60
Let B be the set of students who drink coffee.
∴n (A) = 60
30 students drink both coffee and tea.
∴n (A ∩ B) = 30
(A ∪ B) will be the set of students who take at least one drink (tea or coffee or both)
n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A ∩ B)
∴ n (A ∪ B) = 60 + 50 - 30
∴ n (A ∪ B) = 80
Hence, there are 80 students who drink either tea or coffee or both. Consider the
following Venn diagram.

∴ Number of students who neither drink tea nor coffee

= Total number of students in the class – number of students who drink either tea or
coffee or both.
= 100 – 80 = 20
∴ Number of students who do neither drink tea nor coffee are 20

Solution 4:

Let A be the set of students who choose blue.

∴ n (A) = 60
Let B be the set of students who choose pink.
∴ n (A) = 70
(A ∩ B) will be the students who choose both the colours.
Every student has to choose at least one of the colour Therefore, n (A ∩ B) = n (A) + n
(B) – total number of students
∴n (A ∩ B) = 60 + 70 – 110
∴n (A ∩ B) = 130 – 110 = 20
Hence, there are 20 students who choose both the colours as their favourite colour.

Solution 5:

Consider the given equation:

n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) – n (C ∩ A) + n (A ∩ B ∩
C)
n (A) = 5, n (B) = 5, n (C) = 4
n (A ∩ B) = 2
n (B ∩ C) = 2
n (C ∩ A) = 2
n (A ∩ B ∩ C) = 1
Substituting the values in the given equation,
n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n (A) + n (B) + n (C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) – n (C ∩ A) + n (A ∩ B ∩
C)
∴ n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 5 + 5 + 4 – 2 – 2 – 2 + 1
∴ n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 9
From the given figure it can be seen that there are 9 elements in all.
Hence, the equation is verified.
 Real Numbers
Exercise – 2.1

Solution 1:

Solution 2(i):
Solution 2(ii):

Solution 2(iii):
Solution 2(iv):

Solution 2(v):
Solution 2(vi):

Solution 2(vii):
Solution 3(i):

Solution 3(ii):

Solution 3(iii):
Solution 3(iv):

Solution 3(v):
Exercise – 2.2

Solution 1:
Solution 2:
Solution 3:

i. x > 2 ; y < 2
x>2
∴2 < x
But y < 2 and 2 < x
∴y < 2 < x
∴x > y
ii. x = 4 ; 4 < y
x=4
But 4 < y
∴x < y
iii. x > -3 ; -6 > y
x > -3 and y < -6
y<x
∴x > y
iv. -x = 5 ; -5 < y
x = -5 and y > -5
Substituting -5 for x
∴y > x
∴x < y
x > 5 ; y < -5
v. x > 5 and y < -5
∴x > y

Solution 4:

Draw a number line.

Mark a point O representing zero.
Take a point OA such that OA = 1.
Now draw a perpendicular line segment AB to OA, such that AB = 1.
Join the points O and B.
Solution 5:
Solution 6:

Solution 7:
Solution 8:
Exercise – 2.3

Solution 1:
Solution 2:

Solution 3:
Solution 4:
Solution 5:
Solution 6:
Exercise – 2.4

Solution 1:
Exercise – 2.5

Solution 1:
Solution 2:
Solution 3:

Solution 4:
Exercise – 2.6

Solution 1(i):

Solution 1(ii):

Solution 1(iii):
Solution 1(iv):

Solution 1(v):

Solution 1(vi):
Solution 1(vii):

Solution 1(viii):
Solution 1(ix):

Solution 1(x):
Solution 2(i):

Solution 2(ii):

Solution 2(iii):
Solution 2(iv):

Solution 2(v):
Solution 2(vi):

Solution 2(vii):

Solution 2(viii):
Solution 2(ix):

Solution 2(x):
Solution 3:

Solution 4:
 Algebraic Expressions
Exercise – 3.1

Solution 1:
Solution 2:

Solution 3:

Solution 4:

Let ‘x’ be the expression to be subtracted from 2a + 6b – 5 to get -3a + 2b + 3.

∴ 2a + 6b – 5 – x = -3a + 2b + 3.
∴ 2a + 6b – 5 – x + 3a – 2b – 3= 0
∴ 2a + 3a + 6b – 2b – 5 – 3 – x = 0
∴ 5a + 4b – 8 – x = 0
∴x = 5a + 4b – 8
Solution 5:

First let us add 3x – 2y + 7 and 5x – 3y – 8

(3x – 2y + 7) + (5x – 3y – 8)
= 3x – 2y + 7 + 5x – 3y – 8
= 3x + 5x – 2y – 3y + 7 – 8
= 8x – 5y – 1
Let us subtract 4x + y + 2 from 8x – 5y – 1
(8x – 5y – 1) – (4x + y + 2)
= 8x – 5y – 1 – 4x – y – 2
= 8x – 4x – 5y – y – 1 – 2
= 4x – 6y – 3.

Solution 6:
Solution 7:
Exercise – 3.2

Solution 1:

4x – 8y
= 4(x – 2y)

Solution 2:

5t + 25t2
= 5t(1 + 5t)

Solution 3:

x4y5 – 3x5y4
= x4y4(y – 3x)

Solution 4:

x2 + xy – 3x – 3y
= x(x + y) – 3(x + y)
= (x + y) (x – 3)

Solution 5:

6ax – 6by – 4ay + 9bx

= 6ax – 4ay + 9bx – 6by
= 2a (3x – 2y) + 3b (3x – 2y)
= (3x – 2y) (2a + 3b)

Solution 6:

7x2 – 21x + 2xy – 6y

= 7x (x – 3) + 2y(x – 3)
= (x – 3) (7x + 2y)

Solution 7:

2x2 – 3xy – 8xy2 + 12y3

= x(2x – 3y) – 4y2(2x – 3y)
= (2x – 3y) (x – 4y2)
Solution 8:

81x2 – 64y2
= (9x)2 – (8y)2
= (9x + 8y) (9x – 8y)

Solution 9:

27a2 – 75b2
= 3(9a2 – 25b2)
= 3[(3a)2 – (5b)2]
= 3(3a + 5b) (3a – 5b)

Solution 10:

3a3 – 3a
= 3a (a2 – 1)
= 3a(a + 1)(a – 1)

Solution 11:

x2 – y2 – 6x – 6y
= (x)2 – (y)2 – 6(x + y)
= (x + y)(x – y) – 6(x + y)
= (x + y) { (x – y) – 6}
= (x + y) (x – y – 6)

Solution 12:

(a + b) (c + d) – a2 + b2
= (a + b) (c + d) – (a2 – b2)
= (a + b) (c + d) – (a + b) (a – b)
= (a + b) {(c + d) – (a – b)}
= (a + b) ( c + d – a + b)
= (a + b) (-a + b + c + d)

Solution 13:

x2 + 8x + 24y – 9y2
= x2 – 9y2 + 8x + 24y
= {(x2) – (3y)2} + 8(x + 3y)
= (x + 3y) (x – 3y) + 8(x +3y)
= (x + 3y) (x – 3y + 8)

Solution 14:

a2 – 12ab + 36b2 – 25
= (a – 6b)2 – (5)2
= (a – 6b + 5) (a – 6b – 5)

Solution 15:

= x2 + 6xy + 9y2– 25m2 + 40mn – 16n2

= (x2 + 6xy + 9y2) – (25m2 – 40mn + 16n2)
= (x + 3y)2 – (5m – 4n)2
= [(x + 3y) + (5m – 4n)][(x + 3y) – (5m – 4n)]
= (x + 3y + 5m – 4n) (x + 3y – 5m + 4n)

Exercise – 3.3

Solution 1:

8x3 + 125y3
= (2x)3 + (5y)3
= (2x + 5y) (4x2 – 10xy + 25y2)

Solution 2:

2a3 – 54b3
= 2(a3 – 27b3)
= 2[(a)3 – (3b)3]
= 2(a – 3b) (a2 + 3ab + 9b2)

Solution 3:

(a + b)3 – 8
= (a + b)3 – (2)3
= (a + b – 2) [(a + b)2 + (a + b) × 2 + (2)2]
= (a + b – 2) (a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2a + 2b + 4)
Solution 4:

Solution 5:

Solution 6:

Let a + b = x and a – b = y,
(a – b)3 – (a – b)3 = x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)
Substituting the values of x and y,
[(a + b) – (a – b)][(a + b)2 + (a + b)(a – b) + (a – b)2]
= (a + b – a + b) (a2 + 2ab + b2 + a2 – b2 + a2 – 2ab + b2)
= (a – a + b + b) (a2 + a2 + a2 + 2ab – 2ab + b2 – b2 + b2)
= 2b (3a2 + b2)

Solution 7:

Let 2m + 3n = a and 3m + 2n = b
(2m + 3n)3 – (3m + 2n)3
= a 3 – b3
= (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Substituting the values of a and b,
= [(2m + 3n) – (3m + 2n)] [(2m + 3n)2 + (2m + 3n) (3m + 2n) + (3m + 2n)2]
= (2m + 3n – 3m – 2n)(4m2 + 12mn + 9n2 + 6m2 + 13mn + 6n2 + 9m2 + 12mn + 4n2)
= (-m + n) (6m2 + 9m2 + 12mn + 13mn + 12mn + 9n2 + 6n2 + 4n2)
=(-m + n) (19m2 + 37mn + 19n2)

Solution 8:

Substituting 3x + 5y = a and 2x – y = b,
(3x + 5y)3 – (2x – y)3
= a 3 – b3
= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Substituting the values of a and b,
= [(3x + 5y) – (2x – y)][(3x + 5y)2 + (3x + 5y) (2x -y) + (2x – y)2]
= (3x + 5y – 2x + y)(9x2 + 30xy + 25y2 + 6x2 + 7xy – 5y2 + 4x2 – 4xy + y2)
= (x + 6y)(9x2 + 6x2 + 4x2 + 30xy + 7xy – 4xy + 25y2 – 5y2 + y2)
= (x + 6y)(19x2 + 33xy + 21y2)

Solution 9:

Substituting x – 1 = a,
27(x – 1)3 + y3
= 27a3 + y3
= (3a)3 + y3
= (3a + y) (9a2 – 3ay + y2)
Substituting the value of a,
= [3(x – 1) + y] [9(x – 1)2 – 3(x – 1) (y) + y2]
= (3x – 3 + y) [9(x2 – 2x + 1) – 3xy + 3y + y2]
= (3x + y – 3) (9x2 – 18x + 9 – 3xy + 3y + y2)
= (3x + y – 3) (9x2 – 18x + 9 – 3xy + 3y + y2)

Solution 10:

a6 – b6
= (a3)2 – (b3)2
= (a3 + b3)(a3 – b3)
= (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)(a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Exercise – 3.4

Solution 1:

2x2 + 3x – 5
= 2x2 + 5x – 2x – 5 …………….. ∵ (-5) × 2 = -10
= x(2x + 5) – 1(2x + 5) ………. 5 × (-2) = -10
= (2x + 5) (x – 1) ………………… and 5 + (-2) = 3

Solution 2:

3x2 – 14x + 8
= 3x2 – 12x – 2x + 8 …………. ∵ 3 × 8 = 24
= 3x(x – 4) -2(x – 4) …………. (-12) × (- 2) = 24
= (x – 4) (3x – 2) ……………….. and – 12 – 2 = -14

Solution 3:

6x2 + 11x – 10
= 6x2 + 15x – 4x – 10 ………………… ∵ 6 × (-10) = -60
= 3x(2x + 5) -2(2x + 5) ……………. 15 × (- 4) = -60
= (2x + 5) (3x – 2) …………………….. and 15 – 4 = 11

Solution 4:

2x2 – 7x – 15
= 2x2 – 10x + 3x – 15 ………………… ∵ 2 × (-15) = -30
= 2x(x – 5) + 3(x – 5) ………………… -10 × 3 = -30
= (x – 5) (2x + 3) ……………………….. and -10 + 3 = -7

Solution 5:

x2 + 9xy + 18y2
= x2 + 6xy + 3xy + 18y2 ………………… ∵ 6 × 3 = 18
= x(x + 6y) + 3y(x + 6y) ………………. and 6 + 3 = 9
= (x + 6y) (x + 3y)

Solution 6:

a2 – 5ab – 36b2
= a2 + 4ab – 9ab – 36b2 …………….. ∵ 4 × (-9) = -36
= a(a + 4b) – 9b(a + 4b) …………… and 4 – 9 = -5
= (a + 4b) (a – 9b)

Solution 7:

a2 + 14ab – 51b2
= a2 – 3ab + 17ab – 51b2 ………. ∵ -3 × 17 = -51
= a (a – 3b) +17b(a – 3b) …….. and -3 + 17 = 14
= (a – 3b) (a + 17b)

Solution 8:

2m2 + 19mn + 30n2

= 2m2 + 4mn + 15mn + 30n2 …….. ∵ 2 × 30 = 60
= 2m(m + 2n) + 15n (m + 2n) ….. 4 × 15 = 60
= (m + 2n) (2m + 15n) ………………. and 4 + 15 = 19

Solution 9:

3a2 – 11ab + 6b2

= 3a2 – 9ab – 2ab + 6b2 ……………. ∵ 3 × 6 = 18
= 3a (a – 3b) – 2b(a – 3b) ………… -9 × -2 = 18
= (a – 3b) (3a – 2b) ………………….. and -9 – 2 = -11

Solution 10:

6x2 – 7xy – 13y2

= 6x2 + 6xy – 13xy – 13y2 …………. ∵ 6 × (-13) = -78
= 6x (x + y) -13y(x + y) ……………. and 6 – 13 = -7
= (x + y) (6x – 13y)

Solution 11:
Exercise – 3.5

Solution 1:

x4 – 8x2y2 + 12y4
Let x2 = p and y2 = q
Then x4 = p2, = q2 and x2y2 = pq
∴ x4 – 8x2y2 + 12y4
= p2 – 8pq + 12q2 ……………… ∵ -6 × -2 = 12
= p2 – 6pq – 2pq + 12q2 …….. and -6 – 2 = -8
= p(p – 6q) – 2q(p – 6q)
= (p – 6q) (p – 2q)
Re-substituting the values of p and q we get,
= (x2 – 6y2) (x2 – 2y2)

Solution 2:

2x4 – 13x2y2 + 15y4

Let x2 = a and y2 = b.
Then x4 = a2, y4 = b2 and x2y2 = ab
∴ 2x4 – 13x2y2 + 15y4 ……………… ∵ 2 × 15 = 30
= 2a2 – 13ab + 15ab2 ………………. -10 × -3 = 30
= 2a2 – 10ab – 3ab + 15b2 ………. and -10 – 3 = -13
= 2a(a – 5b) -3b (a – 5b)
= (a – 5b) (2a – 3b)
Re-substituting the values of a and b we get,
= (x2 – 5y2) (2x2 – 3y2)

Solution 3:

6a4 + 11a2b2 – 10b4

Let a2 = m and b2 = n.
Then a4 = m2, b4 = n2 and a2b2 = mn
∴ 6a4 + 11a2b2 – 10b4 …………….. ∵ 6 × (-10) = -60
= 6m2 + 11mn – 10n2 ……………… 15 × -4 = -60
= 6m2 + 15mn – 4mn – 10n2 ….. and 15 – 4 = 11
= 3m(2m + 5n) – 2n(2m + 5n)
= (2m + 5n) (3m – 2n)
Re-substituting the values of m and n we get,
= (2a2 + 5b2) (3a2 – 2b2)
Solution 4:

3(x2 – 5x)2 – 2(x2 – 5x + 5) – 6

Substituting (x2 – 5x) = m
= 3m2 – 2(m + 5) – 6
= 3m2 – 2m – 10 – 6
= 3m2 – 2m – 16 ………………….. ∵ 3 × (-16) = -48
= 3m2 – 8m + 6m – 16 ………… -2 × -10 = 20
= m(3m – 8) + 2 (3m – 8) ….. and -8 + 6 = -2
= m(3m – 8) + 2(3m – 8)
= (3m – 8) (m + 2)
Re-substituting the value of m we get,
= [3(x2 – 5x) – 8] [(x2 – 5x) + 2]
= (3x2 – 15x – 8)(x2 – 5x + 2)

Solution 5:

(y2 + 5y)(y2 + 5y – 2) – 24
= m(m – 2) – 24
= m2 – 6m + 4m – 24
= m2 – 2m – 24 …………………….. ∵ -6 × -4 = 24
= m2 – 6m + 4m – 24 …………… and -6 + 4 = -2
= m(m – 6) + 4 (m – 6)
= (m – 6) (m + 4)
Re-substituting the value of m we get,
= (y2 + 5y – 6) (y2 + 5y + 4))
= (y2 + 6y – y – 6) (y2 + 4y + y + 4)
= [y(y + 6) – 1(y + 6)][y(y + 4) + 1(y + 4)]
= (y + 6)(y – 1)(y + 4) (y + 1)

Exercise – 3.6

Solution 1:

x3 – 27y3 +125 + 45xy

= (x)3 + (-3y)3 + (5)3 – 3(x)(-3y)(5)
= (x – 3y + 5)(x2 + 9y2 + 25 + 3xy + 15y – 5x)

Solution 2:

a3 – b3 + 8c3 + 6abc
= (a)3 + (-b)3 + (2c)3 – 3(a)(-b)(2c)
= (a – b + 2c)(a2 + b2 + 4c2 + ab + 2bc -2ca)
Solution 3:

8a3 + 27b3 + 64c3 – 72abc

= (2a)3 + (3b)3 + (4c)3 – 3(2a)(3b)(4c)
= (2a + 3b + 4c)(4a2 + 9b2 + 16c2 – 6ab – 12bc – 8ca)

Solution 4:

-27x3 + y3 – z3 – 9xyz
= (-3x)3 + (y)3 + (-z)3 -3(-3x)(y) (-z)
= (-3x + y – z) (9x2 +y2 + z2 +3xy + yz – 3zx)

Solution 5:

y6 + 32y3 – 64
= y6 + 8y3 – 64 + 24y3
= (y2)3 + (2y)3 + (-4)3 – 3(y2) (2y) (-4)
= (y2 + 2y -4) (y4 + 4y2 + 16 – 2y3 + 8y + 4y2)
= (y2 + 2y – 4)(y4 – 2y3 + 8y2 + 8y + 16)

Solution 6:

x6 – 10x3 – 27
= x6 – x3 – 27 – 9x3
= (x2)3 + (-x)3 + (-3)3 – 3(x2)(-x)(-3)
= (x2 – x – 3)(x4 + x2 + 9 + x3 – 3x + 3x2)
= (x2 – x – 3)(x4 + x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 9)

Solution 7:
Solution 8:

(p – 3q)3 + (3q – 7r)3 + (7r – p)3

Let (p – 3q) = a, (3q – 7r) = b and (7r – p)=c.
∴ (p – 3q)3 + (3q – 7r)3 + (7r – p)3 = a3 + b3 + c3
Here, a + b + c = p – 3q + 3q – 7r + 7r – p = 0
∴a+b+c=0
If a + b + c = 0, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
∴ (p – 3q)3 + (3q – 7r)3 + (7r – p)3 = 3(p – 3q)(3q – 7r)(7r – p)

Solution 9:

(5x – 6y)3 + (7z – 5x)3 + (6y – 7z)3

Let (5x – 6y) = p, (7z – 5x) = q and (6y – 7z) = r
∴ (5x – 6y)3 + (7z – 5x)3 + (6y – 7z)3 = p3 + q3 + r3
Now, p + q + r = 5x – 6y + 7z – 5x + 6y -7z = 0
∴p+q+r=0
If p + q + r = 0, p3 + q3 + r3 = 3pqr
∴ (5x – 6y)3 + (7z – 5x)3 + (6y -7z)3 = 3(5x – 6y)(7z – 5x)(6y – 7z)

Solution 10:

27(a – b)3 + (2a – b)3 + (4b – 5a)3

= (3)3(a – b)3 + (2a – b)3 + (4b – 5a)3
= [3(a – b)]3 + (2a – b)3 + (4b – 5a)3
= (3a – 3b)3 + (2a – b)3 + (4b – 5a)3
Let 3a – 3b = x, 2a – b = y and 4b – 5a = z
= x3 + y3 + z3
Here, x + y + z = 3a – 3b + 2a – b + 4b – 5a = 0
∴x+y+z=0
If x + y + z = 0, x3 + y3 +z3 = 3xyz
∴ 27(a – b)3 + (2a – b)3 + (4b – 5a)3 = 3(3a – 3b)(2a – b) (4b – 5a)
= 9 (a – b) (2a – b) (4b – 5a)

Exercise – 3.7

Solution 1:

Expressions (i), (ii), (iv), (v) and (vii) are polynomials.

Solution 2:

Solution 3:

1. The degree of the polynomial is 0.

2. The degree of the polynomial is 0.
3. The degree of the polynomial is 1.
4. The degree of the polynomial is 2.
5. The degree of the polynomial is 12.
6. The degree of the polynomial is 3.
7. The degree of the polynomial is 3.
8. The degree of the polynomial is 8.
9. The degree of the polynomial is 7.
10. The degree of the polynomial is 7.

Exercise – 3.8

Solution 1(i):

2x3 – 7x2 + 3x + 4; 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 1

= (2x3 – 7x2 + 3x + 4) + (2x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 1)
= 2x3 – 7x2 + 3x + 4 + 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 1
= 2x3 + 2x3 – 7x2 – 3x2 + 3x + 4x + 4 +1
(Arranging the like terms together)
= 4x2 – 10x2 + 7x + 5 and degree 3.
Solution 1(ii):

3x2 + 5x – x7 ; – 3x2 + 5x + 8
= (3x2 + 5x – x7) + (- 3x2 + 5x + 8)
= 3x2 + 5x – x7 – 3x2 + 5x + 8
= – x7 + 3x2 – 3x2 +5x + 5x + 8
(Arranging the like terms together)
= x7 + 10x + 8 and degree 7.

Solution 1(iii):

x4 + 5x3 + 7x; 4x3 – 3x2 + 5

= (x4 + 5x3 + 7x) + (4x3 – 3x2 + 5)
= x4 + 5x3 + 7x + 4x3 – 3x2 + 5
= x4 + 5x3 + 4x3– 3x2 + 7x + 5
(Arranging the like terms together)
= x4 + 9x3 – 3x2 + 7x + 5 and degree 4.

Solution 1(iv):

y2 + 2y – 5; y3 + 2y2 + 3y + 4; y3 + 7y – 2
= (y2 + 2y – 5) + (y3 + 2y2 + 3y + 4) + (y3 + 7y – 2)
= y2 + 2y – 5 + y3 + 2y2 + 3y + 4+ y3 + 7y – 2
= y3 + y3 + y2 + 2y2 + 2y + 3y + 7y – 5 + 4 – 2
(Arranging the like terms together)
= 2y3 + 3y2 + 12y – 3 and degree 3.

Solution 1(v):

5m2 + 3m + 8; m3 – 6m2 + 4m; m3 – m2 – m + 5

= (5m2 + 3m + 8) + (m3 – 6m2 + 4m) + (m3 – m2 – m + 5)
= 5m2 + 3m + 8 + m3 – 6m2 + 4m + m3 – m2 – m + 5
= m3 + m3+ 5m2 – 6m2 – m2 +3m + 4m – m + 8 + 5
(Arranging the like terms together)
= 2m3 – 2m2 + 6m + 13 and degree 3.

Solution 2(i):

x4 + x2 + x – 1; x4 – x3 – x2 + 1
= (x4 + x2 + x – 1) – (x4 – x3 – x2 + 1)
= x4 + x2 + x – 1 – x4 + x3 + x2 – 1
= x4 – x4 + x3 + x2 + x- 1 – 1
(Arranging the like terms together)
= x3 + 2x2 + x – 2 and degree 3.

Solution 2(ii):

n3 – 5n2 + 6; n3 – 3n + 8
= (n3 – 5n2 + 6) – (n3 – 3n + 8)
= n3 – 5n2 + 6 – n3 + 3n – 8
= n3 – n3 – 5n2 + 3n + 6 – 8
(Arranging the like terms together)
= – 5n2 + 3n – 2 and degree 2.

Solution 2(iii):

2a + 3a2 – 7; 3a2 – 12 + 2a
= (2a + 3a2 – 7) – (3a2 – 12 + 2a)
= 2a + 3a2 – 7 – 3a2 + 12 – 2a
= 3a2 – 3a2 + 2a – 2a – 7 + 12
(Arranging the like terms together)
= 5 and degree 0.

Solution 3(i):

(3x2 – 2x + 1) + (x2 + 5x -3) + (4x2 + 8)

= 3x2 – 2x + 1 + x2 + 5x -3 + 4x2 + 8
= 3x2 + x2 + 4x2 – 2x + 5x + 1 – 3 + 8
(Arranging the like terms together)
= 8x2 + 3x + 6.

Solution 3(ii):

(2y3 + 3y -7) – (8y – 6) + (4y3 – 2y + 1)

= 2y3 + 3y – 7 – 8y + 6 + 4y3 – 2y + 1
= 2y3 + 4y3+ 3y – 8y – 2y – 7 + 6 + 1
(Arranging the like terms together)
= 6y3 -7y.

Solution 3(iii):

5m3 – m + 6m2 – (3m2 – 2 + m)

(5m3 – m + 6m2) – (3m2 – 2 + m)
= 5m3 – m + 6m2 -3m2 + 2 – m
= 5m3 + 6m2 – 3m2 – m – m + 2
= 5m3 + 3m2 – 2m + 2.

Solution 4:

Let the polynomial to be added be p(x)

(2x4 – 3x2 + 5x + 8) + p(x) = (2x2 – 5x + 4)
p(x) = (2x2 – 5x + 4) – (2x4 – 3x2 + 5x + 8)
= 2x2 -5x + 4 – 2x4 + 3x2 – 5x – 8
= -2x4 + 2x2 + 3x2 -5x – 5x + 4 – 8
= -2x4 + 5x2 – 10x – 4
Therefore, – 2x4 + 5x2 – 10x – 4 should be added to 2x4 – 3x2 + 5x + 8 to get 2x2 – 5x +
4.

Solution 5:

Let the polynomial to be subtracted be p(y).

(y3 + 2y2 + 5y -1) – p(y) = 2y2 + 12
∴ (y3 + 2y2 + 5y – 1) – (2y2 + 12) = p(y)
∴ p (y) = y3 + 2y2 + 5y – 1 – 2y2 – 12
= y3 + 2y2 – 2y2 + 5y – 1 – 12
= y3 + 5y – 13
Therefore, y3 + 5y – 13 should be subtracted from y3 + 2y2 + 5y – 1 to get 2y2 + 12.

Solution 6:

= (z3 + 3z2 + 5z + 8) + (4z3 + 2z2 – 7z – 2) – (2z3 – 3z2 + z – 4)

= z3 + 3z2 + 5z + 8 + 4z3 + 2z2 – 7z – 2 – 2z3 + 3z2 – z + 4
= z3 + 4z3 – 2z3 + 3z2 + 2z2 + 3z2 + 5z – 7z – z + 8 – 2 + 4
= 3z3 + 8z2 – 3z + 10

Exercise – 3.9

Solution 1(i):
(x2 + 3x + 1)(2x – 3)
= x2(2x – 3) + 3x(2x – 3) + 1(2x – 3)
= 2x3 – 3x2 + 6x2 – 9x + 2x – 3
= 2x3 + 3x2 – 7x – 3 and degree 3.
Solution 1(ii):

(3x2 + 5x)(x2 + 2x + 1)
= 3x2(x2 + 2x + 1) + 5x(x2 + 2x + 1)
= 3x4 + 6x3 + 3x2 + 5x3 + 10x2 + 5x
= 3x4 + 6x3 + 5x3 + 3x2 + 10x2 + 5x
(Arranging the like terms together)
= 3x4 + 11x3 + 13x2 + 5x and degree 4.

Solution 1(iii):

(x3 + 4x + 2) (x2 + x + 5)
= x3(x2 + x + 5) + 4x(x2 + x + 5)+ 2(x2 + x + 5)
= x5 + x4 + 5x3 + 4x3 + 4x2 + 20x + 2x2 + 2x + 10
= x5 + x4 + 9x3 + 4x2 + 2x2 + 20x + 2x + 2x + 10 (Arranging the like terms together)
= x5 + x4 + 9x3 + 6x2 + 22x + 10 and degree 5.

Solution 1(iv):

(x3 – 1)(x2 – x + 4)
= x3(x2 – x + 4) – 1(x2 – x + 4)
= x5 – x4 + 4x3 – x2 + x – 4 and degree 5.

Solution 1(v):

(2y2 + 3)(3y3 + 1)
= 2y2(3y3 + 1) + 3(3y3 + 1)
= 6y5 + 2y2 + 9y3 + 3
= 6y5 + 9y3 + 2y2 + 3 and degree 5.
Solution 2(i):

Solution 2(ii):
Solution 2(iii):

Solution 2(iv):
Solution 2(v):

Exercise – 3.10

Solution 1:

1. The coefficient form of the polynomial2x2 + 5x + 12 is (2, 5, 12).

2. The index form of the polynomial y4 – 3y2 + 2y – 7 = y4 + 0y3 – 3y2 + 2y – 7.∴The
coefficient form = (1, 0, -3, 2, -7).
3. The index form of the polynomial x5 + 3x2 = x5 + 0x4 +0x3 + 3x2 + 0x + 0.∴The
coefficient form = (1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0).
4. The index form of the polynomial y4 – 3 = y4 + 0y3 + 0y2 + 0y – 3.∴The coefficient
form = (1, 0, 0, 0, -3).
5. The index form of the polynomial9x = 9x + 0. ∴ The coefficient form = (9, 0).

Solution 2:

1. Number of coefficients = 3.∴The degree of the polynomial = 3 – 1 = 2

∴The index form of the given polynomial is 3x2 + 2x + 7.
2. The number of coefficients = 4.∴The degree of the polynomial = 4-1=3
∴The index form of the given polynomial is 2x3– 4.
 3. Number of coefficients = 5.∴The degree of the polynomial = 5 – 1= 4
∴The index form of the given polynomial is x4 – 3x2 + x + 5.
4. Number of coefficients = 4.∴The degree of the polynomial = 4 – 1= 3,
∴The index form of the given polynomial is -x3 + 3x2 – 5x + 6.
5. Number of coefficients = 7.∴The degree of the polynomial = 7 – 1 = 6
∴The index form of the given polynomial is x6 + 64.

Solution 3(i):

Solution 3(ii):
Solution 3(iii):

Solution 3(iv):
Solution 3(v):

Solution 3(vi):
Solution 3(vii):

Solution 3(viii):
Exercise – 3.11

Solution 1:

1. p(x) = x2 + 2x + 5= 0 + 0 + 5
2. = 5
3. ∴ p(0) = (0)2 + 2(0) + 5
4. p(x) = x2 + 2x + 5= 9 + 6 + 5
5. = 20
6. ∴ p(3) = (3)2 + 2(3) + 5
7. p(x) = x2 + 2x + 5= 1 – 2 + 5
8. = 4
9. ∴ p(-1) = (-1)2 + 2(-1) + 5
10. p(x) = x2 + 2x + 5= 9 – 6 + 5
11. = 8
12. ∴ p(-3) = (-3)2 + 2(-3) + 5
13. p(x) = x2 + 2x + 5= a2 + 2a + 5
14. ∴ p(a) = (a)2 + 2(a) + 5

Solution 2:

P(y) = y3 – 5y – 2y2 + 3

= y3 – 2y2 – 5y + 3 …(Standard form)

1. p(y) = y3 – 2y2 – 5y + 3= 1 – 2 – 5 + 3
2. = -3
3. ∴ p(1) = (1)3 – 2(1)2 – 5(1) + 3
4. p(y) = y3 – 2y2 – 5y + 3= 8 – 2(4) – 10 + 3= -7
5. = 8 – 8 – 10 + 3
6. ∴ p(2) = (2)3 – 2(2)2 – 5(2) + 3
7. p(y) = y3 – 2y2 – 5y + 3= -8 – 2(4) + 10 + 3= -3
8. = -8 – 8 + 10 + 3
9. ∴ p(-2) = (-2)3 – 2(-2)2 – 5(-2) + 3
10. p(y) = y3 – 2y2 – 5y + 3= 64 – 2(16) – 20 + 3= 15
11. = 64 – 32 – 20 + 3
12. ∴ p(4) = (4)3 – 2(4)2 – 5(4) + 3
13. p(y) = y3 – 2y2 – 5y + 3= -b3 – 2b2 + 5b + 3
14. ∴ p(-b) = (-b)3 – 2(-b)2 – 5(-b) + 3
Solution 3:

p(x) = x2 – mx + 7
∴ p(2) = (2)2 – m(2) + 7
= 4 – 2m + 7
= 11 – 2m
But p(2) = 35 given
∴ 11 – 2 m = 35
∴ 2m = 11 – 35
∴ 2m = -24
∴ m = -12

Solution 4:

p(y) = ay2 + 2y – 6
∴ p(-3) = a(-3 )2 + 2(-3 ) – 6
= 9a – 6 – 6
= 9a – 12
But p(y) = 15
∴ 9a – 12 = 15
∴ 9a = 15 + 12
∴ 9a = 27
∴a=3
Exercise – 3.12

Solution 1:

Solution 2(i):

p(x) = x – 2
p(x) = 0
∴x–2=0
∴x=2
∴ 2 is the zero of the given polynomial.

Solution 2(ii):

p(x) = (x – 2)
p(x) = 0
∴x–2=0
∴ x =2
p(x) = (x – 9)
p(x) = 0
∴x–9=0
∴x=9
∴ 2 and 9 are the zero of the given polynomial.
Solution 2(iii):

Solution 3(i):

Solution 3(ii):
Solution 4(i):

Solution 4(ii):

Exercise – 3.13

Solution 1(i):

p(x) = 3x2 + x + 7
Divisor is x + 2
∴ Put x = -2 in p(x)
∴ By the Remainder Theorem
Remainder = p(-2) = 3(-2)2 + (-2) + 7
= 3(4) – 2 + 7
= 12 – 2 + 7
= 17
∴ Remainder = 17

Solution 1(ii):

p(x) = 4x3 + 5x – 10
Divisor is x – 3
∴ Put x = 3 in p(x)
∴ By the Remainder Theorem
Remainder = p(3) = 4(3)3 + 5(3) – 10
= 4(27) + 15 – 10
=108 + 15 – 10
= 113
∴ Remainder = 113

Solution 1(iii):

p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 2x – a
Divisor is x – a.
∴ Put x = a in p(x)
∴ By the Remainder Theorem
Remainder = p(a) = (a)3 – a(a)2 + 2 (a) – a
= a3 – a3 + 2a – a
=a
∴ Remainder = a

Solution 2(i):

p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 5

Divisor is x – 2
∴ Put x = 2 in p(x)
∴ By the Remainder Theorem
Remainder = p(2) = 2 (2)3 – 3(2)2 + 4(2) – 5
=16 – 3(4) + 8 – 5
= 16 – 12 + 8 – 5
=7
∴ Remainder = 7

Solution 2(ii):

p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 5

Divisor is x + 3
∴ Put x = -3 in p(x)
∴ By the Remainder Theorem
Remainder = p(-3) = 2 (-3)3 – 3(-3)2 + 4(-3) – 5
= 2 (- 27) – 3(9) – 12 – 5
= – 54 – 27 – 12 – 5
= -98
∴ Remainder = -98

Solution 2(iii):

p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 5

Divisor is x – 1
∴ Put x = 1 in p(x)
∴ By the Remainder Theorem
Remainder = p(1) = 2 (1)3 – 3(1)2 + 4(1) – 5
= 2 (1) – 3(1) + 4 – 5
=2–3+4–5
= -2
∴ Remainder = -2.
Solution 3:
p(x) = x3 + ax2 + 4x – 5
Divisor is x + 1
∴ Put x = 1 in p(x)
∴ By the Remainder Theorem
Remainder = p(-1) = (-1)3 + a(-1)2 + 4(-1) – 5
= -1 +a – 4 – 5
= a – 10
But, remainder = 14
∴ a – 10 = 14
∴ a = 14 + 10
∴ a = 24

Exercise – 3.14

Solution 1(i):

p(x) = x2 – 4
Put x = -2 in p(x), we get
p(-2) = (-2)2 – 4
=4–4
=0
As p(-2) = 0,
∴ By the Factor Theorem (x + 2) is a factor of x2 – 4.

Solution 1(ii):

p(x) = x3 – 27
Put x = 3 in p(x), we get
p(3) = (3)3 – 27
= 27 – 27
=0
As p(3) = 0,
∴ By the Factor Theorem (x – 3) is a factor of x3 – 27.
Solution 1(iii):

p(x) = 2x4 + 9x3 + 6x2 – 11x – 6

Put x = 1 in p(x), we get
p(1) = 2(1)4 + 9(1)3 + 6(1)2 – 11(1) – 6
= 2 + 9 + 6 – 11 – 6
=0
As p(1) = 0,
∴ By the Factor Theorem (x – 1) is a factor of 2x4 + 9x3 + 6x2 – 11x – 6.

Solution 1(iv):

p(x) = x2 + 10x + 24
Put x = -4 in p(x), we get
p(1) = (-4)2 + 10(-4) + 24
= 16 – 40 + 24
=0
As p(-4) = 0,
∴ By the Factor Theorem (x + 4) is a factor of x2 + 10x + 24.

Solution 2:

p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 4
Put x = 2 in p(x), we get
p(1) = (2)3 – 3(2)2 + 4(2) + 4
= 8 – 3(4) + 8 + 4
= 8 – 12 + 8 + 4
=8≠0
As p(2) ≠ 0,
∴ By the Factor Theorem (x – 2) is not a factor of x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 4.

Solution 3:

Let p(x) = 2x3 – 6x2 + 5x + a

Put x = 2 in p(x), we get
p(2) = 2(2)3 – 6(2)2 + 5(2) + a
= 2(8) – 6(4) + 10 + a
= 16 – 24 + 10 + a
=2+a
But p(2) must be 0, because (x – 2) is a factor
∴2+a=0
∴ a = -2
 Linear Equations in Two Variables
Exercise – 4.1

Solution 1:

1. 2x + 5y = 7; x – 10y = 11; 4x + 9y = 13
2. No. The given equation is not of the type ax + by = c, hence it is not a linear
equation.
3. P is a real number. P > 0.
4. (1, 17), (2, 16), etc. There are infinite solutions.
5. Substituting x = 1 and y = a in the equation x + 3y = 10, we get,1 + 3a = 10
∴3a = 10 – 1
∴3a = 9
∴a=3

Solution 2(i):
Solution 2(ii):

Solution 2(iii):
Solution 2(iv):
Solution 2(v):
Exercise – 4.2

Solution 1(i):

2x + 3y = -4 …(i)
x – 5y = 11 …(ii)
From equation (ii), we can express x in terms of y,
∴ x = 5y + 11 …(iii)
Substitute this value of x in equation (i)
∴ 2(5y + 11) + 3y = -4
∴ 10y + 22 + 3y = -4
∴ 13y +22 = -4
∴ 13y = -4 – 22
∴ 13y = -26
∴ y = -2
Substituting y = -2 in equation (iii),
x = 5(-2) + 11
∴ x = -10 + 11
∴x=1
∴ x = 1 and y = -2

Solution 1(ii):

x + 2y = 0 …(i)
10x + 15y = 105 …(ii)
Dividing both sides of equation (ii) by 5, we get
2x + 3y = 21 …(iii)
Expressing x in terms of y in equation (i)
x = 2y …(iv)
Substitute x = 2y in equation (iii)
∴ 2(2y) + 3y = 21
∴ 4y + 3y = 21
∴ 7y = 21
∴y=3
Substituting y = 3 in equation (iii),
x = 2(3)
∴x=6
∴ x = 6 and y = 3
Solution 1(iii):
Solution 1(iv):

Solution 1(v):

2x – y – 3 = 0 …(i)
4x – y – 5 = 0 …(ii)
∴ 2x – y – 3 = 0
∴ y = 2x – 3 …(iii)
Substitute y = 2x – 3 in equation (ii),
∴ 4x – (2x – 3) – 5 = 0
∴ 4x – 2x + 3 – 5 = 0
∴ 2x = 5 – 3
∴ 2x = 2
∴x=1
Put x = 1 in equation (iii),
y = 2(1) – 3
∴y=2–3
∴ y = -1
∴ x = 1 and y = -1

Solution 1(vi):
Exercise – 4.3

Solution 1(i):

Solution 1(ii):
Solution 1(iii):

Solution 1(iv):
Solution 2(i):
Solution 2(ii):
Solution 2(iii):
Solution 2(iv):
Solution 2(v):
Exercise – 4.3

Solution 1(i):

Let the two numbers be x and y. x > y

According to the first condition,
x + y = 125 …(i)
According to the second condition,
x – y = 25 …(ii)

Solution 1(ii):

Let the complementary angles be x and y. x > y

So, x + y = 90° (∵Sum of complementary angles is 90°)
According to the given condition,
x – y = 6°

Solution 1(iii):

Let the length of the rectangle be x cm and the breadth be y cm.

According to the first condition,
x=y+4
x – y = 4 …(i)
According to the second condition,
2(x + y) = 40
x + y = 20 …(ii)

Solution 1(iv):

Let Sonali’s age be x years and Monali’s age of y years.

According to the first condition,
x + y = 29 …(i)
According to the second condition,
y=x–3
x – y = 3 …(ii)

Solution 1(v):

Let the father’s age be x years and the son’s age be y years.
According to the first condition,
x = 4y
x – 4y = 0 …(i)
According to the second condition,
x – y = 30 …(ii)

Solution 2(i):
Solution 2(ii):
Solution 2(iii):
Solution 2(iv):
Solution 2(v):
Solution 2(vi):
 Graphs
Exercise – 5.1

Solution 1:
Solution 2:

1. The x-coordinate of point P is 4.

2. The y-coordinate of point Q is 2
3. The y-coordinate of point R is 1.
4. The x-coordinate of point S is 0.
5. The y-coordinate of point S is -4.

Solution 3:

A(4, 1), B(3, -5), C(4, 0), D(0, 6)

Solution 4:
Solution 5:

Solution 6:

Solution 7:

1. If both the coordinates are positive, then the point lies in the I st quadrant.
2. If both the coordinates are negative, then the point lies in the III rd quadrant.
3. If the X coordinate is negative and Y-co-ordinate is positive, then the point lies in
the IInd quadrant.
4. If the X coordinate is positive and Y coordinate is negative, then the point lies in
the IVth quadrant.

Solution 8:
 1. The point (x, y) will lie in the IVth quadrant.
2. The point (x, y) will lie in the IInd quadrant.
3. The point (x, y) will lie in the Ist quadrant.
4. The point (x, y) will lie in the IIIrd quadrant.
5. The point (x, y) will lie on the Y-axis.
6. The point (x, y) will lie on the X-axis.

Solution 9:
Exercise – 5.2

Solution 1:

Solution 2:
 The x-
coordinates of points are given below.

1. The y-coordinate of point B is zero.

2. Point F has coordinates (-1, -5) and point A has coordinates (3, 2).
3. The line AH is parallel to the Y-axis.
4. The x-coordinate of point P and Q is same.
5. The y-coordinate of point E is 3.
6. The line EQ is parallel to the X-axis.
7. The x-coordinate of point M on line AH is 3.

Solution 3:
Solution 4:

Exercise – 5.3

Solution 1(i):
Solution 1(ii):

Solution 1(iii):

We have x + 5 = 0
i.e. x = -5
Solution 1(iv):

Solution 1(v):

We have 2y + 1 = y + 3
i.e. 2y – y = 3 – 1
i.e. y = 2
Solution 1(vi):

We have 3(x + 1) = 2x – 3
i.e. 3x + 3 = 2x – 3
i.e. 3x – 2x = -3 – 3
i.e. x = – 6

Solution 1(vii):

We have x – 4 = 0
i.e. x = 4
Solution 1(viii):

We have 2y + 3 = 0
i.e. 2y = -3
i.e. y = -1.5

Solution 1(ix):

We have 4x – 6 = 0
i.e. 4x = 6
i.e. x = 1.5
Solution 2(i):

We have 3x + 4 = 2(x + 5)
i.e. 3x + 4 = 2x + 10
i.e. 3x – 2x = 10 – 4
i.e. x = 6

Solution 2(ii):

We have 2x – 7 = 3(x – 2)
i.e. 2x – 7 = 3x – 6
i.e. 3x – 2x = 6 – 7
i.e. x = -1
Solution 3:

Writing the equation of the lines:

1. The equation of line PQ is y = 3.5.

2. The equation of line RS is x = 6.
3. The equation of line CD is x = -3.
4. The equation of line MN is y = -5.
5. The equation of line X’X is y = 0.
6. The equation of line YY’ is x = 0.
Exercise – 5.4

Solution 1:

Solution 2(i):

Given equation is x + 2y = 0.
Rewriting it we get,
2y = -x
i.e. y = -0.5x
Solution 2(ii):

Given equation is 3x – 2y = 0.
Rewriting it we get,
2y = 3x
i.e. y = 1.5x
Solution 2(iii):

Given equation is -3x + 4y = 12.

Rewriting it we get,
4y = 3x + 12
i.e. y = 0.75x + 3
Solution 2(iv):
Solution 2(v):
Solution 3:

Given equation is 3x + 2y = 6.
Rewriting it we get,
2y = -3x + 6
i.e. y = -1.5x + 3
From the graph, it can be clearly seen that the equation 3x + 2y = 6 intersects the y-axis
at (0, 3).

Solution 4:
From the graph, it can be clearly seen that the points P, R and Q are collinear.
Also, the line passing through these lines is parallel to the x-axis.

Solution 5(i):

The coordinates of the points P, Q and R are as shown below.

From the above table,

y = -2x + 1
Solution 5(ii):

The co-ordinates of the points M, L and N are as shown below.

From the above table,

y=x–1
 Ratio and Proportion
Exercise -6.1

Solution 1:

Solution 2:
Solution 3:
Solution 4:
Solution 5:
Solution 6:
Solution 7:

Solution 8:
Solution 9:

Solution 10:

Let the common multiple be x.

∴ The measures of the angles are 2x°, 3x°, 4x° and x° respectively.
By the angle sum property of a quadrilateral,
2x° + 3x° + 4x° + x° = 360°
∴ 10x° = 360°
∴ x° = 36°
m∠D = x° = 36°
m∠A = 2x° = 2 × 36° = 72°
m∠B = 3x° = 3 × 36° = 108°
m∠C = 4x° = 4 × 36° = 144°
Now, m∠A + m∠B = 72° + 108° = 180° and
m∠C + m∠D = 144° + 36° = 180°
side AD ∥ side BC (By interior angle test for parallel lines.)
Again, m∠A + m∠D = 72° + 36° ≠ 180° and
m∠B + m∠C = 108° + 144° ≠ 180°
∴ Side AB is not parallel to side CD.
∴ Only one pair of opposite sides is parallel,
∴ □ABCD is a trapezium.
Solution 11(i):

Solution 11(ii):
Solution 11(iii):
Exercise – 6.2

Solution 1:
Solution 2(i):

Solution 2(ii):
Solution 2(iii):

Solution 2(iv):

Solution 3:
Solution 4(i):

Solution 4(ii):
Solution 4(iii):

Solution 4(iv):
Solution 4(v):
Exercise – 6.3

Solution 1:

Solution 2:
Solution 3:

Solution 4:
Solution 5:

Solution 6:
Solution 7:

Solution 8:
Solution 9:
Solution 10:
Exercise – 6.4

Solution 1(i)(1):

Solution 1(i)(2):

Solution 1(i)(3):
Solution 1(ii)(1):

Solution 1(ii)(2):

Solution 1(ii)(3):

Solution 1(iii):
Solution 1(iv):

Solution 2:

Solution 3:
Solution 4:

Solution 5:

Solution 6:
Solution 7:

Solution 8:

Solution 9:
Solution 10:

Solution 11:
Solution 12:
Exercise – 6.5

Solution 1:

Solution 2:
Solution 3:
Solution 4:
Solution 5:

Solution 6:
Solution 7:

Solution 8:
Solution 9:

Solution 10:
 Statistics
Exercise -7.1

Solution 1:

Solution 2:

Solution 3:
Solution 4:

Solution 5:

Solution 6:
Solution 7:

Exercise – 7.2

Solution 1:

Solution 2:
The subdivided bar diagram is as follows:

Solution 3:

The subdivided bar diagram is as follows:

Solution 4:

The subdivided bar diagram is as follows:

Exercise – 7.3

Solution 1:

Solution 2:
Solution 3:
Solution 4:
Solution 5:
Exercise – 7.4

Solution 1:
Solution 2:

Solution 3:
Solution 4:

Solution 5:
Exercise – 7.5

Solution 1:

Solution 2:
Solution 3:

Solution 4:
Solution 5:
Exercise – 7.6

Solution 1:

Arranging the given data in a tabular form, we have

Here, the maximum frequency is 3 and corresponds to observation 18.

∴ The mode is 18.

Solution 2:

Arranging the given data in a tabular form, we have

Here, the maximum frequency is 4 and corresponds to observation 14.

∴ The mode is 14.
Solution 3:

Here, the maximum frequency is 27 and corresponds to the age 19 years.

∴ The mode is 19 years.

Solution 4:

Here, the maximum frequency is 20 and corresponds to height 148 cm.

∴ The mode is 148 cm.

Solution 5:

Here, the maximum frequency is 4 and corresponds to the weights 60 kg and 47 kg.
∴ The modes are 60 kg and 47 kg.

Solution 6:

Here, the maximum frequency is 22 and corresponds to 19 marks.

∴ The mode is 19 marks.