Introduction to Networking
Unit 1
Outline
What is a Network?
Network Components
Networking Requirements
OSI Model
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
What is a Network?
A network is collection of nodes, connected together
so that they can exchange data such as voice, video, storage,
or management.
Compute Storage
Characteristics of a network:
Bandwidth Fast
Interconnect
Latency Storage
Appliance
Availability
Scalability
Security
Admin User
Monitoring &
Provisioning Systems
Users
Management
Network Components
Network components include
the end nodes and intermediate
nodes.
Compute Storage
End nodes - compute, storage, and
management nodes. These are
used as the source or destination
of the traffic carried in the
network. Fast
Interconnect
Intermediate nodes - switches and Storage
Appliance
routers receive the traffic
generated by the end nodes and
make decisions where to forward
the traffic.
Admin User
Monitoring &
Provisioning Systems
Users
Management
Forming a Network
Build a Simple Network
Every end node has a network interface card,
or NIC.
The NIC is a hardware component that
resides in a slot and has one or more network
ports.
Use a cable to connect the network interface
card (NIC) in the end point to a switch port
Protocol Suite
Communication between nodes requires interaction Protocol Suite
between several protocols, where each protocol is responsible
for a specific set of activities.
Application
Each protocol defines a common format and set of rules for
exchanging messages between devices.
Setup and termination of data transfer sessions Transport
Message format
Error and system messages
Internet
A protocol suite is a group of protocols that run concurrently to
implement network communication. Network Access
OSI Model
OSI – Open Systems Interconnection
7 Application
The OSI model breaks down the different components of network 6 Presentation
communication into layers, in order to make communication
5 Session
OSI Model
easier.
Defines 7 layers
4 Transport
ISO standard
3 Network
OSI is a generic, protocol-independent standard 2 Data Link
1 Physical
Why a layered network model?
Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering
Ensures interoperable technology
Accelerates evolution
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP model is, in a way, an implementation of TCP/IP Model OSI Model
the OSI model.
7 Application
DoD Model:
Application 6 Presentation
In the 1970s, the U.S. Department of Defense developed
a network called ARPAnet that enabled data transport 5 Session
between computers at different locations by creating
alternate routes. Transport 4 Transport
TCP/IP was used as the system protocol
Internet 3 Network
TCP/IP is the protocol for the Internet
2 Data Link
Network Access
1 Physical
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
HTTP,
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) DNS,
IP (Internet Protocol) Application
FTP,
TCP/IP suite is a set of communications protocols used on DHCP
the Internet.
Transport TCP, UDP
It includes protocols that specify how data is packetized,
addressed, transmitted, routed, and received, thus Internet IPv4, IPv6
providing end-to-end data communication.
Internet layer protocols - IPv4 and IPv6 (layer 3)
Transport layer protocols - TCP and UDP (layer 4)
Network Access Ethernet
Application layer protocols - HTTP, FTP, etc. (layer 7)
Encapsulation
Application messages created by the application layer are passed to a “production line” of the lower
layers, where each layer adds its relevant information, encapsulating the data with the layer header.
By the end of the encapsulation process, the encapsulated data is transmitted on the wire.
7 Application Data
4 Transport L4 Data
3 Network L3 L4 Data
2 Data Link
L2 L3 L4 Data
1 Physical 110100101010110110100101011111010100101100111010101101101011001010010100
PDUs – Protocol Data Units
Each layer is associated with different protocols, PDUs, addresses, and devices.
Data Application Message
Application
Port Number
TCP Data Transport Segment/Datagram
Logical Address
IP TCP Data Internet Packet
Ethernet IP TCP Data Data Link Frame Physical Address
1100101011011001010111110110010100100 Physical bits
11
Network Topology Icons
Network Cloud Storage Firewall Server
L3
Compute Switch L3 Switch Router
Outline
Summary
What is a Network?
Network Components
Networking Requirements
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Examine Your Knowledge 1
Drag and drop the correct characteristics of each of the models.
TCP/IP Model OSI Model
DoD standard ISO standard
4-layer model 7-layer model
Provided with a suite of protocols Protocol-independent standard
Used on the Internet Describes generic network architecture
Examine Your Knowledge 2
What is data encapsulation?
A. The process of adding extra information at each layer of the OSI model while information flow
from one host to another host.
B. The process of breaking down the different functionalities of network communication into
layers, in order to make communication easier.
C. The process that specify how data is packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received.
