ON 330 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEMp NUMERICAL METHODS - 2 I 0 [Common to all the streams in II Semester] 10.1 | Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Consider a differential equation of first order and first degree in the form “ = F(3,y) with the initial condition y(x,) = yy, thatis ¥ = Yy atx = x ax This problem of finding y is called an initial value problem. We discuss five numerical methods for solving an initial value problem, In these numerical methods, we compute y (x) in the neighbourhood of the value of 'x,. Equivalently, we compute y (x, +/) where / is small enough. Lesser the value of h, results in greater the accuracy of y(x, +/). 10.2] Taylor’s series method d Consider the initial value problem : i = f(xy) and y(x,) = y,. The solution y (x ) is approximated to a power series in (x—x,) using Taylor's series. Then we can find the value of y for various values of x in the neighbourhood of x, We have Taylor's series expansion y ( x ) about the point x, in the form : ; (z-%, 7. , xx), ¥(X) = y (x, )+(x—x, )y'(x,) + a v(x) + Ee y (xy) te 2 Here y'(x,), y"(x,),--- denote the value of the derivatives oy. Ix a at x, which can be found by making use of the data.— 1 YEAR ENGG: MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 331 WORKED PROBLEMS ja] Use Taylor's series method to find y at x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 considering terms upto ine third degree given that w =x'+y? and y(0)=1, [Dec 18] & Taylor's series expansion of y (x ) is given by ye) = 8422 IY (4) + ED” x, FY yr) By data, %) = 0,y, =1 and y' =x? +y? y(x) = ¥(0 exy()+ FY (0+ yO ) --@) We need to compute y'(0),y"(0),y"(0). Consider, y'=x>+y? ; y'(0)= 07 +[y(0)P =0+1=1 Differentiating y' w.r.t x we have, y” = 2x4 2yy' ; y" (0) = (2)(0)+2-y(0)-y'(0) = (2)(1)(1) = 2 Differentiating y"w.r.t x we have, y= 2+2Lyy"+(y' VP] 5 y"(0) = 24+2[(1)(2) +P] = 8 Substituting these values in (1) we have, 2 3 3 yOr)e Tere 2428 a Leet wi @ This is called as Taylor's series approximation upto the third degree and we need to put x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 in the same. Thus we obtain, : y(01) =140.14(0.1) + uo -[Lan3) Similarly on substituting x = 0.2 and 0.3 in (2), we obtain, v( 507, y(0.3)332 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEM [2] Find y at x = 1.02 correct to five decimal places given dy = (xy -I)dy and y = 2 at x = 1 applying Taylor's series method. ® Taylor's series expansion is given by VOX) = yay) (= lH) ED (a) SSE yey, d By data, x,=1,y, =2 and y' = fe =xy-1 Since the number of derivatives for approximation is not Specifically mentioned, we shall have the approximation upto third degree. -1y -1) vo) = ¥en FS yay FP yay oy Consider, y’ = xy-1 oy (Qe) at oa y =xy'+y > y’ (A)=(1)(1)+2 = 3 y= xytyty ¢ y(1)=(1)(3)4141=5 To find y (1.02 ), we shall substitute these values along with x = 1.02 in (1), Thus, y(1.02) = 2.02061 [3] From Taylor's series method, find y (0.1) considering upto fourth degree term dy if y (x) satisfies the equation 7 = x-y’,y(0)=1. (x-x,) : Sat yl (xy) + AST (5) 4 © yx) = ylx,)+(e-x,)¥ @)+ Gay By data, x,=0,y,=1y=x-y : : i Y(x) = y(O)#xy'(0) + Fy" (0) +579" (0) + yO (0) +.) Consider, y' = x-y? ; y (0) =0-12 =-1 y’=1-2yy ; y’ (0) =1-(2)(1)(-1) =3 y" =0-2[yy'+(y'P]s y" (0) =~2[(1)(3)+(-1P ] = -8 (a) = y) =-2[ yy" +y"y' + 2y'y"] = -2[ yy" +3y'y" ] (fourth derivatiee)_ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHE gAR-E ME 333 — (0) = = 2E) (8) #(3)(-1)(3)] = 34 find Y (0.1 ), we shall substitute these values along with x = 0.1 in (1) y(0a) = 1+(0.1)(~1)4 OF (3)+ Cos 8)+ (ay a (34) Thus, y(0.1) = 0.9138 [a] Use Taylor's series method to obtain a power series in (x-4) for the equation obey P-2=0; x,=4,y, =1 and use it to find y at x = 4.1, 4.2, 43 cor 2 to four decimal places. © Taylor's series expansion is given by U(x) = 9(4)#(0=3,)y (2, ) +E yrs, ya Since x, = 4, ¥, = 1 by data, the series becomes vx) =y(4) +(x 4)y'(4) 4 FED y (aye 0) Consider, 5xy'+y*-2 = 0 Substituting the initial values we obtain, [ Note: y/ = y'(x) ] (5)(4)y'(4)+12-2=0 or 20y'(4)=1; y'(4) = 1/20 = 0.05 Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x , S[xy"+y']+2yy' = 0 [ Note: y'= y"(x)] Substituting the initial values and the value of y'(4) we have, 5[4y"(4) +0.05]+(2)(1)(0.05) =0 or y” (4) = -0.0175 Since the value of the second derivative itself is small enough we shall approximate Taylor’s series as in (1) upto second degree terms only. Substituting these values in (1) we have, y(x) = 1+ (2=4)(0.05) +2547 (_0.0175) We now find y (4.1), y (4.2) and y (43) font this expression. 097, y(4.3) Thus,a 334 I YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEMp yee) [5] Use Taylor's series method to find y (4.1) given that Gy ~ 37 4 andy (4) =4. [Dec 17, * The given DE is (x +y)y=1;%) =4= 4 Indirect diferentiation as in the previous problem is to be carried out once ang on substitution of the relevant values we obtain y'(4) = -005, y"(4) = -0.020125. Substituting in the Taylor's series we get[y (4.1) 049 [6] Use Taylor's series method to solve y' = x? + y in the range 0| 336 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEy9, WORKED PROBLEMS di 5 [8] Given a aitty =2atx=1, find the approximate value Yat X= 14 by taking step size h = 0.2 applying modified Euler's method. [Dec 18, Sep 20] ‘* The problem has to be worked in two stages. I Stage : x= Ly, = 2 f(xy) =1+(y/x), h = 0.2 X= 4x, t+h = 1.2, y(x,)=y, = y(1.2)=? 3 f(x, -¥,) =1+(2/1) =3 We have Euler's formula: y!°) = y, +h f (x, /¥) +) y = 2+(0.2)(3) =2.6 Further we have modified Euler’s formula : y= tly 1Yy) + F(x, -¥)] £.Q yf? = 2+(0.1)[3+(14 yl /x, )]= 2+(0.1)[4 + 2.6/1.2] = 2.6167 Next approximation y\”) i is gotjust by replacing the value of y\”) inplaceof y\"), Now, y@) = 2+(0.1)[4+2.6167/1.2] = 2.6181 y® = 2+(0.1)[4+2.6181/1.2] = 2.6182 ; y® = 2.6182 = (12) Il Stage : We repeat the process by taking y (1.2) = 2.6182 as the initial condition. x, = 1.2, y, = 2.6182 ; f(x,,y,) = 1+(y,/x,) = 3.1818 x, =, +h =14, y(x,) =y,= y(1.4) = From (1), y\° = 2.6182 + (0.2)(3.1818) = 3.2546 From (2), y{”) = 2.6182 +(0.1)[3.1818 + (1+ y /x,)] ie, —_-y(") = 2.6182 + (0.1) [ 4.1818 + 3.2546/1.4] = 3.2689 y = 2.6182 +(0.1)[ 4.1818 + 3.2689/1.4] = 3.2699 yl?) = 2.6182 +(0.1)[ 4.1818 + 3.2699/1.4] = 3.2699 699 Thus, y(1.4)| YEAR- ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 337 Remark : Observing the successive values, two ste ps in the modi ‘ Best ildneairalp tr PS in the modified Euler's method = 3x+ Ay with dx 2 0.1. Perform three iterations at each step. @ We need to find y (0.2 ) by taking h = 0.1 This implies that the problem has to be done in two stages. I Stage : By data x, = 0, Vy [9] Using modified Euler's method find Yat x =02 given “Y = ingh= y(0) 1 taking h [Dec 17, Sep 20] =Lh = OL f(x,y) = 3x+(y/2) F(%)1 Yo) = 0.5, x, =x,+h=01; Y(%,) = y, = y(0.1) =? From Euler's formula : y‘°) = Yy +h (x,,y,) we obtain, yy” = 1+(0.1)(0.5) = 1.05 ; Next by modified Euler's formula, h — =H BLP H+ F(x, 99] = 1+24lo53., +4 | (0) y= 14005[05+3(01)+!2"| = 1.06625 The second iterative value is got simply by replacing y!" by yi”. y =14 0.05/08 cd = 1.0667 ; 'y(0.1)= 1.0667 U Stage: Now, let x, = 0.1, y, = 1.0667 13 Wehave, f(x,y) =3x+(y/2); f(%»¥) = 3(0.1) + O07 = 0.83335 X= x, +h =0.2 5 y, = y(x,) = y(0.2) =? From Euler's formula : y = 1.0667 + 0.1(0.83335) = 1.15 Next, from modified Euler’s formula, (0) y\) = 1.0667 + 24 oss + 3x, we] (0) y = 1.0667 + 0.05| 0.83335 +3(0.2) | = 1.16711 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 167 y(02)= yy” 1 1.0967 +0.05[1.49335 +7] -[1.167545] 338 [10] Using modified Euler's method find y (0.1 ) correct to. four decimal places solving the equation a =x-y?, y(0) =1 taking h = 0.1 Dune 19] By data x,=0,y,=1h = 0.1, f(x) =x-y -1,x, =x +h =0.1; (4) =% = y(0.1) =? eo f(%)1 My) =O-V = From Euler's formula: y!°) = y, th f (% We have modified Euler's formula, 5 Y,) we obtain, y =0.9 yO =¥,+ ELF (% 1 Vy) F(% 2 ¥O)] 0.1 2 yoo= 14 Tax, (i) ] = 1+0.05[-0.9-(0.9)*] = 0.9145 y (01) = 7 =1+0.05[-0.94(0,9145 y ] =10.9132 [11] Using modified Euler's method find y ( 20.2) and y ( 20.4) given that d fe a tog,(3 } with y (20) = 5 taking h = 0.2 [June 17] * We shall first compute y ( 20.2) and use this value to compute y (20.4) I Stage: By data x,= 20,y,=5 and h = 0.2 f(~y)= tog,(3 Ji Ff (%7 Yo) = 10g,, (4) = 0.6021 x, =x, +h =20.2; y(x,)=y, = y(20.2) =? Euler’s formula: y\ = y,+hf(x,/¥)) i yi” = 5.1204 Next by modified Euler’s formula, 9) = yt ELF (2 Had Fa OY]Pe ygaR- ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 339 1 ' 0.2 i x, yl = 545°] 0.6021 + log al rs 1 20.2 y= s+0.4{ 0.6021 +t08,.( 223) = 5.1198 (2) 20.2 7 y(20.2)= 0 = 5 +04{ 0.6021 + 1og,,( 202, =([5.1198 II stage : Now, let x, = 20.2, y, = 5.1198 x f(uy) = 108.) Ff (%) 1 ¥,) = 0.5961 x= x, th =20.4, y(x,) =y, = y(20.4) =? By Euler's formula, y,”” = 5.1198 + (0.2) (0.5961) = 5.239 Now by modified Euler's formula, 0.2 % yl? = 5.1198 + 83 [oss +1og,, (zs) ; 20.4 yo) = 5.1198 + oa[o.s961 + 1o8,6( 2945)| = 5.2384 20.4 (2) ys = y(204)= yf = 5.1198 +0. 05961 +108,( 224] =|5.2385 a [12] Use modified Euler's method to solve <* = x +|y | in the range 0 < x < 0.4 by taking h = 0.2 given that y = 1 at x = 0 initially. [June, 17, Dec 18, Feb 21] © We need to compute y (0.2) and y (0.4) with h = 0.2 IStage : By data x, = 0, y, = 1, f(xy) =x+yy,h = 0.2 where the modulus sign indicates that we have to take only the positive value of Jy. Fx, yy) = 04+V1 = 1. x, = x, +h = 0.2 5 ¥(x,) = ¥, = Y(02) =? Euler's formula: y{? = y, +h f (x, Yq.) gives y,° = 121 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHE\y 340 | We have ee Euler's formula, | up? = 9, ALL Oe Mod FO yy] = 14S x, + ¥") | eerie (0. a) = yl? = 1401/12 + VE-2295 I = | Il Stage : Now, let x, = 0.2, Yo = 1.2309 Sey) = xt ly i f(% Yo) = 0.2 + V1.2309 = 1.3095 x, =a, th =04; y(X aH = (0.4) =? V0.4) = 1.5254 Proceeding as before, A ry | [13] Use modified Euler's method to compute y ( 0.1 ) given that deck wey, | y (0) = 1 by taking h = 0.05 considering the accuracy upto two approximations i in each step. [Feb 21] | ® We need to compute y ( 0.05 ) first and use this value to compute y (0.1). | Proceeding as in earlier problems we can obtain[y (0.05 ) = 1.0513] and subsequently[y ( 0.1 ) = 1.1055 | 10.4] Runge-Kutta method of fourth order | Consider the initial value problem 4 a = f(xy) Y(%)) = Yq | We need to find y(x, +/t), where h is the step size. We have to first compute k, ,k, ,k,-k, by the following formulae. k, K=hf (x04) 7 k= n(x shy, +4) h k. k= =a g(x, +8 4+) i KARL (x th, yy +k) i 1 The required y(x, +h) HW rE lk, + 2k, + 2k, +k,) feet as= pAR- ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 341 pyEAR-E WORKED PROBLEMS dy / ua] Given ee = 3x +5 ~,y(0) =1, compute y (0.2) by taking h = 0.2 using Runge-Kutta method of A order. [Feb 21] \ o By data, flny)= 3x45, x, 20) y= 1, b= 0.2 We shall first compute k, rk, pk, k,. b= hf (1%) = (02) f(0,1) = (02)]3x0+5]= 0. k, w= s(% why +B) = (02) s(0+%2, 1492) k= (0.2) f (0.1, 1.05) = (0.2)[3x01+ 2 1 =ng{ xy+b yy +8) = (02)s( 0-92 14235) = 0.165 = 0.16825 k,= (0.2) f (0.1,1.0825) = (0. 2)[9x0. 14 1:0825 Be] k= Wf (xy 4M, Yy thy) = (0-2) f (0.2,1.16825) 1.16825) 2 = (0.2)]3%02+ = 0.236825 1 We have, ¥(x, +1) = Yo t E(k, + 2k, + 2k, +k) Thus, y(0.2) =1 +2 (0.1 +2%0.165 4 2.x 0.16825 + 0.236825) ral d [13]. Use fourth order Runge-Kutta method to sotve, (x+y) 5% = Ly (0-4) = 1 at x = 0.5 correct to four decimal places. [Aug 21] di il * We have, fae and y =1atx=04342 I YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEM,: 0 stGy) = — ee, 2 0.4, y, = 1, y(0.5) =? vey Here, x, +1 = 0.5 2h = 0.5-x, = 0.5-0.4 = 0.1 We shall first compute k, ,k, -k, /k, + k, = Wf (xy) = (0:1) (04,1) = (0-1) = 0.0714 k 0.1, 0.0714 k, =ns(a+by, +} =Conrs(ass Sas 204) 1 k, = (0-1) f (0.45,1.0357) = onl aes = 0.0673 h k k, = g(a, ety +4) = (0.1) f (0.45, 1.03365) 1 = (0.1)| 1 ___ | = 0.0674 % 01) sari asses | k,= If (x,+I, y,+k,) = (0-1) f(0.5,1.0674) k= onl ata = 0.0638 0.5+1.0674 a We have, 9%) +h) = yy + E(k, + 2k, + 2k, +k,) 1 Thus, ¥(0.5) = 1+ <[ 0.0714 + 2(0.0673) + 2(0.0674 ) + 0.0638] =[1.0674 [16] Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order, find y (0.2 ) for the equation dy _ y-x , de 7 yee’ YO) = 1 taking h= 02. [Dec 17, June 18] @ By data, f(x,y) = ae =0,y,=Lh=02 We shall first compute k, ,k, ,k, ,k,.er - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 343 1 YEA! j1-0} “a hf (x, Yo) = (0.2) (0,1) = (0.2)| = 0.2 ( h . k= hf| m5 Ye = (0.2) f (0.1,1.1) = 0.1667 (_ oh ) : kahf lat 5. = (0.2) f (0.1,1.0835) = 0.1662 k= hf (xy +h, yy£k) = (0.2) F(0.2,1.1662) = 01414 y(x,+h) = +2 (k, +2h, 2K, +K,) ; 5 1679 [17] Use fourth order Ruenge-Kutta method fo find y at x= 0.1 given that AY = 30 +2y,y(0) =0 and h = 02. [Sep 20] © By data, f(x,y) = 3e%+2y, x, =0,¥, =0,h = 01 We shall first compute k, ,k, ,k, -k,. k= Nf (x,, ¥p) = (0-1) f(0,0) = (0.1)[ 3e° + 2x0] = 0.3 h k k= nls +57 % +4) = (0.1) f (0.05,0.15) = 0.3454 k k= ng {x +4, ¥% +) = (0-1) f (0.05,0.1727) = 0.3499 k= f(x, +h, y,+k,) = (0-1) f(0.1,0.3499) = 0.4015 1 y(x,+h) = Yt Gk + 2k, + 2k +R) re y (0.1) = 0.3487 ; a [18] Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order solve SY ty = 2x at x= 1.1 J x given that y = 3 at x = 1 initially. © Weave, 44 = Ge 7 DEY AU Me = 3eee ee er 344 f(y) = 2x-y x tha Td ch 01 We shall first compute ky -k, ky ky ke WPM) = OAL) (0.1)[ 2(1) -3] = -0.1 el 04) | k, nalssetine) (0.1) f(1.05,3 5) = 0.085 k 0.085) _ ks nila rein | = (0.4) f (1.05,3-°5° = ~0.08575 k= Wf (x4 hy yg thy) = (0-1) f (11,3 ~ 0.08575) = -0.071425 WC, +h) =, + 2k, #2, + 2h, +k) sf yA) = 2.9745 [19] Solve : (y? -x?)dx= (y? +x?) dy for x = 0.2 given that y = 1 at x =0 initially, by applying Runge-Kutta method of order 4. [June 17] dy y-x = _ * Wehave Ge yyy?! x,=0,y, =1,h = 0.2 This problem is similar to [16]. On computation we obtain k, = 0.2, k, = 0.1967 = k,, k, = 0.1891 and finally [y (0.2) = 1.196 EXERCISE Apply modified Euler's method to solve the following initial value problems by considering the accuracy upto two approximations in every step. dy 1. Fe = ~4¥°,y(0) = 2. Compute y (0.2) by taking h = 0.1 dy 2 4 = x+y y(0) = 1. Compute y (0.2 ) by taking h = 0.1 Use fourth order Runge-Kutta method to solve the following initial value problems. dy oe x+y*,y(0) = 1. Compute y (0.2 ) by taking h = 0.1 dy 4, ~~ = xy,y(1) =2. Compute y ( 1.2 ) by taking h = 0.2. dxre p- ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 345 1yeA ANSWERS 27 3. 1.2736 4. 2.4921 1,193 2. 1.24: (i03) Milne’s Predictor and Corrector method In this method the value of y at a desired value of x is estimated from a set : four values of y corresponding to four equally spaced values of x. 0 The four values may be readily available or be generated using the given initial condition by Taylor's series method. d consider the DE: y' = = = f (*,y) witha set of 4 pre determined values of yy) = YoY (4) = ¥,¥(%) = y, and y(x,) = y,. x2 X,/%,/%,/%, are equidistant values with width h. x, = x, +h Predictor and Corrector formulae to compute y(x,) =y, are as follows. + Milne’s predictor and corrector formulae ah ye Be toe YW? = ot FAV, + 2V) Je (Predictor formula) yo syst Fey, +4y t+ yl)... (Corrector formula) Working procedure for problems * We first prepare the table showing the values of y corresponding to four equidistant values of x and the computation of y' = f(x,y). * We compute y, from the predictor formula. + We use this value of y,to compute y’ = f(x,,y,) * We apply corrector formula to obtain the corrected value of Ver Note : The process can be continued till we get consistency in two consecutive values FY.nae 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 Sch WORKED PROBLEMS [20] Given that au = x-¥? and the data y(0) = 0-y(0.2) = 0.02, i 0.1762. Compute y (0.8) by applying Milne’s my, [June 18, Sep 20, re 3 table using the given data which is essenti dictor and corrector formulae. ally y(0.4) =0.0795, y (0-6) = @ We prepare the following required for applying the pre Tr ; 2 x y VY AT! x =0 y,=9 [Mr vein? x, = 0.2 y, = 0.02 y,, = 0.2-(0.02)? = 0.1996 x, =04 | y, = 0.0795 yl, = 0.4- (0.0795)? = 0.3937 x, =0.6 y, = 0.1762 y,, = 0.6-(0.1762)* = 0.5689 x, = 0.8 y, =? We have the predictor formula : y{"” = Yq + a 2y,-y, +2y) 4(0.2 yf = 0+ ( )[2(0.1996) ~ 0.3937 + 2( 0.5689) ] = 0.3049 3 Now, yy), = x,—y2 = 0.8- (0.3049)? = 0.707 c he Od Next we have the corrector formula: ¥,°) = ¥, +3 (¥s *4¥5 + ¥,) ; 0.2 y(08)= 4 = 0.0795 + ==[ 0.3937 + 4(0.5689) + 0.707 | = [0.3046 [21] Apply Milne’s method to compute y (1.4) corrector to four decimal places given d a =x +f and following data : y (1) = 2 y (11) = 2.2156, y (1.2) = 2.4649, y (13) = 27518 @ First we shall prepare the following table.Yr jq_ PNGG, MATHS - 2022 SCLEME yPAR 347 2.2156 = 2.3178 —_| x, = 1.2 y, = 2.4649 y, = (1.2) 4 2.4649 _ 9 67245 ee y, = 2.7514 y, = (1.3)? + 2.7514 _ 3.0657 y Ait x= 14 y, =? ; thy aN We have HQ" = Yo +3 (2y, ~ Ys +25) y= 24 400-1) (2 (2.9178) - 2.67245 +2 (3.0657)} = 3.0793 Hence, y= x74 " = (1.4) +2088 = 3.49965 Now consider, y{") = y, + Boyt +4y) +y) eyl) y(14)= yi = 2.4649 + ot 2.67245 + 4( 3.0657 ) + 3.49965] =! 3.0794) 122] Use Taylor's series method (upto third derivative term) to find y at d X= 01,02, 03 given that Sh =x? + with y(O) = 1. Apply Milue's predictor-corrector formulae to find y (0.4) using the generated set of initial values, Referring to Problem - [1], we have obtained y ( 0.1 ) = 1.1113, ¥ (0.2) = 1.2507, y (0.3 ) = 1.426. Using these values along with y (0) = 1 'nitially, we prepare the following table.1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHty, | Mp 348 - I y | yrxrry? x =0 y,=1 ya Or =1 x, =01 y, = 1.1113 y, = (0.1) +(1.1113) = 1945 EED2 y, = 1.2507 y, = (0.2)? + (1.2507)? = 1 egg r =03 y, = 1.426 y,, = (0.3) + (1.426) = 2.1935 x, =04 y=? y,"! = 1.6844 on substitution in the predictor formula. Hence, yi =x +y? = (0.4)? + (1.6844 y = 2.9972 y (0.4 .6872] on substitution in the corrector formula. [23] The following table gives the solution of Sxy' + y* ~ 2 =0. Find the value of y x=4.4.using Milne's predictor and corrector formulae. Use the corrector formula twice. a x] 4] 41 | 42 | 43 y | 1 | 1.0049]1.0097 [1.0143 Dune 17 Fi = By data y' = 2=¥" and the relavent table is prepared. We prepare the following table. eave x = y os pea y,=1 y = 222 _ 005 ° 9 5x4 x =41 y, = 1.0049 y, = 27 (2.0049)" 9 o48s “hk 1 5x41 fe 2 x, =42 y, = 1.0097 y, = 2= 0.0097)" ~ 0.0467 5x42 2 yz 2-022) = 0.0452 xee :NGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 349 yEAR-E ceeding as earlier, we get yy = 1.0561; y, = 0.0402 and further 10 joel .0186. Applying the corrector formula once again we get the required 1 —q1)= 1.0187] yA) 10187. yGsaes) di x oy If 2 = 2e"—y, y(0) = 2,y(0.1) = 2.010, y(0.2) = 2.040 and (0.3) = 2.090, find y (0.4) using Milne’s method. [Dec 17, Aug 21] * We prepare the following table. x y y' = 2e-y x, =0 y, =2 yi, = 20-2 =0 s x, =01 | y, = 2.010 y, = 2e 2.01 = 0.2003 x, = 0.2 y, = 2.040 ¥, = 20°? ~2.04 =0.4028 x, = 0.3 y, = 2.090 y, = 2e°* ~2.09 = 0.6097 x, =04 y, =? Substituting in the Milne’s predictor formula, (P) = 2+ 40-9010 (0.2003) - 0.4028 + 2(0.6097)] = 2.1623 Now y) = 2e™ — 2.1623 = 0.8213 Next, by substituting in the corrector formula, ¥(04)= yl = 2.044 220.4028 +4(0.6097)+0.8213] = 2.1621 Thusly (0.4) = 2.1621350 ‘ I YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCH, EXERCISE Given “y +xy? =0 and the following table, compute ¥ (08) using Milne’s method. x 0 02 | 04 0.6 y 2 1921 [1.7241 | 1.4706 Use Taylor's series method to obtain the solution as a power series iny dy ae Using this, generate the values of y corresponding to x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 correct to four decimal places. Then apply Milne’s predictor- corrector formulae to compute y at x = 0.8. (upto the third derivative terms) given that —~+y? = x,y(0) =0 ANSWERS 1. 1.22 2. 0.3046