Module - 1 a Numerical Methods - 1 < [aa] Numerical Solution of Ora; Order and First Degree "#"Y Differentiay aie ” NS Of First We have studied various analytical ( the equations, applicable only to equations e7etieal) meth equations arising out of many physical problose a” some times analytical solation may not even eenes degree of accuracy. 1.2] Numerical methods for initial value Problems Consider a differential equation of first order and first degree in the § n the forr dy i initi Fe a = f(x,y) with the initial condition ¥(%) = Yy thatis y = Yo at x= This problem of finding y is called an initial value problem, We discuss several numerical methods for come ay initial value problem 1.21] Taylor's series method onsider the initial value problem : eee f(xy) and y (25) = 4g he solution y (x) is approximated to a power series in (x — Xq) using Tay ries. Then we can find the value of y for various values of x inthe neighbour at 0° , lehave Taylor's series expansion of y(x) about the point x, in the form: (=F = Salat Y= y(%q) + (x-29) (XQ) + at Y ktade 39 (%)ENGINEERING MA THEMA Tig ¥ z beets OU ay .. denote the value of the derivatives yy’ ge’ Here y’(%), y"(%) + data. found by ma WORKE! king use of the D PROBLEMS x = 0.1, 02,03 considerits at xp which can be ig terns UPLO the {ise Taylor’s series method to. find yat dy _ 2+ and y(0)=1 third degree given that 7 PreloniGky/(=))J8 sven BY, “Taylor's series exP (x-%) (2-%)) tx,) + (-%)¥ (70) + 2 — 9" (%q)* 31 9 (CH) Fo B= 0, Yo= 1 Bet x toh --@) 3 (x)= y(0)+xy"(O) + y”(0) + A (0) Become y/(0), y” (0), y” (0). yar sy i y(oy=8+ly(oyp=0+1=1 fing y’ wrt. x we have, z wa2x+2yy’ i + y7(0) = (2)(0) + 2-y(0)-¥'(O) =(2)(1)1) =2 jating y” wart. x we have, ee 2 yy WF y” (0) =2+2[(1)(2)+ V1 =8 Substituting these valucs in (1) we have, e x 3 : ee tio? ts * ene ot 3 his is called as T: ut x = aylor’s series approximati ; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 in the same. eee the third degree and we need to aecaliNOinetinine MATHEMATIO9 YOO TR waped 7 Differentiating (2 Wants x ¥'(Qeeyry * (2 ey? wo Substituting the initial values and the value of wv’ (4) wehave, 0.05 [(2)(4) + OOS] % [42 w APY" Ca) @ 0 ie, 0.05 (8 + 0.05) + 20y"(4) 0 ie, 0.4025 + 20y” (4) & O Sy" (4) = -0.020125 We observe that the value of the derivatives are small enough and the third degre ie la also be neglected. Substituting these values in (1 ) for computing y (4.1 or yh) i © 108 (ata)? & ¥ (AL) = 44 (41-4) (005) + (+ 0.020125 ) Thus) y(41) = 40049 isnt 6. Use Taylor's series method tosolve y’ = x° + y in the range 0.€ x € 0.2 by takin, step size h = 0.1 given that y = 10 at x = 0 initially considering terms upto th fourth degree . >> In this problem, since the step size is specified as 0.1, the problem has to be don ‘in two stages. We have to first find: y( 0.1) and use this as the initial condition t compute y (0.2). ‘Taylor's series expansion is given by Cx =X - Y(XY = YC XQ) + (em ay IY" Ody) FE gag) (=a)? (x=xy)" oo fie Age yada: +f ot TStage: By data y’ = x7 + y, x = 0, yy = 10 y'(0)=0 +10=10 or y’(0)= 10 Differentiating y’ w.r.t.x successively we have; y"s&wry’ i 9 (O) = (2)(0) + y’ (0) = 0 + 10 = 10 y”=2+y” rf yy” (O)=2+y"(0) = 24 = 12 ve = 3” p y""(O) = 12 meean We OF ey HOR) = 910) © Org -4o, , CHI? - w7tey oy Cf ofr, (oy Ey oy = 10 + (02510 , OF ones we 09 + OM aay i The 900.2) = 11.05205 ~ a1.055 Stage : Now taking % = 04 wreway * Mg = 11082 we have y'(O1) = (O17 + 1082) = Thee ° > y°ewey” sy (o1y = 2¢01)+11082 = 1882 eT ese” 3 y™ (62) = 24 1198 = 19.262 grease cy tea) = 13292 With x = 0.2 and x) = 0.1, (1) becomes (02) = y(01) + (01)y’ taths 2 Oty” (01) anes 3 0.0001 + y” (01) + 2A y” (OL) t ).0001 = 11.0524 (0.1) (11.062) + 924 (11.262) + 9001 (13.262) + oe (13.262 y(0.2) = 12.216776 = 12.2168 Employ Taylor's series method to find y at x = 0,3uil 0:2 correc to four place teat in step size of 0.1 given the linear differential equation — 2y = 3e* whose solution passes through the origin. Also find y (0.1) and <2 ty enka onl By data, y’ = 2y+3e* and y(0) = 0. That is x) = 0 Yo = _ or’s series expansion is given by : Ke (opts 20)¥" (yes eaan: gn), .tep-1: We shall compute y (0.1) Eato)+ae = 2 Consider = 2y+3e y/(0) Rey erg, y7coyts m2 (aes =" y= 2y"43e yo) = 2(9)+3 = 21 From (1) we have, Bicep cory'coy2 S022 cor! age) by considering terms upto third degree. Further we have y(01) = 0+(01)3+2% (99+ (21) Thus (0.1) = 0.3485 Step -2: We shall compute y (0.2) Consider y” = 2y+3e* and let eae Yo = 0.3485 Now y’(0.1) = 2y(0.1)+3e"" y/ (0.1) = 4.0125 y= 2y'43e y7(O1) = 2(4.0125) +32" ad y” m= Dy 4 BE 5 y (OL) = 211.3405) + 3-27 5 G0) Jando We have from (1) aaa y (01) y(02) = y(01)+(0.1) y’ (01) +o y’ (0.1) yee) = o2sss (01) cooizs) +92 (x13400)+9 2" (25.9965 ) Thus (0.2) = 0.8108 Solution by analytical method ad 2y = 3" is of the form 2 py =Q where =O = sen olution : yelPax = foclPa dxte go ?* = fae o* dee ca =-3ée*+c or y = -3e*+ce** is the general solution.a AUMERICAL METHODS sy Applying the condition y (4 ) ye ee the genet solition Vecomen Ge-Ste w@ cag Qe yes(eMoory y he betting scan Thus yCO.1) = 0.3487 ang ; (02) 80.143 By the analytiest method, I Taylor's series & erie figure if Y eatiapeeetath ihe valives of y ab x = 0.1 (0.1) 03 to four y = lwhenx = 0 taking the fist five ert Ye =—~xy given that y’ = 05 and Taylor's series expansion. => Taylor's series expansion is Biven by “ ee gl 2 %OP TERY = y (39) + (x35) y (x) # a 9” Cx) -- - OD Gydaa, y= ay Mecc, . oo. ecyeus, Consider. -y” = ~xy % CO) =0 t Gy say YO =-xy"-2yr y” =axy’-y poy 2-1 Fromy.(1), fhe 'first five terms of the Taylor’s Series expansion is given by a ee ee hy 6 Pavey (0)+xy/(0)+5, w"one & ercnss, JPM Now, g(01) 00D — 0.0001 1+ (01) (05)-222 ., 20004 = 1.0498 , 0.008 _ 0.0016 y(02) - = 14(02) (05)=°%8 « laa roe oo 0.027 g(03) = 1+(0.3) CO Y(O1) = 1.0498, y(0.2) = 1.0986, y(03) = 11452IRICAL_ METHODS « 1 h WY = ¥ +3 [Fox ‘OY Mg) EE viOy| HW 9a [Mo Ws seep] , yf ay * : [Fx 4%) * Fay?) Biles corected values’ eproy aon i tier san she preceding onan, They eo ‘called as Euler’s predictor and COMO Re Euler's formula jointly are also 1ulae. WORKED PROBLEMS a ¥v 1 . Meret ye ys eC a x’ ¥ = 2 ate = 1, find the approximate value of y atx = 14 by taking step size h =0.2 applyin: i ne 5; 8 Modified Euler's method. Also find the value of y at x= 12and1.4 from the analytical Solution of the equation. a i >> The problem has to be worked in two stages. SEBS PX = WY = 2) F(a PS 1 4 yxy WS 02 ap 3 sp y= 1.2, y(%q) = y, =y(12) =? Now, - f(%y¥9) = 1 + (2/1) =3 We have Euler’s formula : y{) = Yo + hf (xy Yo) =.) yf = 2 + (02)(3) = 26 Further we have modified Euler’s formula: h 0 : YEP = + 5 [Fo Hp) + ovyt »| “3 = 2+ (01) [3 #¢1 + ¥6x,)} = 2+ (01) [4+ y121 =2+(01) [4+2.6/1.2] 2h: t. yf) = 2.6167 4 ie ae ‘ i Nextapproximation yi? is got just by replacing the value of y; ie 1) in place of y{° Now, yy ant (0.2) 4 + 2.6167/1.2] = 2.6181 xENGINEERING’ Kay . 3 Cea gf e24-002)q8 + 2G18171.2} =(2.6182. Also {4 Thus y (1.2) 2x7 WStage: We repe, = Zig, ‘at the process by taking-y (1.2) = 2.6182 as thé initial cond % = 1.2, yy = 26182 ; F(%y¥p) = 1 + (Yp/%p) = 3.1818 5 XN the 14, y(%) =y =y(4) =? We have from (1), yf) = 2.6182 4 (0.2) (3.1818) = 3.2546 Now from (2), yf? = 2.6182 + (01) [3.1818 + (4 ¥{7/*,)] Hy yt) = 2.6182 + (0,1) [4.1818 + 3.2546/1.4 ] = 3.2689 Y = 2°6182 + (0.1) [4.1818 + 3:268971.4] = 3.2699 Hf) = 26182 + (0.1) [4.1818 + 3:2699/1.4] = 3269 Thus y(14) = 32599 = 6:27 Now, let us find the analytical solution of the equation < This is a linear DE of fhe form ee + Py = Q whose solution is givenby ye SP > Jae fax detec Here, P=-1/x andQ=1 3 pfPae . fue as. ploge _ 1eB® = 17y Thesolution becomes, y-1/x = fut ax to \ & ¥/x = logx +o. _ Applying the initial condition hat ¥=2 atx =1 wehave, Wl=logitc «+ c=2 since log1 = 0 ‘Thesolution now becomes, \ Wx = logx + 2 oF y =x (logx + 2) ‘This is the analytical solution of the given initial value problem.INUMERIOAL METHODI 1 ——— - ee Now by putting «e120 and 1dwe obtain, VCA2) #12 Clog, 1.2 42) = 26188 vila) 1A (log, VA #2) @ S271 Solutions are labulated for comparisons se Solution ified By analytical | v0) ‘es mvethod method \ y (a) 2.0182 2.0186 \ ‘ wv (ha) 4.2099 B27 ) ——_— ——— — : Or Using modified Buler's method find y at x» 02 given a = on oy with y(O)@ 1 taking He 0.1, Perform three ierations at each step, o> We nved.to find y (0.2) by taking, I 0.1, ‘This implies that the problem has to be done in two stages. LStage : By data xy = 0, yo = Uhm Ol, f(xy) Ox + (y/2) F(X Yo) B05, x, =X +h = O4 yx) yy By (01) =? From Euler's formula: yg? = ¥y + Hf (%y Vo) we obtain yf) = 1 + (0.1) (0.5) = 1.05 We have modified Euler's formula, gf?) ey + 3 [ £090) + Fy) | (first iteration) (0) ae c ‘ (0) = 1+ 0,05 | 0.5 + 3(0.1) + a OA ett. 0.5: + 3x, + gf? =1+ 0,05 08+ Be, ye 4.0.05 |os + eh. 1,06625: ‘The second iterative value is got simply by replacing, uf (0) by 7m Thatis by replacing 1.06625 in place of 1.05Q 5 wy? = 1+ 0.05 | 08 4 106628 | = 1.0667 , yf) = 1 + 0.05 [os ' 1966 | = 1.0667 Thus y (0.1) = 1.0667 M Stage: Now, let x = 0.1, yp = 1.0667 We have f(x,y) = 3x + (y/2) x Flap, yg) = 3(0.1) + 29 = 0.83308 say th = 02; y, =¥ (4) = y(02) =? 1 From Euler's formula we obtain yf) = 1.0667 + 0.1 ( 0.83335) = 1.15 Next, from modified Euler’s formula, y, (0) 0.1 t 1 eel yf") = 1.0667 + > | 0.83335 + 9x, + 5 (0) 1 1.0667 + 0.05 | 0.83335 + 3(0.2) + -] ed) 1.0667 + 0.05 | 1.43335 + a5. |e 1.1671 1.1671 1.0667 + 0.05 | 1.43335 + a = 1.1675 " tae wl 1.1675 yf?) = 1.0667 + 0.05 [sao + | = 1.1676 Thus (0.2) = 1.1676 11. Using modified Euler’s method find y (0.2) correct to four decimal places solving a equation A =x-yy(0) =1 taking h = 01 >> We shall first compute y (0.1) and use this value to compute y (0.2) Stage: By data x= 0, yy =1,h=01, f(xy)=x-¥ fl%y Yo) = 0-7 =-1, x, =x th = 01 ¥(4) =y, =y(01) =?ie ENGINEERING Marie P ( Ay ing modified Euler's method find y( 20.2) and y (20,4) Siven that = logig (:] with y(20) = 5 taking h = 0.2 dx >> We shall first compute y (20.2) and use this value to compute ¥(204 ) TStage: By data x) = 20, yy = 5 and h = 0.2 x f(%y) =Iogig Zl 7 £%q Yo) = l0gi9(4) = 0.6021 x, +h = 20.2; ¥(%,) = y= y (20.2) =? 1 From Euler's formula: y{°) = y+ h(x yy) we obtain yf =5 + (0.2) (0.6020) = 5.1204 Next by modified Euler’s formula UP =¥%9 + 5 [Flap + Fay HO | v3 | waar (5 | wy : 6 5 +01 [om tg 22,|] «52198 (125 +01 | cam « tg (202,)] - 5.1198 I 9 (202) = 5.1198 Stage > Now,leb x, = 202; yy = S119 f(y) = login (:) i f(%y¥q) = C596D X= %y FH= 204, Y(%,) = yy =Y( 204) =? Substituting in the Euler's formala, . GL) = 5.1198 + (0.2) (0.5961NUMERICAL METHODS «1 Now by modified Buler’s formula, 02 yi) = 5.1198 + 0.5961 + logy | = 5.1198 + 0.1 | 05961 + logi9 (2s) i = 5.2384 5.1198 + 0.1 [ 03961 + logig am Zan | = 5.2385 Thus y (20.4) = 5.2385 ye AS Use modified Euter’s method to solve “= x + | Vy | inthe ranged > Weneed to compute (0.2) and y¥(04) with h = 0.2 TStage: By datax) = 0, y= 1, f(x,y) =x+ Vy, h=02 where the modulus sign indicates that we have to take only the positive value of Vy. f(%y¥) = 04+ Vi = x1 =x) +h = 02 y¥(q) = ¥ = (02) = From Euler's formula: y{°) = y, + hf(xy yg) we obtain yf =14+02(1) =12 Wehave modified Euler's formula, | yf = y+ 2 [Feo m) +9) 0.2 : 1+ y [teat 4] 1 +01 [1+ 02+ V1.2] = 1.2295 yf?) = 1+ 0.1 [1.2 + ¥1.2295] = 1.2309 yf?) =1 + 0.1 [1.2 + ¥12309] = 1.2309 Thus y(0.2) = 1.2309 UW Stage: Now let X%q = 0.2, yg = 1.2309 flay) =x + Vy 5 f(xy yp) = 02 + V12309 = 1.3095ENGINEERING tany xy 2c te THEA, “XH +heo4 v(x "Vi *y(04) =? 0 4, x) | ’ 1 174 { Substituting in the Buler’s formula. yf My = 1.2309 + 0.2 (1.3095 ) = 1.4928 Next from Modified Euler’s formula, a) 0.2 y = 12508 + | 13085 + 2, + 4} 1.2309 + 0.1 [1.3095 + 0.4 + Vi4928 | = 1.524 (2). My" = 1.2309 + 0.1 [1.7095 + i524] ano (3) _ . My” = 1.2309 + 0.1 [1.7095 + 1.5253 | = 15254 Also y{4) = 1.5954 Thus y(0.4) = 15254 a 44. Use modified Euler’s method to compute y(0.1) given that = i y(0) =1 by taking h = 0.05 considering the accuracy upto two approximati each step . >> We need to compute y (0.05) first and use this value to compute y (0.1). TStage: By datax, = 0, yy) =1, f(xy) =x +y,h = 0.05 fl%y Yo) = 0 +1 =1, x, =x) +h = 0.05 y(x,) = y, = y(0.05) =? From Euler's formula: y{°) = yy + hf (xj ¥q) we obtain yf?) = 1+ (0.05) (1) = 1.05 Next by modified Euler's formula, h WP = % +5 [fay ¥) +fayy)| Bat [trata] = 1+ 0.025 [1 + (0.05)? + 1.05] = 14981 nn 4 1AR1 — 4 ne1aNUMERYOAL METHODS «1 19 = ee —_ 2) yi?) = 1 + 0.028 [1.0028 4 1.0513) * 1.0513 Thus (0.08) = 1.0818 MWStage: Nov, let Xp = 0.05, yo = 1.0513 FOGY) =F 4 5 F%q Yo) = (0.05)? + 1.0513 = 1.0538 y= Xy th = OL, yxy) = yy = (01) =? Substituting in the Euler's formula, yf = 1.0513 + 0.05 (1.0538) = 1,104 Next from the modified Euler's formula, 0.05 yD = 1.0513 + al 0538 + x3 + yi 1.0513 + 0.025 [ 1.0538 + (0.1)? + 1.104] 1.0513 + 0,025 [ 1.0638 + 1.104] = 1.1055 i y{?) = 1.0513 + 0.025 [ 1.0638 + 1.1055] = 1.1055 Thus the required y (0.1) = 1.1055 d 15. Using Euler’s predictor and corrector formulae solve ea = x+y at x = 0.2 giv that y(0) = 1. >> Weneed to compute y (0.2) and since the step size isnot specified we shall t it to be 0.2 itself. By data we have, x) = 0, y= 1, f(sy)=x+y and h = 0.2 (assumed) Fl%y¥) =O+1 a1 x =x +h=02 y (x4) = y, = (0.2) = i We have Euler’s formula (predictor formula) yf) = yp + hf(Xy Yo) = 1+ (0.2)1 = 12 Next consider modified Euler’s formula (corrector formula)ENGINEERING MA THE MA, Se E (0) ) hn yo) + LCV f% %0 y= y+ 2 : 0 O2[ 44x, + yf ] e1+2| | 1+ 0101 + 0.2 + (1.2)) = 1.24 (2) 21401 (2+ (1.24)] = 1.244 a (3) 21401 [12+ 4,244] = 1.2444 1 yf) =1+ 01 [12 + 1.2444] = 1.24444 1 ‘Thus the required y(0.2) = 1.2444 Remark : Ifwe had worked the problem in two stages ( Taking h = 0.1) we would har got ia accurate answer. It may be noted that lesser is the step size, greater is the accun and corrector formula compute y(1.1) correct to five deci G6) using Euler's predictor ° WY - © and y = 1 at x = 1. Also find the analytical solut places given that rar eye ly dy _ Inxy > ey 2 Peo, pe Wehave f(x, y) = —>* i X= 1, Y= 1. Letustake h = 0.1 F(%- Yo) = 9, X, = xXyth=11 904) =% = y(11) =? ?rom Euler’s formula : De = Yothf(%, Yo), we obtain ae aon Ve have modified Euler’s formula, 0 h HO = ¥o43 [501 Yo) + Fl, 4] Ona ee 4 pepe 100METHODS «1 2 1=1.1(.0,995 vO) = 140.05 % et = 0.99605 3 114 (0.99605 y§® = 140.08 | + eat | = avn ¥(L1) = 0.99605 lytical Solution Ri a : +t = 8 of the form ant Py = Q where P = 1/x and Q = 1/2 ose solution is given by y efPax . Jelrae dx +c eJPax _ efl/x dx _ ea Solution : y-x = So dx +e 1 xy = logxte. Using y(1)=1, 1=logite « c=1. befitting solution isx y = logx+1 or y = 28*+1 x log (1.1) +1 low y(t) = SBCA*2 _ 9.99574 us y(11) = 0.99574 isthe analytical solution. [1.23] Runge - Kutta method of fourth order onsider the initial value problem w = £(%Y),¥ (%) = Yo. Weneed to find ¥(% + ) where It is the step size. le have to first compute k,, k,, k,, ky by the following formulae. ky =hf(Xq, Yo) h ua k, =hf Xp For Vg t h i k, = hf % + 57M ta ky = hf (% +h, yy + ky) 1 le required y(Xq +h) = yo + G Oh + ky + 2k, + ky)lultiplying with e”? we obtain, y = = 6x - 12 + ce? 1=0-R+e . c= 13 The analytical solution of the initial value problem is given by, y =-6x - 12 + 13e*”? Now by putting x = 0.2 wehave y(0.2) = -—6(0.2) —12 + 136%! = 11672219 Thus (0.2) = 11672219, by analytical method. F d 18. Use fourth order Runge-Kutta method to solve (x + y) eA x = 0.5 correct to four decimal places . Applying the initial condition that y = 1 at x = 0. the solution becomes , =1, y(04) =1 at > Wehave = = and y=1 atx =04 5G + 8°4 _—— = = 05) =? as ey) ay Xq = 04, Yo = 1- yC Here Xyth=05 &. = 05 — Xp 05 -04=01 We shall first compute ky, ky ky ky 4B k, =f (%9- Yo) = (0.1) f(04,1)= ona is i|- 0.0714 h 4) Ode eect k= hf | a+ Fo Od WE 2 "1 E = 0.0674 es ie + raw) Uh =hf (x +h, Yo + ky ) = 1) f( 05, 1.0674) = 0.0638 1 ky = (04) F045, 1.0387) = (01) (peer 0.0714 ) = 0.0673 = (0.1) f(0.45, 1.03365 )24 ENGINEERING MATHp, EM, ‘ 1 We have, y(x +) =% + e (ky + 2k, + 2k, + ky) 6 4 ) + 0.0638 | y(0.5)=1+ 5 [0074 + 2( 0.0673) + 2 (0.0674 Thus (0.5) = 1.0674 fs) Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order, dy _y-x , Benge (OD) 2 Poking = 0.2 find y (02) for the cqug >> Bydata f(xy) = To, x % = 0, Y= 1, k= 02 We shall first compute k,, ky, ky, ky- i 1-0 er aca y= (02) f(0. 1) = on | 55] 2 B h i kK=hfl%+5, +a) = (0.2) f (0.1, 1.1) 11-01 = (0.2)] ~—~ | = 0.1667 ie oa) 75 + nl , = as ( + 2 Yt eI. (0.2) f (0.1, 1.0835 ) 1.0835 - 0.1 = (0.2) | 29832 =O | os bs Bare var | cee kK =hf(%y+h +k)= (0.2) f( 0.2, 1.1662 ) 1.1662 ~ 0.2 k, = (0.2) Nae 7 al = 0.1414 Wehave, y(% +h) = Yp +2 (ky + 2ky +2ky +hy) 1 (02) =1+ < [02 + 2(0.1667) +2 (0.1662) + 0.1414 | Thus y (0.2) = 1.1679cc 25 sree wb & Use fourth order Runge-Kutta method to find y atx = 0.4 4 > given that ax 7 + 2, ¥(0) = 0 and hw O41 >> By data, f(x, y) = 3e* + 2y, Zo “Y= 90, h=01 We shall first compute kj, ky ky ky. ky = AF(%y Yo) = (0.1) F(0,0) = (0.1), 3 + 2x0] = 03 hk k. k ah = 2 2 sl ree a } = (0.1) f( 0.05, 0.15) 1 ky = (0.1) [3e° + 2(0.15)] = 0.3454 - h k, kg = hf (+ 75: Yo 2) = (0.1) f( 0.05, 0.1727) ky = (0.1) [3e> + 2(0.1727)] = 0.3499 ky = Hf (% + ht, Yo + ky) = (01) F (01, 0.3499) ky = (0.1) [3297 + 2( 0.3499) ] = 0.4015 1 Wehave, y(% +h) = Yo + 6 (ky, + 2k, + 2k + ky) 1 y(O1)=045 [03 + 2( 0.3454) + 2(0.3499) + 0.4015 | Thus y(0.1) = 0.3487 21. Use fourth order Runge-Kutta method to compute y(1.1) given that y(1)=1 >> By data f(x,y) = xy, x= Ly =1 We need to compute y(1.1). This implies that x9 h=01 +h=il We shall first compute ky, ky ky kg- k, = hf(%y Yo) ky = (OL)f(1A) = (01) LAI ANA] = 04NUMERICAL METHODS «) i ae —___n k= (01 r , “a FOAM, 2.91428) = CO) (2011) 2.91425 | Ky = =0.071425 We have, 1 YO +h) = yy 4 6 MH ah 2hy + ky) 1 v1) = 34 ra | O.1 + 2(~0.085) + 2( = 0.08975) ~ O.o71425 Thus y(1.1) = 2.9145125 ~ 2.9145 23. Using Runge-kutta method of fourth order find y (0.2) for the equation ML « Y= dx” ysx’ y(0)=1 taking h = 0.1 >> The problem has to be done in two stages. =x T Stage: f(x,y) =, x = 0, ¥=1, h=01 We shall first compute ky, k,, ky, ky. k, = hf (x, Yo) = (0.1) f(01) = cory | 9] = oa h ky k= as{ayet. wt | = (0.1) f(0.05, 1.05) 1.05 - 0.05 Ol) [ a pe h U7 is as [spe ye] = (0.1) f (0.05, 1.0455) 1.0455 — 0.05 sien) [ fe bE once ky = hf (xg +, York) = (0.1) f(01, 1.0909) 1.0909 - 0.1 e BOeO2 DH 9 0832 | 1 Wehave, y(%)+h) = Yrs (ky + 2ky + 2ky + ky) y(01) = 142 (01 + 0,182 + 0.1818 + 0.0832 ) Thus (0.1) = 1.091167 = 1.0912ey Ma =X yxy = 01 Yo = 1.0912, » 9 ty oe a ye ver chine formulae for ky, ky, ky, 5 using the ut 4 We have, = (0.1) (Ot, 1.0912) = (0-1) [i 12-04 1.0912+0.1 | = 0.0435 ke (0.1) £0.15, 1.1328 ) = 0.0766 aes = (0.1) f(0.15, 1.1295) = 0.07655 ky = (0.1) f(0.2, 1.16775 ) = 0.07075 J y(%th) = YotE (k + 2ky + 2k, +k, ) 1 y(O1+0.1) = 1.0912 +5 ( 0.0832 + 0.1532 + 0.1531 + 0.07075 Thus y(0.2) = 1.167908 ~ 1.1679 - Remark: Referring to Problem-19, the problem has been wo} and we have obtained y (0.2) = 1.1679 rked in one stage yi, 7 D4 Solve: (7-2) ax = (F422) dy for x = 0(0.2) 04 given thy ‘x = 0 initially, by applying Runge - Kutta method of order 4. 7 ae we Webave =H 29-040 ~ V- ¢ ae hall IStage: f(x, Y= 72 fe shall compute k,, ky, ky, ky. Peeycag, 3) = (02) F(9. 1) = (02)1 = 02 ae y= uifaort. Ps = (02) f(O1, 11) = 0.1967 h k k= asf sor. oa = (0.2) f(0.1, 1.0984) = 0.1967 kg = hf (xt, yotks) = (0.2) f(0.2, 1.1967) = 0.1891 i We have, y(%) +h) = YotE (ky +2ky +2ky thy) Thus y(0.2) = 1.19598 ~ 1.196