Republic of Yemen

Ministry of Higher Education

‫الجمهورية اليمنية‬
and Scientific Research ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Al-Rasheed Smart University ‫جامعة الرشيد الذكية‬

Chapter 3: Processes

Operating System Concepts – 10h Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Outline
• Process Concept
• Process Scheduling
• Operations on Processes
• Interprocess Communication

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Concept (1/3)

Program vs. Process

• A program is a passive entity such as the file that
contains the list of instructions stored on a disk always
referred to as an executable file.
• A program becomes a process when an executable file is
loaded into the memory and then becomes an active
entity.

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Concept (2/3)

• The fundamental task of any operating system is the

process management.
• Processes include not only a text but also include a set of
resources such as open files and pending signals.
Processes also contain internal kernel data, processor
state, an address space, and a data section.

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Concept (3/3)

• OS must allocate resources to processes, enable sharing

of information, protect resources, and enable the
synchronization among processes.

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Elements (1/2)

• Segments of a process represents the following

components:
➢ Text Section: the program code. This is typically read-only,
and might be shared by a number of processes.
➢ Data Section: containing global variables.
➢ Heap: containing memory dynamically allocated during run
time.
➢ Stack: containing temporary data.
• Function parameters, return addresses, local variables.

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Elements (2/2)

• Process in Memory

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 Process Control Block (PCB) (1/2)

• For better control of processes,

operating systems need to
consider their dynamic behaviors.
• Each process is represented in the
OS by a Process Control Block
(PCB).

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (1/3)

➢ Process identification information
▪ Process identifier: numeric identifiers represent the
unique process identifier
▪ User identifier: the user who is responsible for the job).
▪ Identifier of the parent process that created this process.

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (2/3)

➢ Processor state Information
▪ Process state – running, waiting, etc

➢ Program counter
▪ location of instruction to next execute
➢ CPU registers
▪ contents of all process-centric registers

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Control Block (PCB) (2/2)

• Process Control Block (PCB) (3/3)

➢ CPU scheduling information
▪ priorities, scheduling queue pointers

➢ Memory-management information
▪ memory allocated to the process
➢ Accounting information

▪ CPU used, clock time elapsed since start, time limits

➢ I/O status information

▪ I/O devices allocated to process, list of open files

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process State (1/3)

• As a process executes, it changes state

➢ new: The process is being created
➢ running: Instructions are being executed
➢ waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur
➢ ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
➢ terminated: The process has finished execution

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process State (2/3)

• Diagram of Process State

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process State (3/3)

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 Process State (3/3)

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process State (3/3)

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 Process State (3/3)

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 Process State (3/3)

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process State (3/3)

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 CPU Switch From Process to Process

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Scheduling (1/2)

• Job queue – set of all processes in the system

• Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory,
ready and waiting to execute
• Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device
• Processes migrate among the various queues

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Process Scheduling (2/2)

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Schedulers (1/2)

• Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler)

➢ Selects which process should be executed next and allocates
CPU.
➢ Invoked frequently (milliseconds) → (must be fast).
• Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler)
➢ Selects which processes should be brought into the ready
queue.
➢ Invoked infrequently (seconds, minutes) → (may be slow).
➢ Controls the degree of multiprogramming.

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Schedulers (2/2)

• Medium-term scheduler
➢ Can be added if degree of multiple programming needs to
decrease
➢ Remove process from memory, store on disk, bring back in
from disk to continue execution: swapping

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Interprocess Communication (1/2)

• Processes within a system may be independent or

cooperating
• Cooperating process can affect or be affected by other
processes, including sharing data.
• Cooperating processes need interprocess communication
(IPC)
• Two models of IPC:
➢ Shared memory
➢ Message passing

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 Interprocess Communication (2/2)

(a) Message passing. (b) shared memory.

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition 3.26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018
 End of Chapter 3

Operating System Concepts – 10th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2018