ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 1
402058
Diodes
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This slide is adopted from lecture slides of
Microelectronic Circuits Text by Sedra and Smith,
Oxford Publishing.
Oxford University Publishing
Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith (0195323033)
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INTRODUCTION
§ IN THIS CHAPTER WE WILL LEARN
§ The characteristics of the ideal diode
§ How to analyze and design diode circuits
§ The details of the i-v characteristic of the junction
diode
§ How to analyze diode circuits operating in the
various bias regions
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INTRODUCTION
§ A characteristic in the forward direction: the
constant-voltage-drop model
§ DC-biasing the diode
§ The use of Zener diodes to provide constant dc
voltages (voltage regulators)
§ Application of the diode in the design of rectifier
circuits
§ A number of other practical and important
applications
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1. DIODE & SYMBOL
Diode dẫn V = 0
Vab = 0
Va - Vb = 0
Va = Vb
A B
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2. IDEAL DIODE
mode
#2:
reverse
mode
#1:
bias
=
open
ckt
forward
bias
=
device
symbol
short
ckt
with
two
nodes
figure
4.1.
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2.1. CURRENT-VOLTAGE
CHARACTERISTIC
§ External circuit should
be designed to limit…
§ current flow across
I=U/R
conducting diode
§ voltage across
blocking diode
§ Examples are shown to
right…
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2.2. A SIMPLE APPLICATION
THE RECTIFIER
§ One fundamental
application of this
piecewise linear
behavior is the rectifier.
§ Q: What is a rectifier?
§ A: Circuit which
converts AC waves Rec8fier
Circuit
in to DC…ideally with
no loss.
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2.2. A SIMPLE APPLICATION
THE RECTIFIER
§ This circuit is composed
of diode and series
resistor.
§ Q: How does this circuit
operate?
Rec8fier
Circuit
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EXAMPLE 4.1: DIODE RECTIFIER
§ Consider the circuit of Figure
on the right. A source (vS) with
peak amplitude of 24V is
employed to charge a 12V dc-
battery.
§ Q(a): Find the fraction of
each cycle during which the
diode conducts.
§ Q(b): Find peak value of
diode current and maximum
reverse-bias voltage that
appears across the diode.
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2.3. ANOTHER APPLICATION
DIODE LOGIC GATES
§ Q: How may diodes be
used to create logic
gates?
§ A: Examples of
AND / OR gates are
shown right.
Diode logic gates: (a) OR
gate; (b) AND gate (in a
positive-logic system).
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3. TERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF JUNCTION DIODES
§ Most common
implementation of a
diode utilizes pn
junction. Leakage current
§ I-V curve consists of
three characteristic
regions
§ forward bias: VD ≥ 0
§ reverse bias: VD < 0
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4. MODELING THE DIODE FORWARD
CHARACTERISTIC
Constant voltage drop model
§ Q: How can one
analyze these diode-
based circuits more
efficiently?
A B
Không dẫn Vd < 0.7
Dẫn điện Vd = 0.7 V
Vab = 0.7
Va- Vb = 0.7
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4.3.6. IDEAL DIODE MODEL
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mode
#2:
reverse
mode
#1:
forward
bias
=
open
circuit
bias
=
short
circuit
device
symbol
with
two
nodes
figure
4.1.
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5. RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
§ One important application of diode is the rectifier –
§ Electrical device which converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC)
§ One important application of rectifier is dc power
supply.
Block diagram of a dc power supply
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step
#1:
increase
/
decrease
rms
magnitude
of
AC
wave
via
power
transformer
step
#2:
convert
full-‐wave
AC
to
half-‐wave
DC
(s8ll
8me-‐varying
and
periodic)
step
#3:
employ
low-‐pass
filter
to
reduce
wave
amplitude
by
>
90%
step
#4:
employ
voltage
regulator
to
eliminate
ripple
step
#5:
supply
dc
load
.
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Block diagram of a dc power supply
5.1. THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
§ Half-wave rectifier
– utilizes only
alternate half-cycles
of the input sinusoid
§ Constant voltage
drop diode model
is employed.
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5.2. THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
§ Q: How does full-wave rectifier differ from
half-wave?
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The
key
here
is
center-‐tapping
of
the
transformer,
allowing
“reversal”
of
certain
currents…
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5.2. THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
§ Q: What are most important observation(s)
from this operation?
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THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
§ An alternative
implementation of
the full-wave rectifier
is bridge rectifier.
§ Shown to right.
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THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER (BR)
§ Q: What is the main advantage of BR?
§ Q: What is main disadvantage?
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THE RECTIFIER WITH A FILTER
CAPACITOR
§ Pulsating nature of
rectifier output
makes unreliable dc
supply.
§ As such, a filter
capacitor is
employed to remove
ripple.
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output
voltage
for
state
#1
6 44 7 4 48
vO ( t ) = v I ( t )
t
−
vO (t ) = Vpeak e RC
1 4 42 4 43
output
voltage
for
state
#2
Voltage and Current Waveforms in the Peak Rectifier Circuit
13/3/2016 WITH RC >> T. –The
402058 diode
Chap 2: Diodes is assumed ideal. 25
5.3. LIMITING AND
CLAMPING CIRCUITS
§ Q: What is a limiter
circuit?
§ A: One which
limits voltage
output.
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5.3. LIMITING AND
CLAMPING CIRCUITS
§ Q: How are limiter circuits applied?
§ A: Signal processing, used to prevent
breakdown of transistors within various
devices.
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single
limiters
employ
one
diode
double
limiters
employ
two
diodes
of
opposite
polarity
linear
range
may
be
controlled
via
string
of
diodes
and
dc
sources
zener
diodes
may
be
used
to
implement
soN
limi8ng
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Variety of basic limiting circuits.
THE CLAMPED CAPACITOR OR DC
RESTORER
§ Q: What is a dc restorer?
§ A: Circuit which removes the
dc component of an AC wave.
§ Q: Why is this ability important?
§ A: Average value of this
output (w/ dc = 0) is effective
way to measure duty cycle
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5.4. THE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
§ Q: What is a voltage
doubler?
§ A: One which
multiplies the
amplitude of a
wave or signal by 2
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HOMEWORK
Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7e.
Chap 4 problems
4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.10, 4.11, 4.13
4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44
4.67 (b,c,d), 4.70, 4.71, 4.72, 4.73
Fig. 4.87: I/P: sine wave/ square wave, sketch OP
4.92, 4.93
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6. OPERATION IN THE REVERSE
BREAKDOWN REGION
ZENER DIODES
§ Under certain circumstances, diodes may be
intentionally used in the reverse breakdown
region.
§ These are referred to as Zener Diodes.
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6. OPERATION IN THE REVERSE
BREAKDOWN REGION
ZENER DIODES
§ Diode: only forward and
reverse regions are
considered
§ Zener diode: forward,
reverse and breakdown
regions
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6.1 V-I CHARACTERISTICS
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6.2 ZENER CIRCUIT MODEL
Vz = Vz0 + Iz.rz
VZ = ???
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6.3. VOLTAGE REGULATION
§ Line regulation
§ Load regulation
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EXAMPLE 4.7: SHUNT REGULATOR
±1V
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SUMMARY
IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU HAVE LEARNED:
§ the characteristics of diode and its application
§ how to analyze and design diode circuits
§ DC-biasing the diode
§ the use of Zener diodes in voltage regulators
§ other practical and important applications
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HOMEWORK
Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7e.
Chap 4 problems:
4.59, 4.60, 4.62, 4.63, 4.64
Optional problems: 4.65, 4.66
Reading assignment:
4.2 Terminal characteristics of junction diodes
4.3 (Exponential model and small signal model)
4.5 (Peak Inverse Voltage - PIV)
Prepare Chapter 6 & 7: sections related to BJT
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