ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN 1
402058
Chapter 2
Diodes
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This slide is adopted from lecture slides of
Microelectronic Circuits Text by Sedra and Smith,
Oxford Publishing.
Oxford University Publishing
Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith (0195323033)
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INTRODUCTION
IN THIS CHAPTER WE WILL LEARN
The characteristics of the ideal diode
How to analyze and design diode circuits
The details of the i-v characteristic of the junction
diode
How to analyze diode circuits operating in the
various bias regions
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INTRODUCTION
A characteristic in the forward direction: the
constant-voltage-drop model
DC-biasing the diode
The use of Zener diodes to provide constant dc
voltages (voltage regulators)
Application of the diode in the design of rectifier
circuits
A number of other practical and important
applications
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1. DIODE & SYMBOL
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2. IDEAL DIODE
mode #2: mode #1:
reverse bias = forward bias =
device symbol open ckt short ckt
with two nodes
figure 4.1.
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2.1. CURRENT-VOLTAGE
CHARACTERISTIC
External circuit should
be designed to limit…
current flow across
conducting diode
voltage across
blocking diode
Examples are shown to
right…
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2.2. A SIMPLE APPLICATION
THE RECTIFIER
One fundamental
application of this
piecewise linear
behavior is the rectifier.
Q: What is a rectifier?
A: Circuit which
converts AC waves in Rectifier Circuit
to DC…ideally with
no loss.
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2.2. A SIMPLE APPLICATION
THE RECTIFIER
This circuit is composed
of diode and series
resistor.
Q: How does this circuit
operate?
Rectifier Circuit
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EXAMPLE 4.1: DIODE RECTIFIER
Consider the circuit of Figure on
the right. A source (vS) with peak
amplitude of 24V is employed to
charge a 12V dc-battery.
Q(a): Find the fraction of each
cycle during which the diode
conducts.
Q(b): Find peak value of
diode current and maximum
reverse-bias voltage that
appears across the diode.
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2.3. ANOTHER APPLICATION
DIODE LOGIC GATES
Q: How may diodes be
used to create logic
gates?
A: Examples of
AND / OR gates are
shown right.
Diode logic gates: (a) OR
gate; (b) AND gate (in a
positive-logic system).
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3. TERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF JUNCTION DIODES
Most common
implementation of a
diode utilizes pn
junction.
I-V curve consists of
three characteristic
regions
forward bias: V 0
D
reverse bias: V 0
D
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4. MODELING THE DIODE FORWARD
CHARACTERISTIC
Q: How can one
analyze these diode-
based circuits more
efficiently?
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4.3.6. IDEAL DIODE MODEL
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mode #2: reverse mode #1: forward
bias = open circuit bias = short circuit
device symbol
with two nodes
figure 4.1.
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5. RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
One important application of diode is the rectifier –
Electrical device which converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC)
One important application of rectifier is dc power
supply.
Block diagram of a dc power supply
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step #1: increase / decrease rms magnitude of
AC wave via power transformer
step #2: convert full-wave AC to half-wave DC
(still time-varying and periodic)
step #3: employ low-pass filter to reduce wave
amplitude by > 90%
step #4: employ voltage regulator to eliminate
ripple
step #5: supply dc load
.
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Block diagram of a dc power supply
5.1. THE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
Half-wave rectifier
– utilizes only
alternate half-cycles
of the input sinusoid
Constant voltage
drop diode model
is employed.
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5.2. THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
Q: How does full-wave rectifier differ from
half-wave?
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The key here is center-tapping of the transformer,
allowing “reversal” of certain currents…
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5.2. THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
Q: What are most important observation(s)
from this operation?
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THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
An alternative
implementation of
the full-wave rectifier
is bridge rectifier.
Shown to right.
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THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER (BR)
Q: What is the main advantage of BR?
Q: What is main disadvantage?
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THE RECTIFIER WITH A FILTER
CAPACITOR
Pulsating nature of
rectifier output
makes unreliable dc
supply.
As such, a filter
capacitor is
employed to remove
ripple.
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output voltage for state #1
vO t v I t
t
vO t Vpeak e RC
output voltage for state #2
Voltage and Current Waveforms in the Peak Rectifier Circuit
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402058 diode
Chap 2: Diodes is assumed ideal. 25
5.3. LIMITING AND
CLAMPING CIRCUITS
Q: What is a limiter
circuit?
A: One which
limits voltage
output.
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5.3. LIMITING AND
CLAMPING CIRCUITS
Q: How are limiter circuits applied?
A: Signal processing, used to prevent
breakdown of transistors within various
devices.
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single limiters
employ one
diode
double limiters
employ two
diodes of
opposite polarity
linear range may
be controlled via
string of diodes
and dc sources
zener diodes may
be used to
implement soft
limiting
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Variety of basic limiting circuits.
THE CLAMPED CAPACITOR OR DC
RESTORER
Q: What is a dc restorer?
A: Circuit which removes the
dc component of an AC wave.
Q: Why is this ability important?
A: Average value of this
output (w/ dc = 0) is effective
way to measure duty cycle
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5.4. THE VOLTAGE DOUBLER
Q: What is a voltage
doubler?
A: One which
multiplies the
amplitude of a
wave or signal by 2
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HOMEWORK
Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7e.
Chap 4 problems
4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.10, 4.11, 4.13
4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44
4.67 (b,c,d), 4.70, 4.71, 4.72, 4.73
Fig. 4.87: I/P: sine wave/ square wave, sketch OP
4.92, 4.93
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6. OPERATION IN THE REVERSE
BREAKDOWN REGION
ZENER DIODES
Under certain circumstances, diodes may be
intentionally used in the reverse breakdown
region.
These are referred to as Zener Diodes.
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6. OPERATION IN THE REVERSE
BREAKDOWN REGION
ZENER DIODES
Diode: only forward and
reverse regions are
considered
Zener diode: forward,
reverse and breakdown
regions
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6.1 V-I CHARACTERISTICS
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6.2 ZENER CIRCUIT MODEL
VZ ???
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6.3. VOLTAGE REGULATION
Line regulation
Load regulation
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EXAMPLE 4.7: SHUNT REGULATOR
1V
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SUMMARY
IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU HAVE LEARNED:
the characteristics of diode and its application
how to analyze and design diode circuits
DC-biasing the diode
the use of Zener diodes in voltage regulators
other practical and important applications
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HOMEWORK
Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7e.
Chap 4 problems:
4.59, 4.60, 4.62, 4.63, 4.64
Optional problems: 4.65, 4.66
Reading assignment:
4.2 Terminal characteristics of junction diodes
4.3 (Exponential model and small signal model)
4.5 (Peak Inverse Voltage - PIV)
Prepare Chapter 6 & 7: sections related to BJT
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