ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND DESIGN
COMPLEX ENGINEERING
PROBLEM
BATTERY CHARGING CIRCUIT
PREPARED BY:
MUHAMMAD ASIM (EE-1572)
MUHAMMAD ASJAD KHALID (EE-1596)
MUHAMMAD MUJTABA KHAN (EE-1588)
MOHSIN ALI (EE-1625)
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR SAJID MEHMOOD
INTRODUCTION:
In today's world, where mobile phones are our constant companions,
having a reliable way to charge them is essential. Mobile chargers play a
crucial role in this, as they convert the electricity from our homes into the
right kind for charging phones. But how do we make sure these chargers
give out the steady 5 volts needed for charging? This report explores the
process of making a 5V mobile charger using traditional methods.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
The main problem is how will we use 220V AC to get 5V DC
RECTIFIED OUTPUT? This is a bit difficult because plugging a mobile
charger directly into a 220V AC outlet risks catastrophic consequences, as
the excessive voltage could potentially damage or even destroy the
connected devices which can incur heavy losses. In order to solve this
problem, a deeper understanding of electronic devices circuits is needed
which thanks to DR AYAZ, we are able to solve this problem.
SOLUTION:
The following process is applied to make a mobile charger. The first step
involves utilizing a step-down transformer to reduce the high-voltage AC
input to a more manageable level. By stepping down the voltage from
220V AC to 12V AC, the risk of damaging connected devices is reduced.
Next, the AC output from the transformer is rectified to convert it into
pulsating DC. This rectification process ensures that the voltage remains in
a single direction, laying the foundation for stable DC output. However,
the resultant pulsating DC requires further refinement to achieve the
desired steady voltage.
To achieve this, a large electrolytic capacitor, typically around 1000
microfarads, is employed to smooth out the ripples in the rectified output.
Following this smoothing process, the DC voltage is approximately 16.97
Volts. To further regulate this voltage and obtain the precise 5V DC output
required for mobile charging, a buck converter is employed. The buck
converter operates by efficiently reducing the voltage while maintaining a
stable output, thereby ensuring compatibility with mobile devices.
Now a USB TYPE A FEMALE connector is connected to the 5V output and
our mobile charger is ready.
METHODOLOGY:
The components we used for this project are:
➢ W04 FULL BRIDGE RECTIFIER
➢ 1000 Micro Farad Electrolytic Capacitor
➢ BUCK CONVERTER
➢ RELAY SPDT
➢ OPTOCOUPLER PC817
➢ 2N222 BJT
➢ 1K OHM, 220 OHM RESISTOR
➢ GREEN LED RED LED
➢ POWER RESISTOR 10 OHM AS LOAD
To make our project further innovative, we decided to install overcharge
feature. This feature will allow the mobile battery to be disconnected once
the battery is fully charged. Meaning that the mobile charger we will make
will be able to sense the mobile voltage. Once it feels that the desired
voltage of the battery is reached, the battery will be disconnected. The
overcharge circuit is shown below:
The mobile battery will be connected to the normally closed pin of the
relay. The relay will be in series with the collector of 2N222 that will then
be grounded. In parallel we will have a Zener diode that will be of 4.2V in
series with an optocoupler. The diode in optocoupler will be forward
biased when 0.8V is applied across it hence a total of 5V is needed. Once
the diode in optocoupler is forward biased, the transistor in optocoupler
will be shorted and will provide signal to the base pin of the 2N222 that
will then provide ground to the relay coil and the relay will disconnect the
battery and hence the battery will no longer be charged.
RESULTS:
SCHEMETIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PCB LAYOUT CIRCUIT
3D LAYOUT CIRCUIT
CONCLUSION:
The complex engineering problem was somewhat challenging as it
required knowledge of electronics and troubleshooting skills to make sure
the circuit was correctly tested. However it was ultimately rewarding to
not only see regulated 5 Volts output but also seeing the fact that we made
our own mobile charger which is capable of doing something. This shows
the application of everything we studied throughout the course. One thing
that limited our project was that we could not fabricate the PCB in the
given time. Nonetheless the project was beneficial for all of us.
