INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

SALMIYA-KUWAIT

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2024-2025
TOPIC: Mobile Charger

Name: Fathima Mehra

Class: XII A
Roll no:
 Bonafide Certificate
Certified to be the bonafide work done by Miss
Fathima Mehra of Class XII-A in the Physics
Laboratory in the year 2024-2025.

Date: P.G.T in Physics__________

Indian Public School
Salmiya-Kuwait

Submitted for ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE PRACTICAL
Examination held in the PHYSICS LABORATORY at
INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL, SALMIYA, KUWAIT

Examiner
Date ______________

Seal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to
my project guide, MR.S Sumitha and MR.S Selin Saju , for
guiding me immensely through the course of this project. They
always evinced keen interest in my work. Their constructive
advice and constant motivation have been responsible for the
successful completion of this project.

I gratefully acknowledge their kind suggestions and guidance at

every step of our work.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped

me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time.
 INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
01 INTRODUCTION 1-4
02 THEORY 5-6
03 AIM 7
04 REQUIREMENTS 8
05 PROCEDURE 9-10
06 OBSERVATION 11
07 RESULT 12
08 CONCLUSION 13
09 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
 INTRODUCTION
A mobile charger is a device used to replenish the battery power of
mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, or other electronic gadgets.
It typically consists of a plug that connects to a power source (like a wall
socket, car charger, or USB port) and a cable that connects to the device
via a compatible charging port (e.g., USB, micro-USB, USB-C, or
Lightning).

Mobile chargers can come in different forms, including:

• Wall Chargers: Plugs into an electrical outlet.

• Portable Chargers (Power Banks): Battery-
powered chargers that can be used on the go
without needing a wall outlet.
• Wireless Chargers: Use inductive charging to
wirelessly transfer energy to the device, usually
placed on a charging pad.

They vary in charging speeds, depending on factors such as power

output, cable quality, and device compatibility.

PCB Board:
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) acts as a platform to organize and
solder the various components, creating a stable and compact circuit.
The tracks on the PCB act as wires, allowing current to flow between
components.

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it into

electrical energy to power electronic devices. It consists of one or more
cells, each with a positive (cathode) and negative (anode) terminal, and
an electrolyte. Batteries come in various types, including rechargeable
(like lithium-ion) and non-rechargeable (like alkaline).

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in this project, a 9V or 12V battery is used as the power source.
Batteries store chemical energy and convert it into electrical energy. The
higher voltage provided by the battery is necessary to ensure that the
7805 IC can effectively regulate and produce the stable 5V output.

When the mobile charger is connected to a phone, the battery provides

direct current (DC), which powers the circuit. The efficiency of the
battery determines how long the mobile device can be charged before
the battery itself needs recharging or replacing.

Transistor:

Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch

electronic signals and electrical power. It is one of the fundamental
building blocks of modern electronic devices, such as computers,
smartphones, and many other types of electronic circuits.

Basic Types of Transistors:

1. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT):

o Has three terminals: Emitter (E), Base (B), and Collector
(C).
o BJTs are classified as NPN or PNP depending on the
arrangement of semiconductor materials.
o In NPN transistors, a small current at the base controls a
larger current flowing from the collector to the emitter.
2. Field Effect Transistor (FET):
o Has three terminals: Source (S), Gate (G), and Drain (D).
o FETs control the current flow using an electric field.
o A common type is the MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-
Semiconductor FET), widely used in integrated circuits.

Transistor Applications:

• Switching in digital logic circuits (e.g., in CPUs, memory chips).

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 • Signal amplification in radios, audio systems, and communication
devices.
• Voltage regulation in power supplies.
• Oscillation in oscillators for generating frequency signals.

Transistors are the building blocks of almost all modern electronic

devices due to their ability to control electrical signals efficiently.

LED and Resistor:

The LED serves as a charging indicator, lighting up when the charger
is powered and ready to charge a device. The LED operates on a low
voltage and current, but it still requires protection to prevent excess
current from damaging it. This is where the 1.5KΩ resistor comes into
play. The resistor limits the amount of current flowing through the LED,
ensuring that it operates safely.

Ohm's Law helps us understand this relationship: V=I×RV = I \times

RV=I×R Where:

• VVV is the voltage,

• III is the current, and
• RRR is the resistance.

In this case, the resistor drops the voltage applied across the LED, which
is necessary to prevent it

from burning out. The typical forward voltage of an LED is between

1.8V and 3.3V, depending on its color and type. By placing a resistor in
series, we ensure that the LED receives the correct current and voltage.

USB Port:
The USB port is the output interface through which the mobile phone
will connect to the charger. Most modern mobile phones charge using a
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USB interface, where the standard output voltage is 5V. The 7805 IC
ensures that this 5V is delivered to the USB port, and from there, to the
mobile device. The USB port typically has four pins, but in this project,
only the power pins are used:

• Pin 1 (Vcc): Supplies the 5V from the 7805 output.

• Pin 4 (GND): Connects to the ground.

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 Theory
This charger will use a 7805 voltage regulator to step down the
voltage from the battery (9V or 12V) to 5V, which is required to
charge a mobile phone. The 7805 IC ensures a stable output
voltage of 5V, regardless of variations in input voltage, making
it suitable for mobile charging applications.
The LED will be used as an indicator, and the resistor will
prevent it from drawing too much current and burning out. The
PCB board will help neatly organize the components.
Basic Circuit Theory:
• The charger circuit consists of a series circuit for the
battery, resistor, and LED, while the USB port connects in
parallel to draw power. Understanding series and parallel
circuits is essential for effective design.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The basic circuit consists of the following connections:

1. Battery to 7805 IC Input: Connect the positive terminal of the

battery to the input pin of the 7805 regulator.
2. 7805 IC Output to USB Port: The 7805 outputs 5V, which is
connected to the positive pin of the USB port. The ground
(negative) of the IC is connected to the ground pin of the USB
port.
3. LED with Resistor: Connect the LED and the 1.5K resistor in
series between the input (positive terminal of the battery) and
ground to indicate the charging status.

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 AIM
To construct a portable mobile charger which supplies
voltage of 7.5 V to charge mobile phone (Vivo).

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 Materials Required
• PCB Board: A base to assemble and solder the circuit
components.
• Battery: Serves as the power source for the charger
(preferably 9V or 12V).
• Transistor (7805 PNP-IC): A voltage regulator that
outputs a stable 5V, which is needed for charging mobile
devices.
• LED: To indicate when the charger is powered on.
• Resistor (1.5K ohms): Used in series with the LED to limit
current and prevent it from burning out.
• Battery Cap: A connector for attaching the battery to the
circuit.
• USB Port: The output where the mobile phone will be
connected for charging.
• Connecting Wire: For making electrical connections
between components.
• Soldering Iron: To solder the components onto the PCB.
• Soldering Wire: For joining components to the PCB.

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 PROCEDURE
Steps to Build the Charger:

1. Prepare the PCB Board:

o Mount the 7805 voltage regulator on the PCB, with its three
pins (Input, Ground, and Output) correctly oriented.
2. Connect the Battery:
o Attach the battery cap to the positive and negative terminals
of the battery.
o Solder the positive terminal of the battery to the input pin of
the 7805 IC.
o Solder the negative terminal of the battery to the ground pin
of the 7805 IC.
3. Connect the USB Port:
o Solder the output pin of the 7805 IC to the positive (5V) pin
of the USB port.

• • Solder the ground pin of the 7805 IC to the ground pin of the
USB port.

• Add the LED and Resistor:

• Solder the LED in series with the 1.5K resistor.

• Connect the positive terminal of the LED to the input pin of the
battery (before it goes into the 7805 IC).
• Connect the other end of the resistor to the ground pin to complete
the circuit.

• Solder All Connections:

• Using a soldering iron and soldering wire, solder all the

connections securely on the PCB.
• Ensure that there are no loose connections or short circuits.

• Test the Circuit:

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 • • Once the soldering is complete, connect a mobile phone to the
USB port.
• The LED should light up, indicating that the circuit is powered.
• The phone should begin charging.

• Final Enclosure:

• If desired, place the entire circuit in a small plastic box for safety
and portability.

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 OBSERVATION
• Record the output voltage and current during
operation.
• Note the charging time for different devices.
• Observe LED behavior: it should illuminate when the
charger is active and turn off when charging is
complete.
• The LED lights up to indicate that the charger is
functioning, and the resistor ensures that the LED
receives the appropriate current to prevent damage.
• The mobile phone charges through the USB port.

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 Result
A simple, portable mobile charger is constructed using basic
components like a 7805 IC, battery, and USB port. The charger
can provide a stable 5V output to charge mobile devices.

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 Conclusion:
This project successfully demonstrates the application of
the 7805 voltage regulator in a practical mobile charging
circuit. The use of basic components makes it easy to
understand how voltage regulation and current control are
essential for safely charging electronic devices.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ Basic electronics textbooks and online resources for circuit
design.
➢ Concept of Physics by H.C Verma.
➢ Wikipedia.com
➢ YouTube.com

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