IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
PRACTICAL: 01
AIM :- Study of Networking Devices
Concept of Network and Networking
More than one devices are connected via any communication links is called network. Network
can be of any type, e.g. telephone network, water supply network, computer network. The process of
establishment a network is called networking. In the computer networking, there may two or more PC’s
are connected with some communication media and communication devices called networking devices.
Networking Devices at specific layer
Physical layer : Repeater, Hub
Data link layer : Switch, Bridge
Network layer : Router
Application layer : Gateway
REPEATER:
Repeater is a device which will take week signal from the one segment, amplify it,
then retransmit it into next segment. With the use of repeater, we can extend network.
Signal attenuation or signal loss – signal degrades over distance
Repeaters can amplify week signal and resend signal to next segment.
Repeater can increase network range.
Can operate at physical layer
This rule states that no more than four repeaters can be used between hosts on a LAN.
The Four Repeater Rule for 10-Mbps Ethernet should be used as a standard when extending
LAN segments.
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IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
HUB:
● HUB can operate at Layer 1 of OSI Model
● Hubs regenerate and retime network signals
● Hubs propagate signals through the network
● They cannot filter network traffic
● They cannot determine best path
● They are used as network concentration points
● They are really multi-port repeaters
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IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
SWITCH:
A switch corrects traffic jam problems by ensuring that data goes straight
from its origin to its proper destination, with no wandering in-between. Switches
remember the address of every computer on the network, and anticipate where data
needs to go. Nodes connected to a switch can expect an immediate 40% to 60%
increase in performance. A switch can also connect networks of different speeds
together. A 100Mbps network, for example, could be connected to a slower
10Mbps network by inserting a switch between the two networks.
switch can operate at Data link layer of OSI Model
layer 3 switch can operate at network layer which is also called manageable
switch switch has filtering circuit which can define point to point circuit for
signals
They can filter network traffic. They can determine best path than Hub.
In this way, switches are used for migrating to faster network speeds without
having to discard older legacy network hardware.
The other advantage is that switches increase the effective bandwidth available for each
host.
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IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
BRIDGE
A bridge functions by blocking or forwarding data, based on the destination
MAC address written into each frame of data. If the bridge believes the destination
address is on a network other than that from which the data was received, it can
forward the data to the other networks to which it is connected. If the address is not
on the other side of the bridge, the data is blocked from passing. Bridges “learn” the
MAC addresses of devices on connected networks by “listening” to network traffic
and recording the network from which the traffic originates.
● A layer 2 device (data link)
● Connect two or more LAN segments, each of which is a separate collision domain.
● The purpose is to filter traffic on a LAN, to keep local traffic local, yet allow connectivity
to other segments of the network.
● Filter traffic by looking at the MAC address
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IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
● Frame filtering
ROUTER
Routers are more complex and more expensive than bridges. They use
information within each packet to route it from one LAN to another, and
communicate with each other and share information that allows them to determine
the best route through a complex network of many LANs.
How The Router Works?
Routers are basically designed to show a destination path to the message sent by
the user. It will identify the IP address of the destination and ask for the shortest path to
send the packet as early as possible. Here shortest path means, the path through which
the packet reaches at the destination at the maximum speed.
For this purpose router will ask for the address to another router or network nearer
to it. Suppose it finds the destination address from its nearer router or network, it won’t
go for another path. Now, the packets will travel through the path, which is found in the
minimum time. Now, the work of one router is over and another’s starts. Now, the
second router will ask another router or network for the specific destination address and
so on. The procedure will continue, until the packets reach at its proper destination
address. At the destination, the server will ask for the specific site and will also collect
the message for the user if it is there. Now, the same process in reverse mode will start
and finally the user will get his message as early as possible.
● Define Route between source to destination.
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IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
● Connect different LAN,WAN
● Provide services to connected & authorized hosts / Nodes through Network.
● The term gateway is applied to any device, system, or software application that can
perform the function of translating data from one format to another. The key feature of a
gateway is that it converts the format of the data, not the data itself.
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IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
Lab Exercise
1. Define topology & list name of different topologies
2. List out different kinds of addresses at layers with example
Form of Layer at Name of address Example of address
data address
3. What is stands for RJ-45
4. Define mapping of
ARP:
5. Compare HUB & SWITCH
N HUB SWITCH
o.
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IT-505-N Data Communication and Networking Enrollment:223SBEIT30005
Sign of Faculty.
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