C-Therm TCi Operator Manual

TH130041 Rev. O
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................1
1.1 A note on instrument limitations ..................................................................................2
1.2 C-Therm TCi Manual Intent.........................................................................................3
1.3 C-Therm TCi System Setup ........................................................................................4
1.3.1 Checking the items and their condition....................................................................4
1.3.2 Checking grounded cable .......................................................................................4
1.3.3 Making connections................................................................................................4
1.3.4 Starting up the C-Therm TCi system .......................................................................4
2 C-Therm TCi Software Use .................................................................................................5
2.1 Menu Items ................................................................................................................5
2.2 Table Use...................................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Menus ....................................................................................................................9
2.2.2 Buttons.................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Table Options .......................................................................................................11
2.2.4 Using the Parameter Fields to Search...................................................................11
2.3 Record Management ................................................................................................11
2.3.1 Create a Record ...................................................................................................12
2.3.2 View a Record ......................................................................................................12
2.3.3 Edit a Record .......................................................................................................13
2.3.4 Delete a Record ...................................................................................................13
2.3.5 Recover a Record ................................................................................................14
2.4 Printing .....................................................................................................................14
3 Records ............................................................................................................................16
3.1 Project......................................................................................................................16
3.2 Material Group..........................................................................................................16
3.3 Material ....................................................................................................................17
3.4 Material Lot ..............................................................................................................18
3.5 Test Method .............................................................................................................18
3.6 Contact Agents .........................................................................................................20
3.7 Notes........................................................................................................................21
3.8 Calibration Materials .................................................................................................21
3.9 Calibration Material Groups ......................................................................................23
3.10 Calibration Methods..................................................................................................23
3.11 Control Signals .........................................................................................................25
4 Testing..............................................................................................................................28
4.1 General Procedure ...................................................................................................29
4.2 Foam Testing ...........................................................................................................34
4.3 Powder, Fabric, or Grease Testing............................................................................34
4.4 Solid Testing.............................................................................................................34
4.5 Metal Testing (Greater than 90 W/mK)......................................................................35
4.6 Liquid Testing ...........................................................................................................37
4.7 Blotter or Thin Sample Testing..................................................................................37
4.8 Indirect Property Calculations ...................................................................................39
4.9 Altering the Test Method during the Test...................................................................40
4.10 Changing the Units of Measurement .........................................................................40
4.11 Auto Testing .............................................................................................................40
4.12 Contact Agents .........................................................................................................41
4.12.1 Testing with Wakefield 120 Thermal Grease.....................................................42
4.13 Chemical Testing with RTV or FRV Tabs ..................................................................43
4.14 Testing in a Thermal Chamber..................................................................................45
4.14.1 Thermal Chamber Setup ..................................................................................45
4.14.2 Testing Procedure ............................................................................................46
5 Data Analysis techniques and practices ............................................................................47
5.1 Opening a Test.........................................................................................................47

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5.2 Using Excel for added Analysis Power ......................................................................47

5.2.1 Copying to the Clipboard ......................................................................................47
5.3 Overlaying Measurements/Tests...............................................................................47
5.4 Editing a Test ...........................................................................................................48
5.5 Reports ....................................................................................................................48
5.6 Exporting and Importing............................................................................................49
5.6.1 Export ..................................................................................................................50
5.6.2 Import...................................................................................................................51
5.7 Unit Conversion ........................................................................................................53
6 User Calibration (available with Max K module).................................................................54
6.1 User Calibration Wizard ............................................................................................54
6.2 Opening or Continuing a User Calibration in the Wizard ............................................61
6.3 User Calibration Overview ........................................................................................65
6.4 Create Calibration Materials......................................................................................65
6.5 Create Calibration Material Group.............................................................................66
6.6 Create Calibration Method ........................................................................................66
6.7 Acquire Calibration Data ...........................................................................................67
6.8 Compute Results ......................................................................................................69
7 Software Setup and Maintenance......................................................................................72
7.1 Setup........................................................................................................................72
7.2 Database Management.............................................................................................74
7.2.1 To Create a New Database ..................................................................................75
7.2.2 To add a pre-existing database.............................................................................75
7.3 System Policies ........................................................................................................76
7.4 Manage Users and User Groups...............................................................................77
7.4.1 Permissions..........................................................................................................77
7.4.2 Users ...................................................................................................................78
7.4.3 Groups .................................................................................................................80
7.4.4 Reactivating a Locked Account.............................................................................82
7.4.5 Clear Password History ........................................................................................82
7.5 Change Password ....................................................................................................82
8 System Calibration and Maintenance ................................................................................84
8.1 Calibration ................................................................................................................84
8.1.1 Unlock Calibrations/User Calibration.....................................................................84
8.2 Diagnostics...............................................................................................................86
8.2.1 Reference Material Test .......................................................................................86
8.2.2 System Checks ....................................................................................................89
8.3 Cleaning Procedure ..................................................................................................91
8.4 Troubleshooting........................................................................................................92
8.4.1 General Information required ................................................................................92
8.4.2 Troubleshooting List .............................................................................................92
9 Theory of Operation ..........................................................................................................95
9.1 TCi Calibrations ........................................................................................................95
9.1.1 Sensor temperature calibration .............................................................................95
9.1.2 Basic multi-point effusivity calibration....................................................................96
9.2 Material groups and power levels............................................................................102
9.3 Contact agent .........................................................................................................103
9.4 Thermal conductivity (k) calibration .........................................................................104
9.4.1 Limitations for k measurements ..........................................................................104
9.5 Error analysis .........................................................................................................105
9.5.1 General ..............................................................................................................105
9.5.2 Material ..............................................................................................................105
9.5.3 Contact ..............................................................................................................105
9.5.4 Equipment ..........................................................................................................106
9.5.5 Calibration ..........................................................................................................106

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9.5.6 Additional Notes – Heat Equation .......................................................................108

Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 110
Appendix A: System Components and Accessories............................................................. 110
Appendix B: C-Therm TCi Controller Specifications ............................................................. 112
C-Therm TCi Sensor Specifications.................................................................................113
C-Therm TCi Standard Computer Specifications ............................................................. 114
Appendix C: Materials of Construction and Chemical Resistance Data ................................ 115
Appendix D: Reference Material Standard Values ............................................................... 119
Appendix E: Permission Default Values...............................................................................120
Appendix F: CE Certification................................................................................................ 122
Appendix G: Units and Conversions ....................................................................................123
Appendix H: DowTherm SR-1 MSDS ..................................................................................126
Appendix I: Small Volume Test Kit SOP ..............................................................................127
Appendix J: Compression Test Accessory SOP...................................................................128
Appendix K: Disclaimer .......................................................................................................129

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1 Introduction
The third generation of the C-Therm thermal conductivity technology expands the capabilities of
this rapid, non-destructive thermal testing instrument to a whole new level. Designed to provide
simple, highly accurate thermal characterization of thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity for
in-lab use, quality control, and production environments, the C-Therm TCiTM Thermal Conductivity
Analyzer requires no calibration or sample preparation. The system has broad testing capabilities
(0 to 500 W/mK) across a wide range of temperatures (–50˚ to 200˚C).

The key capabilities and benefits of the system include the ability to test:
 Materials ranging from ~ 0 to 500 W/mK for thermal conductivity or 0 – 38000 W√s/m2k
for effusivity.
 Solids, liquids, fabrics, powders and pastes.
 A wide temperature range from –50 to 200°C.
 Accuracy and precision better than 5% and 1% respectively. (Stated from 0°C to 50°C).

The C-Therm TCi system is engineered to operate in lab environments (including QA/QC labs),
for off-line and at-line testing. The base technology is migratable to the production floor and can
be integrated into many manufacturing processes as an in-line monitoring and control system
measure (see C-Therm ESPTM product line).

The C-Therm TCi provides many additional thermo-physical properties by indirect calculation,
including:
 Diffusivity
 Thermal Conductivity (calculated from Thermal Effusivity to compare to the direct
measured values)
 Heat Capacity, volumetric specific heat
 R-value (insulations)
 Depth of penetration

A full description of the indirect calculations is provided in Appendix G.

The C-Therm TCi system uses the base platform technology developed by Mathis Instruments
Ltd. in 2004/2005 for the pharmaceutical industry, leveraging the solid-state sensor technology as
well as associated electronics and improved software.

Keeping true to the original concept of a non-destructive testing technology, the C-Therm TCi
maintains the ability to test materials with little to no sample preparation, and the versatility to test
small sample volumes (approximately the size of a nickel coin). There are no limitations as to
how large a sample can be due to the transient method of measurement the system employs.
Testing times are typically within a few seconds and automated testing remains a key
convenience. Dual sensor testing is also available for higher testing throughput, as are additional
accessories for specific applications.

The C-Therm TCi platform offers modular expansion of the system’s capabilities (e.g. calibration
ranges, sensor upgrades, accessories, etc.), and a flexible software architecture that offers a full,
relational database platform for data management. The factory calibrations provide immediate
and broad testing capability while the user calibration feature (available with the Max k Module)
offers the ability to focus on a narrower region of interest at fixed temperatures.

This operating manual provides in-depth guidance to users in leveraging the C-Therm TCi for its
intended use. It is very important that users invest the time in reviewing the information provided
within this document for the safe and effective application of this advanced technology. Upon
reviewing the document, should users have any further questions we encourage them to contact
their C-Therm representative.

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1.1 A note on instrument limitations

It should be noted that in applying an instrument such as the C-Therm TCi in testing a wide
variety of materials, material types and temperature ranges, careful consideration should be given
to the limitations in performance and/or use of this system under certain conditions. In many
cases, the C-Therm TCi can replace as many as four (4) traditional thermal conductivity
instruments that covered the same claimed range of testing. However, in simplifying thermal
conductivity testing and providing an instrument to test such a wide material range, there are
some limitations that can be encountered in specific circumstances where a general research tool
like the C-Therm TCi will not be appropriate (the proverbial square bolt in a round hole).

As such, every attempt is made to provide up-front information on any known limitations of the
system and to provide general recommendations that help to ensure the optimal use of the
instrument.

Examples of performance constraints that may be encountered and some recommended best
practices include:
 Contact with some materials is poor due to the material morphology or a process
condition and the fact that the sensor chip surface is not flexible or conforming. C-Therm
has provided contact agents for non-porous solid materials testing and can establish
special calibrations for certain materials that are not compatible with liquid contact
agents.
 Like all lab instruments, the C-Therm TCi should be used in a consistent manner to
ensure consistent results. The user’s test methodology is extremely important and it is
recommended users review any new application of the instrument with a C-Therm
technical support person.
 The C-Therm TCi sensor is designed to withstand the full temperature ranges specified,
but has not been calibrated for the entire range given the constraints of available
calibration materials and typical requirements for specific Material Groups. Customized
calibration of the instrument is possible, either by a C-Therm representative or by a user
certified for advanced operation of the instrument.
 The C-Therm TCi is a very sensitive analytical instrument. It is the user’s responsibility to
provide stable environmental conditions in optimizing the performance of the instrument.
As such, the users’ test methodology is important to guarantee accurate and consistent
results (e.g. thermal chambers used in sub-zero temperatures may generate frost
between the sample and sensor, affecting the results. The user needs to compensate
accordingly for these conditions).
 The sensor construction was chosen to meet the optimal combination of test temperature
requirements as well as respecting internal design constraints. Some materials of
construction may be aggressively affected by contact with certain chemicals – it is
necessary to be aware of those chemicals that are known to impact the integrity of the
sensor as well as those that have not been tested or determined through literature
searches to be safe. Appendix C provides a listing to inform users of these issues and
has provided means to test the least resistant component, the RTV sealant. Test tabs
can be purchased from C-Therm for chemical aggression testing, avoiding undue
damage to the sensor. C-Therm will not take responsibility for sensors damaged due to
exposure to untested or known to be damaging chemicals.
 The sensors are a consumable part. Even with good handling practices, they may
require replacement depending on the frequency of use and materials tested.
 Testing under compression greater than 90 psig can result in a damaged sensor. Special
testing conditions requiring higher-pressure ratings can be investigated on an individual
basis in contacting a C-Therm representative.
 Testing metals over 90 W/mK requires the samples to be machined to a 17.8 mm
diameter and placed in the provided sample holder. Density and heat capacity values for
these samples must also be entered in determining the thermal conductivity.

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The thermal conductivity of the sample material is primarily determined by the direct
measurement of the thermal effusivity (thermal inertia) of the material. In rare circumstances, an
unacceptable error is evident in testing materials which have a density or heat capacity which are
substantially different than the materials applied in the calibration of the system. The Error
Analysis section explains these issues and C-Therm technical support is available to provide
further insight if required. Accordingly, testing materials which appropriately fit within the proper
Material Group is necessary for accurate results. Material groupings can be further optimized for
the specific needs of a user - either by C-Therm on a contract basis, or through additional training
and software module extension for user calibration capabilities.

Open discussions are recommended on new projects or applications with a C-Therm technical
support representative in determining whether or not the C-Therm TCi is an appropriate research
tool. In general, the standard configuration of the C-Therm TCi covers the test requirements of
most users. However, special conditions required by a user can be provided for with customized
solutions specific to their needs. Please contact C-Therm when considering applications that are
not represented in this manual.

Material Testing Summary (taken from the Testing chapter):

Material Minimum Power Temperature Sample Setup &

Contact Agent
Type Thickness Level Range (°C) Preparation
Use Small Volume
Liquids 1 mm 37 -50 to 192
Test Kit
Use Compression Test
Powders 1 mm 37 -50 to 192 Accessory or Small
Volume Test Kit
None
Place sample on
Foams 2 mm 60 -50 to 192 sensor. Place weight
on sample.
Use Compression Test
Fabrics 2 mm 37 -50 to 192
Accessory
Polymers 5 mm 37 -50 to 192
Ceramics 5 mm 37 -50 to 192
Place contact agent 5 to 70°C - 3 drops
Low Metals
on sensor. Place water
(15 to 90 5-12 mm 65 -50 to 192
sample on sensor.
W/mK) 25 to 200°C: Wakefield
Place weight on
High Metals 120 Thermal Grease
sample.
(90 to 500 12-21 mm 65 -50 to 192
W/mK)

1.2 C-Therm TCi Manual Intent

This manual covers the detailed use of the C-Therm TCi including the test methods and
procedures to use for various types of testing. The manual is primarily directed to explain the
operating windows and menus and the detailed steps for day-to-day test setup, display and data
collection.

Special accessories and test methods as well as software modules not part of the standard
operational package are included separately to those who purchase those items, with appropriate
documentation able to be added to this manual binder as needed. A list of additional modules and
accessories available or planned are located in Appendix A.

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1.3 C-Therm TCi System Setup

1.3.1 Checking the items and their condition
The standard C-Therm TCi system will arrive in a Pelican Case. Inspect the case for shipping
damage and report this immediately to your shipping department to address with the courier
company. The standard shipping items are listed in the shipping list, typically consisting of:
 Laptop computer
 C-Therm TCi controller
 C-Therm TCi sensor(s)
 C-Therm TCi operating manual (software USB key inside)
 Contact agents
 Reference material kit
 Metal Sample Holder – if MKM or HKM purchased
 C-Therm TCi sensor base
 Power cable and USB cable
 Pelican Case for transport

1.3.2 Checking grounded cable

Check that a properly grounded cable for your power outlet type is provided. If this is not the
case, contact C-Therm or your C-Therm distribution agent immediately for resolution. Do Not
Use the C-Therm TCi in an UNGROUNDED State.

1.3.3 Making connections

Make the following connections:

 Connect power cable to rear of C-Therm TCi controller and into the wall outlet
 Connect power cable to laptop and into the wall outlet
 Connect USB cable to laptop and to rear of C-Therm TCi controller
 Connect C-Therm TCi sensor(s) on the side(s) of C-Therm TCi controller – If you only
have one sensor, always use the “TCi” connector location; NEVER INSERT or PULL
OUT THE SENSOR CABLE WHEN POWER IS ON.

1.3.4 Starting up the C-Therm TCi system

 Turn on the laptop
 Turn on the C-Therm TCi controller
 Initiate the C-Therm TCi software by selecting the C-Therm TCi software icon.
 Proceed to Diagnostics (button located on the main window) - Conduct a system check
and material reference check (refer to the System Calibration and Maintenance chapter).
 Review the manual for guidelines on selecting calibrations, and general operation.
 Review test procedures, appendices and the SOPs.
 Proceed to sample testing by following procedures outlined in the Testing chapter.

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2 C-Therm TCi Software Use

The C-Therm TCi software (V4.0) main window has eight menus, eight buttons, test results
explorer, and a status bar in addition to the frame, where most windows within the software are
displayed.

2.1 Menu Items

The C-Therm TCi software main menus are located across the top of the main window.

The File menu contains:

New Test – Clicking this option begins a new test. It has the same effect as clicking the New
Test button on the toolbar.

Open Test – This option opens the Manage Test Results window. Any set of test results can be
opened from there.

Close – This option is only available when a test or record is open. It closes the active window.

Print – This option opens the printer selection window. It is only available when there is a report
or table open.

Print Preview – This option shows how the current screen would look if printed. It is only
available when there is a report or table open.

Print Setup – This option allows printer options to be selected. It is only available when there is a
report or table open.

Log Off –This option logs the current user out and opens the login window.

Create New Database – This option opens the Create New Database tool.

Change Password – This option opens the Change Password window.

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Exit – This option closes the software.

The items in the Manage menu open tables containing records of the selected type.

Projects and Materials

Projects - The project describes the common purpose behind a set of tests.

Material Groups - A material group contains all materials with a common characteristic.

Materials - A material is any substance tested.

Calibration
Calibration Methods – Calibration methods detail the timing parameters used in the
sensor calibrations.

Calibration Results – All calibration results stored in the database and on sensors
connected to the system are listed in this table.

Calibration Material Groups – Calibration materials groups are sets of materials that
are used to calibrate the sensors for a type of material or value range. Materials tested
using that calibration must be of the same type and fit within the range of thermal
effusivity or conductivity values given by the calibration materials.

Calibration Materials – Calibration materials are materials that have stable known
thermal values that can be used to calibrate the sensors.

Contact Agents - Contact agents ensure good contact between the sensor surface and
solid samples.

Instruments – An instrument is a TCi controller. The instrument record lists the

controller serial number and the instrument family.

Testing
Test Methods – Test methods specify all parameters (other than timing) of the test. A
test can be run without materials or material groups being defined, but must have a test
method. Timing parameters are set in the calibration method.

Test Results – Test results are displayed in the same format when opened as they are
when the test is being performed. Test results can also be found through the test results
explorer.

Controls – Control signals allow control over external devices, such as a Tenney Jr.
Thermal Chamber.

The View menu lists options for the main window. Any of the options can be turned off by
clicking them.

Toolbar – The toolbar holds the buttons in the C-Therm TCi main window.

Status bar – The status bar, located at the bottom of the main window, shows the user logged in
and the database being used.

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Test Results Explorer – The test results explorer is located on the left of the main window and
allows the user to browse the test results by product, material, unit operation, instrument, or user.
The test results explorer also has a test results filter button. Keywords can be entered into the
filter to search for test results.

The Reports Menu lists the different reports that can be generated in the C-Therm TCi software

Audit trail Report – The audit trail report lists all activities fitting entered parameters that occur
within the software, such as creating records, performing tests, importing and exporting.

Test Report – The test report lists all test results fitting entered parameters.

Reference Material Test Report – The reference material test report gives the results of all
reference material tests performed fitting entered parameters.

The Security menu is not visible to users who do not have the permissions required to perform
any task related to user or user group management, permissions, or system policies.

System Policies – System policies allow administrators to control user password changes and
database connections.

Manage Users – All users must have unique login IDs so that their actions within the software
can be documented in the audit trail. Permissions can be granted to users that override group
permissions.

Manage User Groups – Membership in a user group grants or limits the permissions a user has
to perform actions within the software.

Manage Permissions – Permission default values can be changed in the Manage Permissions
window.

The Tools menu

Export

Calibration Methods - All calibration methods fitting the entered parameters are
exported to a chosen file type with all attached calibration material records.

Calibration Results – All calibration results fitting entered parameters are exported to a
chosen file type with all attached calibration material and calibration method records.

Calibration Materials – All calibration materials fitting the entered parameters are
exported to a chosen file type.

Test Methods – All test methods fitting entered parameters are exported to a chosen file
type with all attached material, project, and calibration method records. Calibration
results must be exported separately.

Test Results – All test results fitting entered parameters are exported to a chosen file
type with all attached test method, material, project, and calibration method records.

Import

Calibration Methods - Records from a selected export file are imported.

Calibration Results – Records from a selected export file are imported.

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Calibration Materials – Records from a selected export file are imported.

Test Methods – Records from a selected export file are imported.

Test Results – Records from a selected export file are imported.

User Calibration

Acquire Data – The Acquire Data module allows data collection for a selected calibration
method and temperature.

Compute Results – The Compute Results module allows manipulation of calibration

data and calculation of final user calibration results.

Calibration Report – The calibration report contains results for selected user
calibrations.

Diagnostics – The diagnostics window displays the instrument’s status, calibration data, and
board inventory.

Reference Material Test – A reference material test checks the continued validity of the
calibration by comparing the result of the test against the known value of the reference material.

Change Units of Measure – Metric, Imperial, and CGS units are available for use.

Authorization – Calibrations are unlocked by importing authorization codes from provided xml
files.

New User Cal – The User Calibration Wizard allows a more streamlined approach to user
calibration data collection and result computation.

Enable Wifi Connectivity – Wifi connectivity allows use of the TCi without the USB cable.

The Windows menu lists all open windows within the software. Clicking one of the listed
windows brings that window to the front.

The Help menu lists various ways to open the help file and software information. Topics can be
opened by clicking any keyword line or topic title.

Contents – The contents page shows the organization of the help file.

Index – The index lists individual topics and keywords in alphabetical order.

Search – The user enters keywords and a list of topics fitting the entered keywords is displayed.

Database Capture – Opens a tool to export the database and main log file, and prepare them for
email to C-Therm technical support.

About – The about window displays version information about the C-Therm TCi software.

2.2 Table Use

Tables can be opened by clicking a button from the Setup window or by selecting an option from
the Manage menu.

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The table has File and Audit Trail menus at the top, nine buttons beneath, and fields to enter
keywords for searching. The area for table entries takes up the remaining space.

The table is opened with no entries. To display all entries, click the search button. Keywords can
be entered to refine the search.

2.2.1 Menus
The menus are positioned along the upper left of the main window. Menu options are grayed out
if the user logged in does not have permission to perform the action attached to the menu option.

The Table File menu:

Search – Clicking this option searches the database for all records matching the search
keywords. If no keywords have been entered, all records will be returned.

Reset Query – Clicking this option clears the keyword fields.

Reset Grid – Clicking this option resets the column widths in the table (grid).

Print – This option opens the print window to print the table.

Print Preview – This option shows how the table would look printed. There is a print button on
the preview so that the table can be printed from there.

Print Setup – This opens the printer options window.

Copy Grid to Clipboard – Clicking this option copies the current table to the clipboard. The
table can then be pasted into a spreadsheet program or other document.

Save Rows As – Clicking this option opens a Save window to save the rows as a CSV file, which
can then be imported into MS Excel.

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View – Once a record has been selected, click this option to open the record. The record also
opens if it is double-clicked.

Edit – Select a record and click the Edit option. The information contained in the record can be
edited and saved.

Add – Clicking the Add option displays an empty record that can be filled and saved.

Delete – Select a record and click this button to delete it. The record is not permanently deleted
but is marked as inactive.

Recover – Recover has two options.

Show Deleted Records – Once this option is clicked, the table displays only deleted
records.

Recover Selected Records – This option can be used to recover a record once it has
been selected. The Recover button can also be clicked.

Notes – Click this button to attach a note to a record. Notes may be attached to test methods,
materials, and test results.

Set Default Record – Select a record and click this option. The record will automatically be
selected when starting a test.

Close – Clicking this option closes the table.

The Audit trail menu:

Audit trail for all Records – Clicking this option displays the audit trail table. If the Search
button is clicked, all entries relating to the current table records are displayed.

Audit trail for selected Records – Clicking this option displays the audit trail table. If the Search
button is clicked, all entries pertaining to the selected record are displayed.

2.2.2 Buttons
Search – This button has the same function as the menu option. It searches the database for
records fitting the entered keywords, or returns all records if no keywords are entered.

View – Once a record has been selected, click this button to open the record. The record also
opens if it is double-clicked.

Add – Clicking the Add button displays an empty record that can be filled and saved.

Copy – Creates a copy of the current record that can be edited and saved.

Edit – Select a record and click the Edit button. The information contained in the record can be
edited and saved.

Delete – Select a record and click this button to delete it. The record is not permanently deleted
but is marked as inactive.

Recover – Once a record has been deleted, it can be recovered by setting the table to show
deleted records, selecting the record, and clicking the recover button.

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Notes – Click this button to attach a note to a record. Notes may be attached to test methods,
materials, and test results.

Close – Click this button to close the current table.

2.2.3 Table Options

When any row of the table is right-clicked, four options are displayed.

Copy to Clipboard – Clicking this option copies the current table to the clipboard. The table can
then be pasted into a spreadsheet program.

Show all Columns – Clicking this option resets the widths of the columns if they have been
changed and displays any columns that are hidden by default.

Reset Grid – Clicking this option resets the widths of the columns if they have been changed.

Show Audit Trail for This Record – Clicking this option displays all audit trail entries for the
selected record.

2.2.4 Using the Parameter Fields to Search

Keywords are used to narrow the search for a particular record or set of records. If only part of a
keyword is known, use wildcards (% or *) for the remainder of the word. For example: for benzyl
compounds, use benz* or benz% to get all results with “benz” as part of the name.

Material groups can be searched by material group name.

Materials can be searched by material group name and material name.

Projects can be searched by project name.

Calibration methods can be searched by calibration method name and instrument family.

Calibration results can be searched by sensor serial number, calibration method, date range, and
validity.

Calibration materials can be searched by name.

Calibration material groups contact agents, and instruments are all displayed and cannot be
searched.

Test methods can be searched by test method name, project name, and calibration method.

Test results can be searched by test ID, date range, test method, project, product batch, material,
material lot, instrument, and workstation.

Control signals can be searched by name.

Users can be searched by user name and user ID.

User groups can be searched by user group name.

2.3 Record Management

Records can be created, edited, viewed, copied, deleted, and recovered through the tables. The
tables can be accessed through the setup window.

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TCi Operator Manual

2.3.1 Create a Record

Each individual record type has a different creation process. Record creation is detailed in the
Record chapter.

2.3.2 View a Record

Step 1 – Open the record’s table.
Select the record type from the Manage menu or click the record type in the Setup window. For
example, to open a material click Material in the Setup window.

Step 2 – Enter keywords into the parameter fields.

Information about keywords is given in the Using the Parameter Fields to Search section.

Step 3 – Click the Search button or press the Enter key.

A list of records fitting the entered parameters is displayed.

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 TCi Operator Manual

Step 4 – Select the desired record.

Step 5 – Click the View button.

2.3.3 Edit a Record

Step 1 – Open the record’s table.
Select the record type from the Manage menu or click the record type in the Setup window. For
example, to open a material click Material in the Setup window.

Step 2 – Enter keywords into the parameter fields.

Information about keywords is given in the Using the Parameter Fields to Search section.

Step 3 – Click the Search button or press the Enter key.

A list of records fitting the entered parameters is displayed.

Step 4 – Select the desired record.

Step 5 – Click the Edit button.

Step 6 – Edit the fields as needed.

Any field with a white or blue background can be changed.

Step 7 – Click the Save button.

2.3.4 Delete a Record

Step 1 – Open the record’s table.
Select the record type from the Manage menu or click the record type in the Setup window. For
example, to open a material click Material in the Setup window.

Step 2 – Enter keywords into the parameter fields.

Information about keywords is given in the Using the Parameter Fields to Search section.

Step 3 – Click the Search button or press the Enter key.

A list of records fitting the entered parameters is displayed.

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TCi Operator Manual

Step 4 – Select the desired record.

Step 5 – Click the Delete button.

2.3.5 Recover a Record

Step 1 – Open the record’s table.
Select the record type from the Manage menu or click the record type in the Setup window. For
example, to open a material click Material in the Setup window.

Step 2 – Click the File menu in the table.

Step 3 – Click the Show Deleted Records option from the Recover submenu.

Step 4 – Select the record to be recovered.

Step 5 – Click the Recover button.

Step 6 - Click the Show Deleted Records option from the Recover submenu to display the
undeleted records.

2.4 Printing
Test reports, tables, records, and results screens can be printed. A printer must be installed
before anything can be printed.

Step 1 - Click the File menu.

Step 2 - Click Print.

If the print option is grayed out, the screen cannot be printed.

View a preview of the screen, table, report, or record by clicking the Print Preview option in the
file menu. The screen, table, report, or record can be printed form the preview screen.

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Change the print options by clicking Print Setup from the File menu.

Step 3 – Click the OK button.

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3 Records
The following section describes how to use and generate the different types of records which
support the data generated from testing.

3.1 Project
A project describes the common purpose behind a set of tests. Using this field allows you to
separate data for easy reference and future quick access. Projects are not necessary to run tests.
A default project is included in the C-Therm TCi software and is all that is required to perform a
test. As more data is collected, the project can be used to filter data.

Step 1 – Open the Project table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the project name.

The project name indicates the purpose or common theme to the tests attached to it.

Step 4 – Enter a description (optional).

Step 5 – Click the Save button.

3.2 Material Group

A material group contains all materials with a common characteristic. Material groups are not
necessary to run tests. A default material group is included in the C-Therm TCi software and is
all that is required to perform a test.

Step 1 – Open the material group table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

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Step 3 – Enter the material group name.

Use the material group name to indicate the common characteristic of the materials to be
attached to the group. For example: lubricants, powders, liquids, or the material name (if different
grades are to be included in the group).

Step 4 – Click the Save button.

3.3 Material
A material is any substance tested. All tests on a particular material can be easily found by
searching for the material name. Entering a material name is not necessary to run a test;
however, the value of that test is put at risk if this information is not entered either before or after
the test is conducted and a material record must be specified in order to allow calculation of
indirect values. A default material name is included in the C-Therm TCi software and is all that is
required to perform a test. As more data is collected, the material name can be used to filter
data.

Step 1 – Open the material table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the material name.

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If multiple grades of the material are in use, indicate the grade in the material name. Do not
specify the material lot as this is covered separately.

Step 4 – Select a material group.

If no group is selected, the material group is set to the default material group by the software.

Step 5 – Click the Add Material Values button (optional).

Step 6 – Enter material properties (optional).

Enter a temperature, then the effusivity, thermal conductivity, density, diffusivity, heat capacity,
and the source of the values. Not all values must be entered. When values are entered, indirect
values (diffusivity, heat capacity, R-value, and depth of penetration) can be calculated. Heat
capacity and diffusivity can be entered, or calculated if the density is entered.

For diffusivity, density and heat capacity must be entered.

For heat capacity, density must be entered.

For density, heat capacity must be entered.

The R-value and depth of penetration can be calculated without additional values.

Step 7 – Click the Save button.

3.4 Material Lot

A material lot differentiates between different batches of the same material. Material lots are
frequently created when a test is started but can also be created through a material record.

Step 1 – Open the material lot table.

Open the Manage Material table, and open the record for the material. Click the Show Lots
button.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the lot number.

Each lot number for a material must be unique.

Step 4 – Click the Save button.

3.5 Test Method

A test method describes the parameters of a test: what type of measurements to take (thermal
conductivity or effusivity), when to take measurements, how many measurements to take. Unlike

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the records discussed previously, the test method is required and must be selected before a test
with any parameters other than the default can be performed.

Step 1 – Open the test method table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter a name for the test method.

The test method name describes the purpose of the test. Use very broad or specific names as
the tests require. If a test method is to be used to monitor thermal conductivity of a specific
material in a process, urethane foam after a curing process for example, an appropriate name
would be “Urethane Foam – k after Curing.” If the purpose of the test is more general, powder
effusivity for example, an appropriate name would be “Powder Effusivity” or ‘General – Powder
Effusivity.”

Step 4 – Select a project.

Step 5 – Select a calibration method.

The method determines the timing, power and material type parameters used in the test.

Step 6 – Select a Control.

The pre-loaded control is the Tenney Jr. Thermal Chamber. For more information, please see
the Testing with the Thermal Chamber section in the testing chapter.

Step 7 – Click the Get Ambient Temperature for Each Measurement checkbox (Optional).
Check this option only if the temperature is expected to be changing during the test.

Step 8 – Enter the delay before the first measurement (optional).

If no delay is entered, measurements begin immediately upon the beginning of the test.

Step 9 – Enter the minimum measurement period (optional).

A minimum measurement period is used to limit the measurements to a set cycle. A period of 10
minutes means that each sensor will take its measurement(s) every ten minutes. If a period is
not specified, the measurements are taken upon completion of the cooling time.

Step 10 – Enter the number of measurements to be taken.

If zero is entered, measurements will be taken until the test is stopped by the user.

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Step 11 – Enter the number of sensors to be used.

If zero is entered, any number of sensors can be selected when beginning a test.

Step 12 – Enter the number of samples per sensor per measurement.

This is the number of times the sensor fires during a single measurement interval.

Step 13 – Click the checkbox to enable staggered sampling, if desired.

When staggered sampling is enabled, a set number of sensors fire each rotation until all sensors
have been used. Without staggered sampling all of the sensors fire on a single rotation.

Step 14 – Select the prompts to be displayed.

Step 15 – Click the Save button.

3.6 Contact Agents

Two standard contact agents are currently offered with the C-Therm TCi system: Distilled Water
and Wakefield 120 thermal grease. Contact agents have correction factors to prevent them from
negatively affecting measurements. More information on contact agents is given in the testing
chapter.

Correction factors must be added for specific calibration methods and temperatures. Correction
factors developed for use with one calibration may not be compatible with another calibration.
Similarly, they may vary with temperature.

Step 1 – Open the Contact Agent table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the contact agent name.

Step 4 – Enter the maximum temperature usable with this contact agent.

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Step 5 – Enter the minimum temperature usable with this contact agent.

Step 6 – Click the + button to add a line.

Step 7 – Enter a Calibration Method name.

Step 8 – Enter the Temperature.

Step 9 – Enter the A correction factor.

Step 10 – Enter the B correction factor.

Step 11 – Repeat steps 6 to 10 for all available calibration methods and temperature
points.

Step 12 – Click the Save button.

3.7 Notes
Notes can be attached to any other record in the C-Therm TCi software. They are accessible
through the Notes button on most records.

Step 1 - Open a record.

Notes can be attached to material, project, and test method records.

Step 2 - Click the Notes button.

The notes table is displayed.

Step 3 - Click the Add button.

Step 4 - Enter the note.

The note can be up to 200 characters long.

Step 5 - Click the Save button.

3.8 Calibration Materials

Calibration materials are materials with known stable thermal properties that are used to build a
calibration curve.

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Note: Calibration Materials are created differently in the User Cal Wizard. Please see User
Calibrations for more information.

Step 1 – Open the Calibration Material table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the calibration material name.

Step 4 – Enter a description for the calibration material (optional).

Step 5 – Click the Add button twice in the Cal Material Values frame.

Step 6 – Select Effusivity for the first row.

Step 7 – Enter the calculated effusivity value.

The thermal effusivity value is calculated from the following equation:

Eff  k    Cp (W√s/m2K)

Where k is the thermal conductivity (W/m∙K), ρ is the density (kg/m3), and Cp is the Heat Capacity
(J/Kg/K).

Note: 1 J = 1 W∙s

Step 8 – Select Conductivity for the second row.

Step 9 – Enter the literature thermal conductivity value.

Step 10 – Click the Save button.

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3.9 Calibration Material Groups

Calibration material groups contain at least three different materials of similar properties.
Preloaded groups include liquids and powders, foams, polymers, ceramics, and metals. These
records cannot be edited. Any user created calibration material group can be edited in the
normal way.

Note: Permission to create and edit calibration material groups must be granted by the
system administrator.

Step 1 – Open the Calibration Material Group table.

Click the Calibration option from the Manage menu, and Calibration Material Group option from
the Calibration submenu.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the Cal Material Group name.

Step 4 – Click the + button to add a calibration material to the group.

Step 5 – Select a calibration material from the drop-down list.

Step 6 – Repeat steps 4 and 5 as needed to enter all calibration materials.

Step 7 – Select a diagnostic material from the drop-down list.

The diagnostic material is the material tested when the calibration is selected for a reference
material test.

Step 8 – Click the Save button.

3.10 Calibration Methods

Calibration methods contain the parameters used to calibrate sensors, including timing options,
power level, frequency, and calibration material group.

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Note: Only user created calibration methods can be edited. Calibration methods are
created differently in the User Cal Wizard. Please see User Calibrations for more
information.

Step 1 – Open the Calibration Method table.

Click the Calibration option from the Manage menu, and Calibration Method option from the
Calibration submenu.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter a Calibration Method Name.

Step 4 – Select an Instrument Family.

This may usually be left as ESP Family.

Step 5 – Select the Calibration Material Group.

Six calibration material groups come standard with the software: liquids and powders, foams,
fabrics, polymers, ceramics, and metals. Others may be created and changed by users.
Step 6 – Click the Ignore Cal Results from Sensor ID Chip option.

Step 7 – Enter the Test Time in seconds.

The test time is the time during which voltage is applied to the sensor. The standard test time is
1.0s for liquids, powders, polymers, ceramics, and metals. The test time for foams is 2.7s.

Note: If the test time is 5 seconds or greater, the frequency must be decreased to 50 Hz.

Step 8 – Enter the Start Time in seconds.

The start time is the time into a test after which the data is used for calculations. Prior to that
time, the heat wave is moving through the chip and contact agent. The standard start time is 0.5s
for liquids, powders, polymers, ceramics, and metals. The start time for foams is 1.2s.

Step 9 – Enter the Cooling Time in seconds.

The cooling time is the time the sensor requires to cool down after a measurement is taken. No
further measurements can be taken by a sensor during the cooling time. The standard cooling
time is 60s for liquids, powders, polymers, ceramics, and metals. The cooling time for foams is
90s.

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Step 10 – Select the Frequency.

The frequency must be decreased to 50 Hz if the test time is 5 seconds or more but may remain
at 100 Hz for any shorter test time.

Step 11 – Select the Power Level.

The power level is the amount of voltage applied to the sensor. Use 60 when testing foams, 37
when testing powders, liquids, fabrics, polymers, and ceramics, and 65 when testing low and high
k metals.

Step 12 – Set the Valid Ranges.

There are three ranges to enter: temperature, thermal conductivity, and effusivity. These ranges
limit the circumstances under which calibration results obtained with the calibration method can
be used. For example, if the calibration results are used in a test and the thermal conductivity
falls outside of the declared range, the cell containing that result will be orange. Alternately, if the
sensor is used at a higher or lower temperature than specified, a warning is displayed.

Note: The thermal conductivity values of the calibration materials used by the method
may be viewed by clicking the Show Cal Materials button.

3.11 Control Signals

Control Signals allow control of an external piece of equipment such as a thermal chamber. The
preloaded control signal is for the Tenney Jr. Thermal Chamber with Watlow F4 Series 932
Controller.

Step 1 – Open the Control Signals table.

Click the Testing option from the Manage menu, and the Control option from the Testing
submenu.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

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Step 3 – Enter a name for the Control.

Step 4 – Select Standard or Custom.

Select Standard unless a custom library component has been supplied by C-Therm.

Step 5 – Click the Configure button.

Configuring the thermal chamber involves setting up a temperature profile. The chamber will heat
and cool as laid out in the profile setup. This allows extended testing over a range of
temperatures with minimal user monitoring.

Step 6 – Select the Chamber type.

The Tenney Jr. using the F4 controller type is selected by default.

Step 7 – Select the Port connected to the thermal chamber from the drop-down menu.
Press the ? button beside the drop-down list to reload the available ports.

Step 8 – Enter the duration for the temperature step.

This step may be heating or cooling to the temperature set in Step 9 or it may be holding at that
temperature. For example, enter 02:00 to maintain the temperature for two hours.

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Step 9 – Enter a temperature in degrees Celsius.

If the temperature entered is different than the previous temperature, the duration entered in step
8 is the time to ramp to the new temperature. If the temperature is the same as previous, the
time is the time to soak at the current temperature.

Note: The initial temperature must be 20 to 25 C. Temperatures after the initial values will
be treated as Ramp to values. If the temperature change is too swift for the TCi sensor, an
error will be displayed.

Step 10 – Repeat steps 8 and 9 until the temperature profile is completed.

The profile above shows the five minute hold at ambient, one hour ramp up to 70C, twenty
minutes testing at 70C, one hour ramp up to 120C, twenty minutes testing at 120C, and two
hours ramping back down to ambient.

Step 11 – Click the Verify button to confirm that the thermal chamber is connected.

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4 Testing
In general, testing with the C-Therm TCi system is intended to be fast. It can directly measure
thermal conductivity or effusivity. It can indirectly measure diffusivity, heat capacity, the R-Value,
or depth of penetration.

Material Minimum Power Temperature Sample Setup &

Contact Agent
Type Thickness Level Range (°C) Preparation
Use Small Volume
Liquids 1 mm 37 -50 to 192
Test Kit
Use Compression Test
Powders 1 mm 37 -50 to 192 Accessory or Small
Volume Test Kit
None
Place sample on
Foams 2 mm 60 -50 to 192 sensor. Place weight
on sample.
Use Compression Test
Fabrics 2 mm 37 -50 to 192
Accessory
Polymers 5 mm 37 -50 to 192
Ceramics 5 mm 37 -50 to 192
Place contact agent
Low Metals 5 to 70°C - 3 drops water
on sensor. Place
(15 to 90 5-12 mm 65 -50 to 192
sample on sensor. 25 to 200°C - Wakefield 120
W/mK)
Place weight on thermal grease*
High Metals
sample.
(90 to 500 12-21 mm 65 -50 to 192
W/mK)

* Use Wakefield 120 thermal grease for long tests, tests at high temperatures, or with
absorbent or porous materials.

Note: When testing materials, especially high conductivity materials, use fabric gloves to
minimize heat transfer from your hands to the tested materials. High conductivity
materials will quickly absorb heat from your hands, and will create a temperature gradient,
which may affect the results.

A general procedure is provided for the steps in setting up a test. Additional direction is provided
for different material types, contact agents, and with additional accessories.

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Use the following table to estimate which calibration to use based on similar material type
and expected properties:

Material group with calibration materials Eff range k range (Cp), 106
Ws/m2K W/mK J/m3K
Liquids & powders 0-1660 0-0.61 0 – 4.6
 Air
 PDMS
 Distilled Water*
 90% Ethylene Glycol
Foams 50-290 0.04-0.12 0 – 0.69
 6704
 6720*
 Silicone Foam
Polymers 570-1450 0.13-1.2 1.3 – 2.0
 CPVC
 PMMA
 HDPE
 Pyrex*
Ceramics 1400- 1.1-29 1.8 – 2.7
 Pyrex 8600
 Steatite
 Pyroceram*
 Alumina
Low Metals 7500- 15-90 2.4 – 4.4
 Stainless Steel 17,000
 Sapphire
 Steel
 Phosphor Bronze*
High Metals (machined samples) 16500- 85-500 2.4 – 3.4
 Phosphor Bronze 38000
 Yellow Brass
 Aluminum
 Copper*

4.1 General Procedure

Step 1 – Prepare the materials to be tested.
Specifics of material preparation are given in the following sections. It is highly recommended
that users wear gloves while handling solid materials to avoid thermal contamination.

Step 2 – Position the material on the sensor.

Specifics on sensor positioning are given in the following sections.

Step 3 - Click the New Test button on the toolbar.

Alternately, click the New Test option in the file main menu.

Step 4 - Select the project.

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Step 5 – Click the Next button.

Step 6 - Select the test method to be used.

A test method describes the parameters of a test: when to take measurements, what power level
and timing parameters to use, and how many measurements to take. Select a test method that
uses a calibration method with the calibration material group and power level appropriate to the
test material. Power levels are discussed in the following sections.

Step 7 – Click the Next button.

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Step 8 – Select the Material Group.

Step 9 – Select the Material to test.

Note: Please select the material on the sensor or create a new material record if the
sample is not listed. To create a new material, click the New Material button above the
material frame.

Do not select a reference material to compare with a different material. Using the incorrect
material record may affect the testing results if density and heat capacity are required for
indirect calculations.

Step 10 – Click the Next button.

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Step 11 – Select the instrument.

Step 12 – Select the sensors.

Step 13 – Select the contact agent.

See the table in section 4 for a guide to contact agents. Detailed background is located in section
9.

Step 14 – Select the Material Lot (optional).

Step 15 – Click the Start Test button.

The test results table is displayed. The test can be paused or stopped by clicking the appropriate
button at the top of the test window. The samples are displayed as they are taken.

If any cell is red, the measurement is not valid. Repeat the measurement. Check the R 2 value for
each measurement. If the R2 value is less than 0.995, the measurement may not be valid.
Metals have lower R2 values than lower k materials. Ensure that the sensor is on a stable
surface and that the material and sensor are in good contact. An orange cell means that the
thermal conductivity or effusivity value is outside of the calibration range of that material group.

The derived values are displayed by clicking the Show Derived Values button if the material has
density and heat capacity values entered. Some values are displayed when the density is
entered.

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The values in the Test Results Table are explained in the following table.

Value Meaning
Effusivity The effusivity is calculated by comparing the sensor response to the
(W√s/m2K) factory calibration.
k (W/mK) The thermal conductivity is calculated by comparing the sensor response
to the factory calibration.
Diffusivity (m2/s) The thermal diffusivity is calculated using the measured k, heat capacity,
and density. Either heat capacity or density must be entered to calculate
this value.
k

  Cp
k (computed) The indirect thermal conductivity is calculated from the measured effusivity
(W/mK) and input heat capacity and density values. Both heat capacity and
density must be entered to calculate this value.
e2
k
  Cp
Heat Capacity The heat capacity is calculated from the measured effusivity and thermal
(J/kgK) conductivity and input density value. The density must be entered to
calculate this value.
e2
Cp 
k
Depth of The depth of penetration is calculated from the diffusivity and time. Either
Penetration (m) diffusivity, heat capacity, or density must be entered to calculate this value.
d  4   t
R-Value The R-Value is calculated from the thermal conductivity and depth of
((m2K)/W) penetration. It is a property applicable only to insulative materials. Either
diffusivity, heat capacity, or density must be entered to calculate this value.
d
R 
k
Correction A The parameters used to correct the 1/m value for the effect of the contact
agent.
Correction B The parameters used to correct the 1/m value for the effect of the contact
agent.
1/m The inverse of the slope of the V√t curve for each measurement on a
material.
R2 The R2 value indicates how smooth the V√t curve for each measurement
is.
Start The start time for each measurement.
V0 (mV) The initial voltage at the start of each measurement.
VMax (mV) The maximum voltage for each measurement.
DeltaV (mV) The difference between the maximum and initial voltage for each
measurement.
Ambient (°C) The ambient temperature for each measurement.
T0 (°C) The initial temperature for each measurement.
delta T (°C) The temperature rise at the sensor surface during a measurement.

Step 16 – Click the Test Details button.

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4.2 Foam Testing

Foam samples are frequently fragile and must be handled with care. Do not use thermal
interface materials as they are difficult to clean off the foam. Foams use a power level of 60 and
a test time of 2.7 seconds. Foam samples must be a minimum of 2 mm thick to test.

Note on caring for foam samples: Always keep foams samples free of dirt or other substances
which will affect the foam results. Inspect before testing for dents or other forms of compression
damage. Store samples carefully to avoid such damage.

Step 1 – Place the sample on the sensor.

Handle the sample with gloves to prevent thermal contamination.

Step 2 – Carefully place a weight on the sample.

The 500 gram weight (supplied by C-Therm Technologies Ltd.) provides consistent pressure and
keeps the sample in good contact with the sensor surface.

Step 3 – Perform the test.

4.3 Powder, Fabric, or Grease Testing

Powder, fabric, and grease samples require a power level of 37. Use the Compression Test
Accessory or the Small Volume Test Kit (for energetics) to ensure consistent and measured
compaction of the powder, fabric, or grease sample. There must be at least 1 mm of powder or
grease or 2 mm of fabric sample against the sensor surface for testing.

Note: Fabric samples may need to be layered to minimum thickness. Use the Blotter
Testing section to determine if the sample is thick enough.

Step 1 – Use the Compression Test Accessory SOP in Appendix J or the Small Volume
Test Kit SOP on Appendix I to prepare the sample.

Step 2 – Perform the test.

4.4 Solid Testing

Solids include any non-foam solid materials such as ceramics, metals (less than 90 W/mK),
wood, polymers, and glass.

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The power level depends on the nature of the solid. The power level for tests on low thermal
conductivity materials such as polymers, ceramics, and wood should be 37. The power level for
metals below 90 W/mK is 65.

When testing a material that is a solid but is not a polymer, ceramic, or metal use the table in the
general testing section to estimate the appropriate test method to use. Test the material and
compare its thermal conductivity or effusivity to the ranges listed. If the value is within the range,
the selected test method was the correct one. If the value is lower or higher than the range,
retest the material with a test method with a lower or higher range as needed.

Note on solid materials care: Be aware of the surface condition you are testing when
testing solids. A smooth presentation to the sensor face will result in more consistent
data. Damage (e.g. pitting, cracks etc.) will be detected if placed over the testing area of
the sensor. Polymers often creep (slow deformation) at room temperature so should be
placed in a consistent and safe position to avoid damage or uneven surfaces. Reference
materials should be used in the same manner all the time and test the same location to
ensure the highest possible consistency in results.

Step 1 - Spread a small quantity of contact agent on the sensor surface.

Contact agents include water or Wakefield 120 thermal grease.

Use three drops of water as the contact agent when testing at temperatures between 5 and 70ºC.

Use Wakefield 120 thermal grease as the contact agent when testing at temperatures above
70ºC, when testing for long periods of time, or when testing porous or absorbent materials. See
the Contact Agents section in this chapter for more details on application.

Test contact agents on materials before testing with them to ensure that the contact agent does
not dissolve, warp or otherwise damage the material. Omit the contact agent if it can dissolve or
absorb into the sample.

Step 2 - Place the sample on the sensor.

Handle the sample with gloves to prevent thermal contamination.

Step 3 - Carefully place a weight on the sample.

If the sample is heavier than 150 grams, the weight should not be used. The sensor chip is
fragile and can be damaged if the sample and weight are not placed carefully.

Step 4 – Perform the test.

4.5 Metal Testing (Greater than 90 W/mK)

Metal samples with values greater than 90 W/mK are calculated from the measured thermal
effusivity values and entered density and heat capacity values. The values are displayed
differently than measurements on other material types.

The power level for tests on high thermal conductivity materials such as metals above 90 W/mK
is 65.

Please note that all metal samples with thermal conductivity values greater than 90 W/mK must
be machined to 17.8 mm in diameter. The preferred height is 38 mm, but samples must be a
minimum of 12 to 21 mm depending on their thermal conductivity value. 12 mm is appropriate for
materials similar to Yellow Brass while 21 mm is the minimum thickness for Copper samples.

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Step 1 - Spread a small quantity of contact agent on the sensor surface.

Contact agents include water or Wakefield 120 thermal grease.

Use three drops of water as the contact agent when testing at temperatures between 5 and 70ºC.

Use Wakefield 120 thermal grease as the contact agent when testing at temperatures above
70ºC, when testing for long periods of time, or when testing porous or absorbent materials. See
the Contact Agents section in this chapter for more details on application.

Step 2 - Place the sample on the sensor in the metal sample holder.
Handle the sample with gloves to prevent thermal contamination.

Step 3 - Carefully place a weight on the sample.

The sensor chip is fragile and can be damaged if the sample and weight are not placed carefully.

Step 4 – Start the test using the general procedure.

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4.6 Liquid Testing

Liquid testing requires a power level of 37. There must be at least 1 mm of liquid for testing (an
approximation only, due to varying viscosities and resultant convective effects on the test).

Step 1 – Prepare the sample using the Small Volume Test Kit SOP in Appendix I.

Volumes of liquid as low as 1/4 tsp (1.24 mL) can also be tested with the Small Volume Test Kit
Accessory. Contact your C-Therm representative for more information.

Step 2 – Perform the test.

4.7 Blotter or Thin Sample Testing

When testing thin materials, meaning samples with less than the recommended minimum
thickness or with high k filler materials, it is necessary to confirm that the heat wave from the
sensor is not passing completely through the sample. This is accomplished by performing a test
with a blotter material and overlaying voltage time curves from test results taken with and without
the blotter material. If there is a deviation point between the two curves, the samples must be
stacked or a custom calibration performed with shorter timing parameters.

Material Type Minimum Thickness

Liquids 1 mm
Powders 1 mm
Foams 2 mm
Fabrics 2 mm
Polymers 5 mm
Ceramics 5 mm
Metals < 90 W/mK 5-12 mm
Metals > 90 w/mK 12-20 mm

Step 1 – Place the sample on the sensor.

Use a contact agent if necessary.

Step 2 – Place the blotter material on the sample.

If available, use the foam or polymer reference material. Otherwise, use any available piece of
low k material (foam, wood, plastic).

Step 3 – Place the weight on top of the blotter material.

Step 4 – Begin the test.

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Step 5 – After 4 measurements, pause the test.

Step 6 – Remove the blotter material.

Step 7 – Resume the test.

Step 8 – Stop the test after another 4 measurements.

Step 9 – Right-click the 4th measurement.

Step 10 – Select the Overlay Voltage Chart option.

Step 11 – Right-click the 8th measurement.

Step 12 – Select the Overlay Voltage Chart option.

Step 13 – Click the Normalize option in the upper right corner of the chart.

Step 14 – Determine if there is a deviation point between the two curves.

Note: only the portion of the curves between the two thick vertical bars is significant.

Example of a passing blotter test:

Example of a failing blotter test:

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4.8 Indirect Property Calculations

Several properties can be determined indirectly from test results using the C-Therm TCi software.
The derived properties are displayed in the results grid of a test. Below are the theoretical base
calculations that are used for the software calculations.

Diffusivity is determined from the equation:

k
 [m2/s]
Cp
Where α is the diffusivity, k is the thermal conductivity, ρ is the density, and Cp is the heat
capacity. The density must be entered for this value to be calculated. The heat capacity can be
entered or calculated if the density has been entered.

Heat Capacity is determined from the equation:

e2
Cp  [J/kg·K]
k
Where Cp is the heat capacity, e is the effusivity, k is the thermal conductivity, and ρ is the
density. The density must be entered for this value to be calculated. Both thermal conductivity
and effusivity calibrations must be available for this value to be calculated.

The R-value is determined from the equation:

l
R  [m2K/W]
k
Where k is the thermal conductivity and l is the material thickness (the depth of penetration). This
property is only applicable to insulative materials.

The depth of penetration is determined form the equation:

d  4  t  [m]
1/ 2

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Where α is the diffusivity, and t is the test time from the thermal conductivity calibration. The
thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, or density must be entered for this value to be calculated.

4.9 Altering the Test Method during the Test

The test method can be altered during the test by clicking the Alter Test Method button at the top
of the test window. Changes made to the test method in this window last only for the duration of
the test. The test method record is not altered.

4.10 Changing the Units of Measurement

Imperial, SI, and CGS units are available for use. Note that this feature requires restarting the
software.

Step 1 – Select Change Units of Measure from the Tools menu.

Step 2 – Select the units from the drop-down list.

Step 3 – Click the OK button.

Step 4 – Log out and restart the software.

4.11 Auto Testing

Multiple repeated tests can be performed in the same manner as standard tests. Create a test
method with the desired interval between tests.

Step 1 – Open the test method table.

Step 2 – Click the New button.

Step 3 – Enter the test method name.

Step 4 – Select the project and calibration method.

Step 5 – Check the Get Ambient Temperature for Each Measurement option.

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Step 6 – Enter the minimum measurement period.

The measurement period is the interval between tests beyond the cooling time. The time must be
entered in hh:mm:ss format (for a period of ten minutes, enter 00:10:00). Leave the field empty if
tests can be performed as soon as the cooling time is complete.

Step 7 – Enter the number of measurements.

For unlimited measurements, enter 0.

Step 8 – Enter the number of sensors.

Enter 0 for any number of sensors.

Step 9 – Enter the number of samples/sensor/measurement.

This is the number of times each sensor fires during an interval. If one sensor is left for a long
test, multiple samples can be taken in each interval so an RSD can be calculated for each
interval.

Step 10 – Select the user prompts.

Do not turn on the measurement prompts.

Step 11 – Click the Save button.

Step 12 – Prepare the sample.

Step 13 – Perform the test.

4.12 Contact Agents

The C-Therm TCi sensor surface is made of a solid material. It can measure liquids, powders,
and pastes by direct contact with these materials. However, when it comes in contact with solids,
there is always a contact resistance. Using a contact agent minimizes the contact resistance.
For optimal performance and convenience, C-Therm has built into each factory calibration the
error corrections for the material groups provided with the following contact agents as listed. Not
using a contact agent when testing with these material groups will likely result in less than
optimal results.

Two standard contact agents are currently offered with the C-Therm TCi system: Waterand
Wakefield 120 thermal grease. Contact agents have correction factors to prevent them from
negatively affecting measurements.

Material
Contact Agent
Type
Liquids
Powders
None
Foams
Fabrics
Polymers
Ceramics 5 to 70°C 3 drops water
Metals -50 to 200°C Wakefield 120 thermal grease*

* Use Wakefield 120 thermal grease with absorbent or porous materials.

The best contact agent available is distilled water, as it has relatively high thermal conductivity
(~0.6 W/mK), low viscosity, and is easy to apply and clean.

At temperatures lower than 5C and higher than 70C a different contact agent is needed.

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Additional contact agents may be developed by testing materials with known thermal conductivity
values. The materials must be tested with both water and the new contact agent and the results
plotted in the form:

1 1
(WaterCA )  ( ( newCA )  A)  B
M M

Summary of available correction factors in the TCi 4.0 software:

Contact Agent Cal Method Temperature A B

Water Polymers-HR, Ceramics- 5 to 70°C 1.0 0
HR, Metals-HR
Wakefield 120 Thermal Polymers-HR 25 1.0356 -0.9800
Grease* 50 1.0312 -1.1300
100 0.8556 -2.0500
150 0.9854 -0.3700
200 0.9261 1.5000
Ceramics-HR 25 1.0503 -1.4266
50 1.0399 -1.6000
100 0.7666 3.0000
150 0.8779 5.0000
200 0.8156 8.2000
Low Metals-HR 25 1.0692 -2.7000
50 1.0022 3.5000
75 0.9697 5.5000
100 0.6963 29.7000
125 0.8006 41.0000
150 0.7763 39.4000
175 0.7046 56.0000
200 0.8214 30.6000
High Metals-HR 25 1.0342 5.4970
50 0.9965 15.5000
100 1.0441 -9.3801
150 0.9634 5.5000
175 1.0064 -17.5000
200 1.0051 -18.0000
*Contact C-Therm Technologies for any additional values required.

4.12.1 Testing with Wakefield 120 Thermal Grease

When testing at high temperatures or with porous or absorbent materials such as plaster, asphalt,
or concrete it is necessary to avoid the use of traditional contact agents (water or glycol) as they
may be absorbed by the sample material and affect the measurement. C-Therm recommends
Wakefield thermal grease as a replacement contact agent. Wakefield Type 120 Thermal Joint
Compound is supplied with the TCi system.

Step 1 – Apply the thermal grease to the sensor.

A straight end flexible metal putty knife is the recommended tool for applying the thermal grease.

Scrape a very thin uniform layer on the surface of the sensor, just sufficient to fill any pores.
Sweep the putty knife over the sensor surface so that no green is visible. Be cautious to avoid
scratching the sensor’s surface. An excessively thick layer can affect the sensor readings. Try to

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be minimal in its application – just enough to provide the necessary seal. (One way to tell if the
layer is too thick is if sample values trend in one direction over many minutes before stabilizing.)

Note: For users unfamiliar with the application of conductive grease as a contact agent,
this can lead to an issue of paste consistency being raised and questions on the impact to
the measurement. How much or how little thermal grease is required for consistent
results? Clients are encouraged to practice using the thermal grease with the Pyrex
reference standard provided with the TCi system prior to commencing sample testing.
Pyrex is optimal in this case as you can actually see the contact occurring at the testing
surface through the material. Results should fall within a better than 5% accuracy of the
expected value for the reference material. (Pyrex = 1.143 W/mK @ 25° Celsius with an
acceptance range of 1.09 to 1.20 W/mK).

Step 2 – Place the sample on the thermal grease.

Step 3 – Perform the test.

Use the general procedure and select the Wakefield Thermal Grease as the contact agent.

Step 4 – Clean the sensor.

Once the test is complete, wipe the sensor with a paper towel or KimWipe to remove most of the
thermal grease.

Place 1 drop of TR-1 Thermal Material Remover on the center of the sensor. Carefully wipe off
the cleaner and any remaining grease after 30 seconds.

4.13 Chemical Testing with RTV or FRV Tabs

The RTV sealant is the sensor component most vulnerable to damage from aggressive
chemicals. RTV tabs are provided to allow potentially damaging chemicals to be tested prior to
use with the sensor, resulting in extended sensor life. See Appendix D for a complete list of
chemicals already tested.

FRV tabs are provided with FRV sensors. The FRV seal is used for testing fuels, which damage
the RTV seals on standard sensors.

Note: Use of a thermal chamber is required for testing at a specific temperature,

representative to the process conditions for the sensor. It is recommended to test the
chemical under the same conditions as will be used with the TCi sensor.

Note: Where chemical testing is to be done it is expected that the user is familiar with
current best safety practices and that such procedures will not be described in this
document. Review all MSDS prior to testing.

Step 1 – Set the temperature of the thermal chamber if applicable.

Leave the thermal chamber closed for two hours for it to come to equilibrium.

Step 2 – Examine each RTV tab for flaws, including pitting and air bubbles, prior to use.
Some flaws are natural due to the curing and application process.

Step 3 – Label each beaker with the chemical to be tested.

Step 4 – Seal each beaker with paraffin film.

This step may be omitted at temperatures higher than 60°C depending on chemical under test.

Step 5 – Place the beakers to be tested in the thermal chamber or fume hood if applicable.

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Leave the samples in the thermal chamber or fume hood for 60 minutes.

Step 6 – Remove the samples individually from the thermal chamber.

Step 7 – Examine the test tab.

Remove the sample piece from the beaker, using tweezers if necessary. Rinse it with a small
quantity of water if necessary. Examine the sample and note observations in the table.

Step 8 – Replace the sample in the beaker.

Add a small additional amount of chemical if necessary (note uptake or evidence of absorbing
which should also be evident by the tab getting larger or puffy depending on the chemical under
test).

Step 9 – Replace the sample in the thermal chamber.

Step 10 – Repeat steps 5 to 9 for each sample at 120, 180, and 240 minutes and at 24 hours
or as required.

Step 11 – Dispose of the chemical as per its MSDS.

Step 12 – Clean the beakers.

Step 13 – Evaluate the results.

A chemical is to be designated as safe to be used with the TCi sensors if it has no effect on the
RTV test tab (effect A as noted below).

Chemical Temp 1 hour 2 hours 3 Hours 4 hours 24 Hours Safe/Not

Safe

Legend of Effects:
A – No Effect
B – Some Warping, puffiness
C – Some Pitting or discoloration
D – Severe Damage, loss of flexibility
E – Dissolved

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4.14 Testing in a Thermal Chamber

The C-Therm TCi has an operating range of -50 to 200 °C. The Tenney Jr. thermal chamber with
Watlow F4 controller is the thermal chamber supported by C-Therm for use with the TCi. Contact
your C-Therm representative for more information.

Users are advised that when operating the TCi sensor in a thermal chamber, it is possible for
some electrical leakage to pass from the thermal chamber floor through to the sensor. This has
the potential to adversely impact the accuracy of testing results and can damage the sensor if
operated at elevated temperatures over extended periods of time.

It is recommended to place a non-electrically conductive layer between the sensor base plate and
the thermal chamber floor. The electrically insulative layer isolates the sensor from the thermal
chamber and will prevent any potential electrical leakage.

Materials such as silicone rubber are ideal for this purpose as they are safe to use within the TCi
temperature range. A silicone rubber pad, as pictured below, is provided with the TCi.

4.14.1 Thermal Chamber Setup

A Female RS232 DB9 to USB cable or Female to Female straight through RS232 cable with
serial to USB adapter is required to control the Thermal Chamber via the TCi software.

Note: A null modem cable is not suitable and will result in a No Port is Available error.
Use of a damaged USB to Serial adapter, or an adapter not compatible with the Windows
versions will also result in this error.

The default Tenney Jr. thermal chamber with Watlow F4 controller settings are as follows. They
are the correct settings for use with the TCi software.

Baud = 9600
Parity = None
Data Bits = 8;
Handshake = XOnXOff;
Stop Bits = 1

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The thermal chamber manual is available from the manufacturer. If purchased through C-Therm,
it may also be obtained by contacting C-Therm Technologies.

4.14.2 Testing Procedure

Step 1 – Set the silicone pad and baseplate inside the thermal chamber, as pictured above.

Step 2 – Place the TCi sensor in the baseplate.

Step 3 – Apply a contact agent (if applicable).

Contact agents are discussed in section 4.12. Wakefield 120 Thermal Joint Compound is
recommended for use in high temperature or long term applications. Liquid, powder, and foam
samples do not require contact agents.

Step 4 – Place the sample.

Use the Small Volume Test Kit SOP in Appendix I if testing liquid or powder samples. Ensure
that solid samples are stable as thermal chambers vibrate.

Step 5 – Program the thermal chamber.

Use the instructions in section 3.11 to set up a temperature profile. Label the Control
appropriately. In the example below, the thermal chamber sits for five minutes at ambient, one
hour ramp up to 70C, twenty minutes testing at 70C, one hour ramp up to 120C, twenty minutes
testing at 120C, and two hours ramping back down to ambient.

Step 6 – Prepare a test method (optional).

Use the instructions in section 3.5 to prepare a test method that will take measurements only
during the hold periods of the thermal chamber program. This is optional. A standard test
method may be used to collect data through the complete thermal chamber temperature profile.

The example below is set to wait sixty-five minutes after the test begins to start taking
measurements, then takes twenty measurements twice with an hour between measurement sets.
This leaves time for the chamber to perform the initial five minute hold and one hour ramp to 70C,
then takes twenty measurements, waits one hour for the ramp up to 120C, and takes the final
twenty measurements.

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Step 7 – Start the test using the test method created.

5 Data Analysis techniques and practices

5.1 Opening a Test
An opened test appears the same as a test being performed with the exception of the test control
button field, which is not displayed.

Step 1 - Click the Open Test button on the toolbar/in the main menu.

Step 2 - Enter keywords into the query fields and click the OK button.
Once the test is open, the project and material information can be edited.

5.2 Using Excel for added Analysis Power

Test data can be copied to Excel by copying to the clipboard or exporting to a CSV file that can
be then imported to Excel. See the Importing and Exporting section for more information.

5.2.1 Copying to the Clipboard

Step 1 – Open the desired table or test results.

Step 2 – Right-click an entry in the table.

Step 3 – Select the Copy Grid to Clipboard option.

Step 4 – Paste the table into Excel.

5.3 Overlaying Measurements/Tests

Individual samples can be overlaid on a voltage time chart. Overlaying samples allows a
deviation point to be found.

Step 1 - Open the test results table.

Step 2 – Open the desired test

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Step 3 – Right-click on one measurement.

Step 4 – Select the Overlay Voltage Chart option.

Step 5 – Right-click a second measurement.

Note: The second measurement may be from a different test than the first.

Step 6 – Select the Overlay option.

Step 7 – Repeat as required.

5.4 Editing a Test

The project, material lot, and description of a test can be edited after the test has been
performed.

Step 1 – Open the test results table.

Step 2 – Open the desired test.

Step 3 – Click the Test Details button at the top of the window.
View the details of the test method, instrument, project, and material by clicking the … button
beside the appropriate field.

Step 4 – Edit any details with a white or blue background or Material by clicking the ?
button.

Step 5 – Enter a description (optional).

Step 6 – Click the Save button.

5.5 Reports
Reports can be generated for the audit trail, tests, reference material tests, and user calibrations.

Note: User calibration reports are available in the Tools – User Calibration menu.

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Step 1 - Select the desired type of report from the report menu.

Step 2 - Enter keywords into the query fields and click the Search button.
Entries for the audit trail report can be searched by user ID, date range and audit code. A date
range must be entered to be able to search.

Entries for the test report can be searched by test ID, workstation, date range, and sensor serial
number.

Entries for the reference material test report can be searched by test number and date range.

Entries for the user calibration report can be searched by calibration method, date range, and
sensor serial number.

Step 3 – Click the Report button.

The report can be saved, printed, or exported by clicking the appropriate buttons. Reports can be
exported into a PDF file.

5.6 Exporting and Importing

Records can be transferred between databases and computers by exporting and importing XML
files. Test results, calibration methods, calibration materials, calibration results, and test methods
can be exported and imported. All attendant records with the exception of user calibration results
(when exporting test methods or test results) and notes are exported and imported with the test
results, user calibrations, or test methods. The two computers must have the same versions of
the software for importing and exporting files to work properly. They must also be set to the same
time zones.

Calibration material and calibration method records are exported with user calibration results.

Material, project, and calibration method records are exported with test methods. User calibration
results must be exported separately.

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Test method, material, project, and calibration method records are exported with test results.

5.6.1 Export
Step 1 – Select the type of file to export from the Tools menu.

Step 2 – Enter keywords in the parameter fields.

Step 3 – Click the Search button or press the Enter key.

Step 4 – Select the records to export from the displayed list.

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Step 5 – Click the Next button.

Step 6 – Select a destination for the export file.

Step 7 – Click the Export button.

5.6.2 Import
Step 1 – Select the type of record to import from the Tools menu.

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Step 2 – Select the file to import.

All records contained in the file are displayed.

Step 3 – Click the Import button.

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5.7 Unit Conversion

The unit converter utility is available to provide convenient conversion between SI, Imperial, and
CGS units. To change the default units of measure to Imperial or CGS, use the Change Units of
Measure option in the Tools menu.

Property Available Units

Density g/cm3, kg/m3, lb/ft3
Effusivity Btu/√(hr)/ft2/°F, cal*√(s)/cm2/K, W*√(s)/m2K
Heat Capacity Btu/lb/°F, cal/g/°C, J/kg/K
Thermal Conductivity Btu/hr/ft/°F, cal/s°C, W/mK
Thermal Diffusivity cm2/s, m2/s
Thickness cm, ft, m

Step 1 – Click the Conversion button on the toolbar.

Step 2 – Select the Property to convert

Step 3 – Enter the value to convert

Step 4 – Select the current unit for the value

Step 5 – Select the new unit

The converted value is displayed beside the new unit.

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6 User Calibration (available with Max K module)

The User Calibration features supplement the factory calibrations. They allow the user the
flexibility of being able to modify calibration ranges, timing options, and power levels to suit their
specific requirements.

User Calibrations can be exported and imported between databases in the same manner as
calibration methods, test methods, and test results.

6.1 User Calibration Wizard

Please note that calibration methods and materials created in the User Calibration Wizard will not
be available outside of the wizard.

Step 1 – Open the User Calibration Wizard.

Click the User Cal button on the Toolbar or User Cal in the Tools main menu.

Step 2 – Select Create New Calibration Method and click the Next button.

Choose Select Existing Calibration Method when re-opening a previously created calibration (see
Opening or Continuing a User Calibration in the Wizard) or when using an existing calibration
method on a spare or replacement sensor.

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Step 3 – Enter a calibration method name.

Ensure that the name is descriptive of the type of material it will be used for.

Step 4 – Click the Manage User Cal Materials button (if required).

Steps 4 to 11 may be omitted if all calibration materials exist in the database.

Step 5 – Click the Add button.

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Step 6 – Enter the new calibration material name.

Step 7 – Enter the new calibration material description.

Step 8 – Enter material properties.

At least one temperature and thermal conductivity point must be added to allow the material to be
included in user calibrations. Effusivity values are optional.

If one point is added, that thermal conductivity value will be used at any temperature. If two
points are entered, they will be used to generate a first order thermal conductivity curve and the
thermal conductivity value used will be calculated from the ambient temperature and equation. If
three points are entered, they will be used to generate a second order thermal conductivity curve
and the thermal conductivity value will be calculated from the ambient temperature and equation.

When using calibration materials with multiple entered points, ensure that they are used within
the temperature range set by those points.

Step 9 – Click the Save button.

Step 10 – Repeat steps 5 to 9 as many times as needed.

Step 11 – Click the Close button.

Step 12 – Select the diagnostic material.

The diagnostic material is used in reference material tests.

Step 13 – Enter the Valid ranges.

Enter the lower and upper conductivity values to be used with the calibration.

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Step 14 – Enter the test time.

The test time is the total time that current is applied to the sensor chip during a measurement.
The test time must be 10 seconds or less. The factory calibrations use a 1.0s test time for liquids,
powders, polymers, ceramics, and metals and a 2.7s test time for foams.

Step 15 – Enter the start time.

The start time is the delay after current is applied to the sensor chip before the data is used for
calibrations. This time allows the heat wave to penetrate the glass coating on the sensor chip
and the contact agent between the sensor and the sample.

The start time must be greater than 0.2s and less than the test time. The factory calibrations use
a 0.5s cooling time for liquids, powders, polymers, ceramics, and metals and a 1.2s start time for
foams.

Step 16 – Enter the cooling time.

The cooling time is the time between measurements. It allows the heat generated during a
measurement to dissipate. If the ambient temperature at the sensor surface increases steadily
during a test, the cooling time may be insufficient.

The factory calibrations use a 60s cooling time for liquids, powders, polymers, ceramics, and
metals and a 90s cooling time for foams. An appropriate cooling time for a 10s calibration would
be 300s (5 minutes).

Step 17 – Select a power level.

Select power level 60 for foams.

Select power level 37 for other materials with low thermal conductivities such as liquids, powders,
polymers, ceramics, composites, wood, and metals below 90 W/mK.

Select power level 65 for high thermal conductivity materials such as metals above 90 W/mK.

Step 18 – Click the Next button.

Note: Ensure that all calibration values are set correctly before continuing. Parameters
may not be changed after calibration sample measurements have been taken.

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Note: The colour of the bar under the calibration material indicates the acceptability of the
measurements taken. The bar is red until the set of measurements is complete. If the bar
is green after completion, the rsd of that batch of measurements is within the acceptable
limit. If the bar is red after completion, take another set of measurements.

Step 19 – Select an Instrument.

Step 20 – Select a sensor.

Step 21 – Set the Count (optional).

The count is the number of measurements to be taken on each calibration material.

Step 22 – Select the first calibration material.

Step 23 – Place the calibration material.

Solid non-porous materials: Place three drops of contact agent on the sensor surface. Place the
calibration material on the sensor. Place the 500 gram weight on the sample. The weight may
be omitted if the sample weighs more than 150 grams.

Solid porous samples: Apply Wakefield 120 thermal grease to the sensor. Place the calibration
material on the sensor. Place the 500 gram weight on the sample. The weight may be omitted if
the sample weighs more than 150 grams.

Liquid samples: Use the Small Volume Test Kit SOP in Appendix I. Alternatively, fill the 50 mL
beaker to 35 mL. Invert the sensor and slide it into the liquid at an angle to prevent bubbles from
forming on the sensor surface.

Step 24 – Click the Start button.

Step 25 – Repeat steps 22 to 24 for each other calibration material.

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Test a minimum of three calibration materials.

Step 26 – Click the Next button.

Step 27 – Review the average and RSD values for each calibration material.

The RSD values must be below 2%.

Step 28 – Click the Compute button.

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Note: Click Effusivity or Conductivity to view the graphs.

Step 29 – Review the m* and R2 values.

R2 values are a measure of the linearity of the calibration curve. Calibrations with: R2 values over
0.999 are good, R2 values under 0.999 are average, R2 values under 0.995 are poor. Holding the
mouse over the Bar beside the results will display the Good, Average, or Poor rating.

The m* value is generated by an iterative algorithm patented by C-Therm to ensure a more linear
thermal conductivity calibration. Larger m* values indicate that the samples required more
adjustment to form a straight line. The m* value is judged by comparing it to the m value (inverse
of 1/M displayed in test results) of the lowest conductivity material. If the m* value is: good if less
than 70% of the m value, average if over 70% of the m value, and poor if greater than 85% of the
m value. Holding the mouse over the Bar beside the results will display the Good, Average, or
Poor rating.

For both calibrations, the acceptability is displayed with a colour bar beside the results. Green is
excellent, yellow is acceptable, and red is unacceptable.

Step 30 – Click the Next button.

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Step 31- Click the Save Result button.

Step 32 – Perform a reference material test to test the user calibration.

If the calibration does not pass or does not perform as desired, open the calibration wizard again
and take more measurements or create a new calibration method with different parameters.

6.2 Opening or Continuing a User Calibration in the Wizard

A user calibration may be reopened to view graphs or take more calibration material
measurements.

Step 1 – Open the User Calibration Wizard.

Click the User Cal button on the Toolbar or User Cal in the Tools main menu.

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Step 2 – Choose Select Existing Calibration Method and click the Next button.

Step 3 – Select a calibration method from the list and click the next button.

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Step 4 – Click the Manage User Cal Materials button to add or edit calibration materials.

Step 5 – Click the Next button.

Step 6 – Click the Retrieve existing samples button (if required).

If using an established user calibration to calibrate a new sensor, do not retrieve existing
samples.

If adding more samples to a previously started calibration, retrieve samples before taking new
measurements.

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Step 7 – Click the Search button.

All previous calibration tests with compatible time and power parameters are displayed.

Step 8 – Select the test to continue.

Step 9 – Click the Select button.

Step 10 – Continue testing as for a new user calibration.

Continue from step 22 of the new user cal procedure in section 6.1.

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6.3 User Calibration Overview

Users comfortable with the new User Cal Wizard are not required to use this form of user
calibration.

Permissions

An Administrator user must change permissions to allow non-admin users to create calibration
materials and calibration material groups. The permissions can be changed for a user (see
Manage Users) or for all users (see Permissions).

Step 1 - Set Create Calibration Material to Permit.

Step 2 - Set Create Calibration Material Group to Permit.

Records

More information on creating the calibration material, calibration material group, and calibration
method records can be found in the Records chapter.

Step 1 - Create the calibration materials (if required).

All calibration materials must have a record with a specified thermal conductivity value.

Step 2 - Create the calibration material group (if required).

Step 3 - Create the calibration method.

The calibration method contains the timing parameters, power level, and calibration material
group to be used for the calibration.

Building the Calibration

More information on calibration building can be found in the Acquire Calibration Data and
Compute Results sections.

Step 1 - Acquire calibration data.

Test all calibration materials at the desired temperature.

Step 2 - Compute results.

Remove any outliers from the calibration test data and plot the calibration curve.

Using the Calibration

Step 1 - Create a test method that uses the calibration method created for the user
calibration.

Step 2 - Perform a test.

6.4 Create Calibration Materials

Step 1 – Open the Calibration Material table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

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Step 3 – Enter the Calibration Material name.

Step 4 – Enter a material description (optional).

Step 5 – Click the Add Row button ( + button) twice.

Step 6 – Enter a thermal conductivity value.

Step 7 – Enter a thermal effusivity value.

Step 8 – Click the Save button.

Step 9 – Repeat steps 2-8 as needed.

6.5 Create Calibration Material Group

Step 1 – Open the Calibration Material Group table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the Calibration Material Group name.

Step 4 – Select a Diagnostic Material from the list of calibration materials.

Step 5 – Click the Add Row button once for each material in the group.

Step 6 – Set each row to one of the materials.

Step 7 – Click the Save button.

6.6 Create Calibration Method

Step 1 – Open the Calibration Method table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the Calibration Method name.

Step 4 – Select the Instrument Family.

Step 5 – Select the Calibration Material Group.

Step 6 – Click the Ignore Calibration Results from Chip checkbox.

Step 7 – Enter the Test Time in seconds.

Step 8 – Enter the Start Time in seconds.

Step 9 – Enter the Cooling Time in seconds.

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Step 10 – Enter the Frequency. Note: If the test time is longer than 5 seconds, the
frequency must be changed to 50 Hz.

Step 11 – Select the Power Level. Use 90 for foams, liquids, powders, polymers, and
ceramics. Use 125 for metals.

Step 12 – Set the valid ranges (optional).

6.7 Acquire Calibration Data

Step 1 – Click User Calibration in the Tools menu.

Step 2 – Click the Acquire Data option from the User Calibration menu.

Step 3 – Leave New Calibration Test selected and click the Next button.

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Step 4 – Select the Instrument.

Step 5 – Select the Calibration Method.

Step 6 – Click the Next button.

Step 7 – Select a calibration material.

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Step 8 – Place the calibration material on the sensor and place the weight carefully on top.
Use three drops of water contact agent for non-foam, non-porous solids.

Step 9 – Click the Get Samples button.

Step 10 – Enter the ambient temperature.

Step 11 – Once complete, select the next calibration material.

Step 12 – Repeat steps 7-10 for each calibration material.

Step 13 – Click the Finish button.

6.8 Compute Results

Step 1 – Click User Calibration from the Tools menu.

Step 2 – Click Compute Results from the User Calibration menu.

Step 3 – Click the Search button.

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Step 4 – Select the Calibration Test.

Step 5 – Click the Next button.

Step 6 – Select the sensor (if required).

Step 7 – Click the Compute button.

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Step 8 – Confirm that the R2 value is at least 0.995.

Step 9 – If the results are good, click the Valid checkbox.

Step 10 – Click the Next button.

Step 11 – Click the Save CalResults button.

Note that if this button is not pushed, the results will need to be calculated. Clicking the Finish
button will not save the results.

Step 12 – Click the Finish button.

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7 Software Setup and Maintenance

7.1 Setup
If multiple C-Therm TCi instruments are used within the same company, a network database is
advised instead of using a local database. SQL Server or Oracle and a TCP/IP connection over a
fast Ethernet network are required for multiple systems to be connected.

The database of a previous software version may not be compatible with a new version of
software. If there are database errors after installation of a new version of software, contact C-
Therm Technologies.

Operating System Compatibility: Windows 7 and 8.1 in 32 and 64 bit versions. Only English
versions of the operating systems are guaranteed to be compatible with the C-Therm TCi
software.

Step 1 – Backup the current databases.

Open My Documents / C-Therm / TCi_4 and copy all files with the .esp extension to a different
location.

Step 2 – Insert the TCi Software Install CD or double-click the Setup.exe icon.

Note: if installing the software on a new PC, third party components may require
installation. MS Access DB Engine 2010, Crystal Reports and .Net FX may request
permission to install. Click OK to allow the installations. Once the third party
components are installed, the TCi installer will load.

Step 3 – Login using a blank password.

Note: Any databases from previous TCi 4.0 or 3.0 installations are available through the
drop-down list. Select a different database to review data from previous databases.

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Step 4 – Select Authorization from the Tools main menu.

Step 5 – Click the Open File button.

Step 6 – Select the Authorization TH91-13-00XXX [Module]-HR.xml file from the TCi
Installation CD.

Step 7 – Click the Open button.

Step 8 – Click the Add Key(s) button.

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Step 9 – Click the OK button.

Install the USB Cable Drivers

Step 10 – Plug the USB cable into an available USB port.

Step 11 – Allow the drivers to install.

Change the USB Suspend Settings and Sleep Options

Note: Unless they are changed, the suspend settings may shut down USB ports during
long tests.

Step 12 – Open the Control Panel.

Step 13 – Open the System and Security category.

Step 14 – Open “Change when the computer sleeps” in the Power Options

Step 15 – Change all Plugged In options to Never.

Step 16 – Click the “Change advanced power settings” link.

Step 17 – Open USB Settings.

Step 18 – Open USB Selective Suspend.

Step 19 – Change both options to Disable.

Step 20 – Click the OK button.

7.2 Database Management

Additional databases may be created or added if they already exist. This allows placing the
database on a server or testing on one computer and then transferring the database to another
computer for analysis or reference.

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The software will default to the database most recently used for login. Use the drop-down menu
to select a different database.

7.2.1 To Create a New Database

Step 1 – Click the File menu.

Step 2 – Click the Create a New Database option.

Step 3 – Enter a unique name for the database.

Step 4 – Click the OK button.

Step 5 – Click Yes to switch databases.

Step 6 – Select the new database from the drop-down list and log in.

Note: Passwords are set in individual databases. The ADMIN password for new
databases is to leave the field blank.

7.2.2 To add a pre-existing database

Step 1 – Click the File menu.

Step 2 – Click the Create a New Database option.

Step 3 – Click the Ext. Location button.

Step 4 – Browse to the location of the new database.

The location can be on a server, the My Documents/C-Therm/TCi_4 folder, or another location on
the same computer.

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Step 5 – Select the database file.

All database files have the .esp file extension.

Step 6 – Click the Open button.

Step 7 – Click the OK button.

Step 8 – Click Yes to switch databases.

Step 9 – Select the new database from the drop-down list and log in.

7.3 System Policies

System policies allow administrators to enforce security practices on users.

Step 1 – Open the system policies window.

Click the System Policies option on the Security menu.

Step 2 – Set the number of failed login attempts.

If a user enters the wrong password more than the set number of times, their account is locked
and they cannot login. An administrator must reactivate their account before they can login.
Instructions for reactivating a locked account are given in the Manage Users and User Groups
section.

Step 3 – Set the maximum password age (in days).

The next time the user attempts to login after the password has expired; they will be required to
change their password. Refer to the Change Password section.

Step 4 – Set the minimum password age.

If the password has been in use for less than the set time, it cannot be changed. The minimum
password age restriction is used to prevent users from cycling their passwords quickly.

Step 5 – Set the number of passwords to remember.

As long as a password is in memory, it cannot be reused.

Step 6 – Set the minimum password length.

A length of zero means that any number of characters can be used as a password.

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Step 7 – Click the Database Access tab.

Step 8 – Set the database access.

There are three options available for database user login as shown above. In the first, a single
database is used for all users. In the second, users are connected to different databases
depending on the first group listed in their profile. In the third option, each user is connected to a
specific database.

Step 9 – Click the Enhanced Security tab.

Step 10 – Activate enhanced security (optional).

The enhanced security option enforces database security. No records in the database can be
altered or deleted. Once the enhanced security is activated, it cannot be turned off without
replacing the database. A new database can be created and used without turning on the
enhanced security. Multiple databases can be used, some secure and some unsecured.

7.4 Manage Users and User Groups

7.4.1 Permissions
Permissions allow users to perform actions within the software. The default values of the
permissions are provided in appendix G. The values of the permissions can be changed for

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individual users and groups or the default values can be changed. Information on editing the
permission values for users and user groups is given in the following sections.
The default values can be changed by following these instructions:

Step 1 – Open the permission window.

Click the Manage Permissions option from the Security main menu.

Step 2 – Open a permission group by clicking the box with the plus symbol in it.
Alternately, if all permissions in the group are to be set to the same value, select the group and
set the value.

Step 3 - Select a permission.

Step 4 – Edit the permission value by clicking Permit or Deny.

The checkmark means the permission is set to Permit by default. The red circle means the
permission is set to Deny by default.

Step 5 – Repeat steps 2-4 as needed.

Close a permission group by clicking the box with the minus sign in it.

Step 6 – Click the OK button.

7.4.2 Users
Every user has a profile or record within the C-Therm TCi software. The profile has a unique
login ID that allows the user’s actions within the system to be limited and tracked. Activities are
limited by the permissions the user has, as set in the user’s profile. All actions by users are
logged in the audit trail. User profiles can be edited, copied, deleted, and recovered in the same
manner as other records.

Step 1 – Open the user table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

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Step 3 – Enter the user’s name.

Step 4 – Enter the user’s ID.

Every user ID must be unique. Even if a user profile has been deleted, since no records can be
permanently deleted, the user ID still cannot be re-used.

Step 5 – Enter the user’s password in both fields.

Step 6 – Set the number of login failures permitted.

Step 7 – Click the Group Membership tab.

Step 8 – Select any group the user should be a part of and click the > button (optional).

Step 9 – Order the groups in the Selected Groups list.

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The order of the groups in the selected groups list is significant. The permissions of groups higher
in the list overrule the permissions of lower groups. Permissions of the user overrule permissions
from the group(s). An exception occurs when a permission is left set to default. If a permission is
set to Default in the user’s profile, it can be overruled if a group the user belongs to has a value of
Permit or Deny for that permission. Default values can always be overruled by a group lower in
the list.

Select each group and use the up and down arrow keys to position it in the correct order. If the
user is a member of the Administrator group, it should be at the top of the list.

Step 10 – Click the permissions tab.

Step 11 – Change the permission values if necessary.

Any permission with a value of Default can be overruled by permission values set in groups to
which the user belongs. If there are actions the user must or must not be able to perform, set
their values to Permit or Deny.

Step 12 – Click the Save button.

7.4.3 Groups
User groups allow administrators to quickly set permissions for large numbers of users who
perform the same actions within the C-Therm TCi software. Users added to a group have the
permissions of that group. User groups can be edited, copied, deleted, and recovered in the
same manner as other records. There are four groups pre-loaded in the C-Therm TCi software:
C-Therm User, Administrator, Researcher, and Technician. These groups can be managed in
the same manner as any other group created within the system.

The C-Therm User group contains, and is only used by C-Therm, employees. It is present to
allow setup and maintenance of the system.

The Administrator group is for users who will use the software to manage users and perform
system maintenance but will not be testing or performing diagnostics.

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The Researcher group is for users who can perform any action within the software. Researchers
can create test methods and any other records, perform tests, and perform diagnostics.

The Technician group is for users who perform tests, run diagnostics, and generate reports.

Step 1 – Open the user group table.

Step 2 – Click the Add button.

Step 3 – Enter the group name.

Step 4 – Select users for the group and click the > button.

Step 5 – Click the Permissions tab.

Step 6 - Change the permission values as needed.

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Any permission with a value of Default can be overruled by permission values set in other groups
to which the user belongs. If there are actions the users of the group must or must not be able to
perform, set their values to Permit or Deny. Permit or Deny values of a group can only be
overruled by Permit or Deny values in groups higher in the list of groups in which the user is a
member or by the user’s permissions set in their profile.

Step 7 – Click the Save button.

7.4.4 Reactivating a Locked Account

Only an administrator can re-activate a locked account.

Step 1 – Open the user table.

Select Manage Users from the Security menu.

Step 2 – Open the user’s profile.

Step 3 – Click the Reset button in the Account Lockout box.

Step 4 – Click the Save button.

7.4.5 Clear Password History

Step 1 – Open the user table.

Step 2 – Select the user’s record.

Step 3 – Click the Clear Password History button.

7.5 Change Password

User password changes can be periodically necessary, depending on the level of security set by
the administrator. The administrator can set a maximum password age. Once a password hits

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the maximum age, the user must change their password the next time they log in. The change
password window is displayed when they log in.

Step 1 – Click the Change Password option in the file main menu.

Step 2 – Enter the current password.

Step 3 – Enter the new password.

Step 4 – Confirm the new password by entering it again.

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8 System Calibration and Maintenance

8.1 Calibration
C-Therm personnel conduct factory calibrations and the system is shipped ready for use.
Multiple calibrations can be included with different test times and power levels, depending on the
requirements of the user.

The calibration can be confirmed by performing a reference material test with Distilled Water, LAF
6720, Pyrex, Pyroceram, Phosphor Bronze, or Aluminum. Refer to the Reference Material Test
section for instructions on performing a reference material test.

User calibration capabilities are available with the Max K Module. See the User Calibration
chapter for details.

8.1.1 Unlock Calibrations/User Calibration

Note: Factory calibrations are loaded on the sensor and do not require import. They do,
however, need to be unlocked in the software. An authorization XML file is provided on
the C-Therm TCi Software CD and will unlock the modules purchased. The file can also be
obtained by emailing support@ctherm.com.

Step 1 – Select Authorization from the Tools menu.

Step 2 – Click the Open File button.

Step 3 – Locate the Authorization TH91-13-XXXXX [module]-HR.xml file.

The file is located on the C-Therm TCi Software CD.

Step 4 – Select the XML file.

Step 5 – Click the Open button.

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Step 5 – Click the Add Keys button.

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8.2 Diagnostics
Diagnostics confirm the functionality of the instrument, test the sensor calibration, and aid
troubleshooting. The diagnostics window displays the instrument’s status, calibration data, and
board inventory.

8.2.1 Reference Material Test

Use the reference material test to confirm that the sensor’s calibrations are still valid. There are
six available reference materials depending on which calibrations were purchased: Distilled
Water, LAF 6720, Pyrex, Pyroceram, Phosphor Bronze, and Copper.

Note: Reference Material Tests are to be performed at ambient temperature.

Calibration Material Group Reference Material

Liquids and Powders Distilled Water
Foams LAF 6720*
Polymers Pyrex
Ceramics Pyroceram
Low Metals Phosphor Bronze*
High Metals Copper

*Note: Due to variability between batches, there are multiple calibration material records
for LAF 6720 and Phosphor Bronze. When performing a test, select the record matching
the label on the reference sample. All reference material values are located in Appendix D.

Step 1 – Prepare the reference material and sensor.

Distilled Water - Pour 35 mL of water into a 50 mL beaker. Slowly slide the sensor surface into
the water at an angle to prevent bubbles from forming on the sensor surface.

LAF 6720 - Place the sample on the sensor and place a weight on the sample to ensure good
contact.

Pyrex, Pyroceram, Phosphor Bronze, and Copper - Place the required amount of contact agent
on the sensor surface (-20 to -5 °C- three drops of Glycol, 5 to 70 °C three drops of water, 70 °C
and higher, or for long term tests Wakefield 120 thermal grease). Place the sample on the sensor
and place the weight on the sample to ensure good contact. Use the metal sample holder for
Copper.

Step 2 - Click Reference Material Test from the Tools menu.

Leave the Perform New Test option selected.

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Step 3 - Click the Next button.

Step 4 - Select an Instrument.

Step 5 – Select the calibration method.

The reference material to be used is determined by the calibration material group specified in the
calibration method selected.

Step 6 – Select the sensor(s) to be used.

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Step 7 - Click the Next button.

Step 8 – Select the reference material (if required).

Due to variability between batches, there are multiple calibration material records for LAF 6720
and Phosphor Bronze. When performing a test, select the record matching the label on the
reference sample or in the Reference Material Kit box lid.

Step 9 – Click the Update button to check the ambient temperature (Optional).

Step 10 – Select Conductivity or Effusivity to display.

Note: Results for both properties are available at the end of the test.

Step 11 - Click the Get Sample button.

The result is displayed. All results should be within 5% of the predicted value (displayed under
the reference material name). If the result is in a red cell, the diagnostic has failed. If the
diagnostics fail, a new calibration may need to be performed. Contact C-Therm Technologies
Ltd. for troubleshooting.

Note: The following error is displayed if the Get Sample button is clicked before selecting
a reference material.

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Note: The expected values for each calibration are calculated by the software. The
material record is available to view through the … button beside the drop-down menu of
available binned samples. They are also listed in Appendix D.

Step 12 - Click the Finish button.

8.2.2 System Checks

Step 1 – Open the diagnostics window.
Click the Diagnostics button on the toolbar.

The first tab, labeled Instrument Status, contains information about the instrument.

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Step 2 – Click the Read Sensor Temperature button.

The reading is displayed in the ambient temperature column of the table.

Step 3 – Click the Calibration Data tab.

Step 4 – Select a calibration method.

The calibration method drop-down list is located at the top of the diagnostics window.

Calibration results for the selected calibration method are displayed in the top table. All
calibration results on the sensor ID chip are listed in the bottom table. If a calibration is labeled
as LOCKED, it must be opened with an authorization key from C-Therm Technologies.

Step 5 – Click the Board Inventory tab.

The board inventory tab lists all circuit boards in the instrument. Their serial numbers, firmware
versions, the date they were programmed, and hardware versions are listed.

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8.3 Cleaning Procedure

This procedure provides general guidelines for cleaning the C-Therm TCi system.

Warning: Prior to cleaning - shut down the control unit and disconnect the power plug at
the outlet.

The C-Therm TCi system is comprised of a controller, sensor(s) and cables. Different parts of the
system tolerate different cleaning materials and methods. Please follow these guidelines to
ensure proper operation of the C-Therm TCi system.

Warning: The sensor is sealed and can sustain immersion in water for a time. However,
for a longer life span it is not recommended to maintain the sensors immersed in liquids.
Do not spray high-pressure liquids on the sensor surface.

Note: Keep the protective caps on when transporting or storing the sensors. Shut off the
controller power before disconnecting the sensors.

The materials of construction are detailed in Appendix C. Of the various materials used in the
sensor, glass, and RTV cannot tolerate certain cleaning agents, and the sensor chip is ceramic
covered in glass and can be broken. For a simple cleaning process, please refer to Table 1. A
complete chemical list is available in Appendix C in the event other cleaning agents are required
to remove sample residue.

C-Therm TCi Sensor Cleaning:

Step 1 - Wipe the Stainless Steel sensor shell with a KimWipe or equivalent to remove
material residues. Avoid scratching any surfaces.

Step 2 - Clean the sensor surface with a swab dipped in a cleaning agent per the table
below. Allow the sensor to dry. Apply isopropyl alcohol to the sensor surface and wipe
off with a KimWipe.

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Table 1: Simple cleaning recommendations

Cleaning Agent Controller Unit Cables Sensor
Water
Soap and Water
Isopropyl Alcohol

C-Therm TCi Controller Cleaning: Wipe the control unit down with a damp cloth.
Warning: Do not spray any liquid on the control unit. The control unit is sealed against
light dust but is not sealed against liquids. It can be damaged if sprayed with liquids.

Resistance to Materials:

The chemical resistance chart in appendix C provides a list of chemicals that can be used if the
simple cleaning recommendation for the sensors is not appropriate. If you wish to use materials
not listed, contact C-Therm Technologies for an RTV or FRV test kit.

8.4 Troubleshooting
8.4.1 General Information required

If problems are encountered in the C-Therm TCi software, please send a copy of the database,
log files, detailed explanation of the problem, the expected result, and steps to reproduce the
problem to C-Therm customer technical support at support@ctherm.com. The details should be
in a doc file with a screen capture of the error message and a screen capture of the Help About
dialog.

To obtain the database and log files:

1. Click the Help Menu.
2. Click the Database Capture option.
3. Click the OK button.
4. Browse to a convenient location to save the zip file.
5. Click the Save button.
6. Click the OK button.

Note: The software must close before the zip file is created. A dialog will be displayed
with confirmation that the database capture was successful.

C-Therm customer technical support can be reached at +1 (506) 462-7204 and

support@ctherm.com

8.4.2 Troubleshooting List

My test was aborted or interrupted and now I cannot locate the data.
Aborted or interrupted tests are flagged as deleted and must be recovered. To locate the test
data, open the Manage Test Results window. Show Deleted Records from the Recover submenu
of the File menu. Select the record and click the Recover button. Click the Show Deleted
Records option again to show the active records.

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Instrument not found

The instrument driver does not recognize a controller with no power or no sensor connected as
an instrument. If a "No instrument found" error is displayed, check to make sure that the power
cable is connected, the power is on, the USB cable is connected to both the C-Therm TCi
Controller and laptop, and the sensors are attached to the controller. Click the Refresh button to
re-try.

If all sensors are connected and the instrument is still not found, shut down the controller and
connect the USB cable to a different USB port on the laptop. If the instrument is still not found,
restart the laptop and check again.

If none of the above steps fix the problem, contact C-Therm customer technical support.

Importing and exporting across time zones

Import/Export does not work when the source and destination are in different time zones. Set the
time zone of the destination machine to the time zone of the source. This will allow the
import. After the import, the time zone can be changed back.

My import failed because there was a record of the same name in the new database
Rename the record in either the old or the new database and re-try the import. To rename the
record, either edit the record and change its name or, if the record is signed, make a copy of the
record and change its name. Then delete the old copy. This should allow the record to be
imported into the new database.

My test results import failed

If a draft test method is edited to belong to another product after a user test has been performed
with the product the test method was originally attached to, the new product cannot be exported
which will cause the Import to fail. There is at present no solution for this problem.

I tried to export/import a large number of records and the import failed

There are a maximum number of files that can be imported, based on the max length of an SQL
command. 100 tests will export and import successfully. If an import with more records fails, try
importing a smaller number. Performance will also be slower when importing or exporting a large
number of records.

The notes did not import

Notes are exported with the records they are attached to but are not imported. There is no
solution for this problem at present. Notify C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and provide details to help
isolate the problem.

An imported record now is attributed to a different user than the creator

A record is connected to a UserID. The installation on the new computer can also have a user
with that UserID. The record is now connected to that user. There is no solution at present for
this problem as user information cannot be exported or imported.

Is it an error to import a record twice?

No, a record can be imported multiple times as long as the record is not changed in the old or
new database. When a record is imported again it is compared to the record of the same name
and, when found to be identical, is removed from the list of files to be imported. Once all other

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records in the import file are checked, the import is indicated as a success. However, the records
that are identical to those already present will not be listed in the grid of files imported.

I changed the order of the groups in a user's record and the change was not saved.
When the order of groups is changed, the change is not always saved. There is a work-around
for this problem: remove all groups from the list, save the record, and then re-add the groups in
the correct order.

I cannot use any calibrations loaded on my sensor.

Click Authorization from the Tools menu. If there are no entries for the C-Therm TCi Controller
connected to the laptop, the calibrations will not be available.

Insert the C-Therm TCi Software CD into the laptop and press the Open File button. Locate the
Authorization TH91-13-XXXXX [Module]-HR.xml file on the CD and click the Add Keys button.
The calibrations will be available for use.

The cooling time in my test changed and is not what is set in the calibration method.
If the computer clock is changed while the sensor is cooling, the cooling time may be drastically
changed. Contact C-Therm customer technical support at +1 (506) 462-7204 or
support@ctherm.com to fix the problem.

My sensor is reading very erratic temperatures.

Abort the test in progress and turn off the power on the C-Therm TCi controller. Check all
connections and restart the controller. If the problem is not solved, examine the sensor chip for
any cracks or signs of damage. Contact C-Therm customer technical support at +1 (506) 462-
7204 or support@ctherm.com.

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9 Theory of Operation
9.1 TCi Calibrations

9.1.1 Sensor temperature calibration

This section explains the relationship between the sensor’s change in temperature, T, its
resistance R and its voltage drop  V , and how to calculate T from TCR (temperature
coefficient of resistivity) calibration parameters.

The TCR calibration is calibration of sensor resistance versus temperature, and is given in this
equation (assuming perfect linearity):

R (T )  R 0  A  T (1)

Where:
R(T) = resistance of sensor at a given temperature (Ohm)
R0 = resistance of sensor at 0ºC (Ohm)
T = temperature (ºC)
A = slope (Ohm/ºC)

Example of TCR calibration:

40 24C
y = 0.0872x + 23.257
35 R2 = 0.9998
Sensor 24C
Resistance Ohm

30 Slope=A Sensor 6C
15C
25 y = 0.0836x + 22.162
Intercept=R0 R2 = 0.9999 Sensor 15C
20 6C
y = 0.0859x + 23.006 Linear (Sensor 24C)
15 R2 = 0.9998
10 Linear (Sensor 6C)
5 Linear (Sensor 15C)
0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Temp. °C

The slope A is equal to:

A  R 0  TCR (2)

Where: TCR = Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity, assumed to be constant over the

measured temperature range.

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Notes:
1. The slope depends on sensor resistance in general, and on R0 in particular. Therefore,
even if 2 sensors have the same TCR, their temperature calibration lines will still have
different slopes if their resistance at a given temperature is not the same.

2. The higher slope, the more sensitive the sensor is. In other words, higher TCR and
higher sensor resistance will provide higher sensitivity.

Sample TCR: Ni, Pt

To calculate the surface temperature of the sensor from (1) we use:

R (T )  R 0
T  (3)
A

The resistance may be measured directly by the electronics (using very low current and short
time to avoid sensor heating), or calculated from the initial voltage, V0, or from the applied power
P (if applied power is the same for all sensors).

V0
R (4)
I

2
V
R 0 (5)
P
Where R is the measured sensor resistance at the said temperature, I is the current and P is the
power.

9.1.2 Basic multi-point effusivity calibration

The heat equation with a constant supply of heat per sec per volume G’ is given below:

T  2T
c p   2  G' (6)
t x
Assume two semi-infinite media in contact with heat generated at the interface at a constant rate
per unit area per unit time. Further assume that one medium is represented by the effusivity
sensor, and the other medium is the tested material, and both are at the same temperature and in
equilibrium after contact between them has been established. The solution of equation (6) follows
these expressions:

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X<0 X>0
e1 e2

2G t x
 T1 ( x , t )  ierfc for x  0 , t  0 (7)
e1  e 2 2 a1  t

2G t x
T2 ( x, t )  ierfc for x  0 , t  0 (8)
e1  e 2 2 a2  t

Where: ΔT = change in sensor surface temperature (ºC)

G = power flux supplied to sensor (W/m2)
t = time measured from start of process (sec)
W s
e1 = equivalent effusivity of sensor ( 1  c p1   1 , )
m2 K
W s
e2 = effusivity of measured material ( 2  c p 2   2 , 2 )
mK
a1 = equivalent diffusivity of sensor, m2/s
a2 = diffusivity of measured material, m2/s
1 = equivalent thermal conductivity of sensor, W/mK
2 = thermal conductivity of measured material, W/mK
1 = equivalent density of sensor, Kg/m3
2 = density of measured material, Kg/m3
cp1 = equivalent specific heat capacity of sensor, J/kgK
cp2 = specific heat capacity of measured material, J/kgK

Assumption: Both sensor and measured material are in equilibrium and at the same temperature
when the measurement starts.

If no contact resistance exists at the interface, T 1 ( x  0 , t )  T 2 ( x  0 , t ) at all points with

x  0 . For x  0 equations (7) and (8) are reduced to:

2G t 1.1284G t
T ( x  0, t )   0.5642  (9)
e1  e 2 e1  e 2

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In the previous section we saw the connection between sensor temperature and resistance. The
resistance change of the sensor is:

 R (t )  R ( t )  R ( t  0 )  A   T ( x  0 , t ) (10)

And the voltage change on the sensor is:

 V (t )  I   R ( t )  I  A   T ( x  0 , t ) (11)

Using equation (9) we can write:

1.1284 I  A  G t
 V (t )  (12)
e1  e 2

Example of voltage versus t measurement:

Equation (12) can be written (in the linear zone) as:

V  m t (13)

Where m is the slope,

1.1284I  A  G
m (V / s ) (14)
e1  e2

1 e1  e 2
 ( s /V ) (15)
m 1 .1284 I  A  G

If e2 is 0, i.e. sensor response is measured in vacuum, then:

1 e1
( vacuum )  (16)
m 1 . 1284 I  A  G

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The figure (e1/IAG) is a sensor/system figure of merit, and depends only on sensor characteristics
and supplied power, and may be used for calibration.

Example of sensor effusivity calibration curve using vacuum and other materials is given below.
The calibration line shows very good linearity.

The calibration line can be written as:

1
 M  e2  C (17)
m

Where M is the slope of the effusivity calibration and is equal to:

1
M  (m 2
 C W  Amp   ) (18)
1 .1284 I  A  G

And C is:

e1
C  ( s V ) (19)
1 .1284 I  A  G

C is the 1/m value for vacuum.

C
 e1 ( W s m 2
C ) (20)
M

e1, sensor effusivity can be calculated from (20).

In practice, for high effusivity (high k) materials equation (13) is inaccurate, because the heat
flows also laterally and the one-dimensional heat flow assumption is no longer satisfied.
Equations (13), (14) and (15) are only approximate.

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A better representation of this case can be achieved by a second order polynomial

approximation. Example of sensor effusivity calibration curve using metals is given below.

This curve can be mathematically described (instead of (17)) as:

1
 M 2  e2  M 1  e2  C
2
(21)
m

Where M2 and M1 describe the curve of the effusivity calibration and are proportional to:

1
M1  (m 2
 C W  Amp   ) (22)
I  AG

And C is the same expression as in (17), i.e. 1/m value for vacuum.

Equation (21) is deducted empirically.

Note: to minimize C one needs to minimize sensor effusivity. This is an important conclusion for
the error analysis below.

To calculate the effusivity of the measured materials we solve the polynomial equation (21) for e2:

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2
1/ m M 1 C M1
e2      (23)
M 2 4M 2 2 M 2 2M 2

Where 1/m is the inverse of the voltage versus √t slope measured for this material, and M1, M2 &
C are the curve coefficients and intercept of the effusivity calibration curve for that sensor. Use +
if M20, use – if M20. If M2=0 than the linear equation (17) applies.

Software cal parameters: M2; M1; C. C=C(T) and is further broken down to C0, C1 and C2 as a
function of temperature, see below. Also note that C will be different at different power levels.

Range of typical M1 = 0.03 – 0.06 ( m 2

 C W  Amp   ) for the TCi sensor (depends
on sensor power).

C = 25 – 60 ( s V ) (depends on temperature and sensor power).

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9.2 Material groups and power levels

The wide range of effusivity and k requires grouping of materials with similar behavior and
effusivity/k range, and operation of the TCi sensor at different power levels. Each group of
materials has its own calibration curve, which is of course affected by the power level.

The table below summarizes the material groups and their attributes.

Material group Eff range k range Temp. range, Power Comments

Ws/m2K W/mK C level
Liquids & powders 0-1660 0-0.61 -50T200 37 No contact
 Air agent
 PDMS
 Distilled Water*
 90% Ethylene Glycol
Foams 50-290 0.04-0.12 -50T 200 60 No contact
 6704 agent
 6720*
 Silicone Foam
Polymers 570-1450 0.13-1.2 -50T200 37
 CPVC
 PMMA
 HDPE
 Pyrex*
Ceramics 1400-8600 1.1-29 -50T200 37
 Pyrex
 Steatite
 Pyroceram*
 Alumina
Low Metals 7500- 15-90 -50T200 65
 Stainless Steel 17,000
 Sapphire
 Steel
 Phosphor Bronze*
High Metals 16500- 85-500 -50T200 65
 Phosphor Bronze 38000
 Yellow Brass
 Aluminum
 Copper*

Notes:
1. * means reference material for that group.
2. Power level 37: heater 75 mA and guard 95 mA.
3. Power level 60: heater 50 mA and guard 35 mA.
4. Power Level 65: heater 70 mA and guard 165 mA.
5. Foams use start time 1.2s, stop time 2.7s, and cooling time 90s.
6. Liquids, Powders, Polymers, Ceramics, and Low and High Metals use start time 0.5s,
stop time 1.0s, and cooling time 60s.

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9.3 Contact agent

The TCi sensor has a solid and hard surface. When measuring solids, there will always be some
contact resistance, which may significantly affect the results. The quality of heat transfer depends
on many parameters such as type of material, surface quality, etc.

To overcome this problem we use a contact agent (CA). The best CA available is water, since it
has relatively high thermal conductivity (~0.6 W/mK), low viscosity, and is easy to apply and
clean. Water can be used in a limited temperature range though, from ~5C to ~70C.
Calibrations of solids (except foams) are all done with water.

At temperatures lower than 5C and higher than 70C a different CA is needed. Any such
material will have a lower thermal conductivity than water. And since calibrations are done only at
room temperature with water (and automatically corrected at other temperatures), there is a need
to correct for the contact resistance. This correction factor (CF) may be constant over the entire
range of materials, or may have a simple relationship with regard to the measured 1/m.

For example, CF=a*(1/m)+b. If a=1.1 and b=0.3, and the measured 1/m=100, then the corrected
1/m to be used for the calculation of effusivity and k would be 110.3 (1/m is automatically
corrected by software).

Presently, 2 CAs other than water are used, glycol for low temperature (down to -50C) and
Wakefield 120 thermal grease for high temperatures, extended testing, and porous or absorbent
materials. Hopefully, in future only one CA would be specified for the complete temperature
range, thus no CF would be needed. Note: foams and liquids do not need a CA, and therefore no
CF.

Contact Agent Cal Method Temperature A B

Water Polymers-HR, Ceramics-HR, 5 to 70°C 1.0 0
Metals-HR
Wakefield 120 Thermal Polymers-HR 25 1.0356 -0.9800
Grease* 50 1.0312 -1.1300
100 0.8556 -2.0500
150 0.9854 -0.3700
200 0.9261 1.5000
Ceramics-HR 25 1.0503 -1.4266
50 1.0399 -1.6000
100 0.7666 3.0000
150 0.8779 5.0000
200 0.8156 8.2000
Low Metals-HR 25 1.0692 -2.7000
50 1.0022 3.5000
75 0.9697 5.5000
100 0.6963 29.7000
125 0.8006 41.0000
150 0.7763 39.4000
175 0.7046 56.0000
200 0.8214 30.6000
High Metals-HR 25 1.0342 5.4970
50 0.9965 15.5000
100 1.0441 -9.3801
150 0.9634 5.5000
175 1.0064 -17.5000
200 1.0051 -18.0000

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9.4 Thermal conductivity (k) calibration

Calibration and measurements of k are based on same data acquired for effusivity. The same
separation into material groups and power levels, and contact agents apply for k as well.

The algorithm to calibrate and calculate k is the m*, which is outlined in US Patent 6,676,287 B1.
It uses an iterative process to calibrate the sensor against measured materials with known
thermal conductivity. The calibration process generates a value called m*, such that:

A typical k calibration has this form:

1
 Slope  k  Intercept (24)
m  m*

m* is found by an iterative process during calibration. To calculate k use:

1
 Intercept
k m  m *
(25)
Slope

Each group of materials has a different k calibration for room temperature. With automatic power
correction and C(T) correction (see below), this calibration can be also used for different
temperatures. The CA correction factor is used for k calculations as well. The calibration curves
for k are all linear. Example is given below.

9.4.1 Limitations for k measurements

The method for measuring k requires different calibration curves for materials with dissimilar
thermo physical properties. For instance, it is necessary to calibrate solids and liquids separately,
and use the applicable calibration when measuring a certain material. Measuring a liquid with a
calibration made for solids, or vice versa, will generate a wrong result. Additionally, certain
materials may exhibit an anomaly relative to others. Those materials normally have different
effusivity to conductivity ratio than the materials used for calibration. For instance, carbon has

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high conductivity like high k metals, but its volumetric heat capacity is much smaller than metals
with similar thermal conductivity.

In avoiding such circumstances, the use of the following guidelines is encouraged:

Always measure a sample with the test method that uses a calibration group, which is closest to
the sample’s type of material.

And, use the following (Cp) values as a guide:

Calibration (Cp), 106 J/m3K

Liquids and Powders 0 - 4.5
Foams 0 - 0.69
Polymers 1.3 - 2.0
Ceramics 1.8 - 2.7
Low Metals 2.4 - 4.4
High Metals 2.4 – 3.4

9.5 Error analysis

9.5.1 General
There are in general 2 types of errors (sometimes called uncertainty) – offset and variation. Offset
errors affect the accuracy of the measurement while the variation affects the repeatability.

Errors in effusivity and conductivity measurements have four significant sources: variations in the
tested material, quality of contact between sensor and tested material, errors from equipment and
errors from calibration (offset only).

9.5.2 Material
Variations in tested material will change the heat transfer characteristics. A good example is
humidity content in powders. Water has much higher effusivity than most powders, and therefore
change in humidity content will drastically change the measured effusivity and conductivity.
Another example is material variation due to ambient temperature. Material variation is not
treated as a measurement error, but rather as the measured characteristic. The user should be
attentive to material variations when considering measured results.

9.5.3 Contact
The quality of contact between the sensor surface and the tested material is critical to having
accurate and repeatable measurements. Powders, liquids and creams usually create a good
contact with the sensor, but it is not always the case with solids.

As indicated earlier, all solids (except for foams) require a contact agent. Water is a good material
and is used between 5C and 70C. It normally would create a uniform thin layer, and given its
relative high conductivity, its contribution to variation will be small. The user must be careful to
avoid any air bubbles, as those affect the heat transfer between the sensor and tested material.

Contact agents other than water may vary more, and some errors in the range of a few
percentage points may be expected, specifically at low temperature where the viscosity
increases. The software corrects for the contact quality of the recommended contact agents
(mentioned earlier as CF) whenever they are used.

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Note: the surface of the tested material must be smooth. Rough surface finish will create an
affective thick layer of contact agent, and will add to the total error budget.

9.5.4 Equipment
Equipment errors may originate from variations in the current source due to changes in
environment temperature, short term and long term drifts, change in sensor resistance (and
hence supplied power) during the transient measurement and change in sensor resistance (and
hence supplied power) due to initial sensor temperature. Additional errors may come from the
voltage measurement circuitry.

To evaluate the error from the change in sensor resistance during a transient, assume a ~1
degree Celsius change in sensor temperature (~1.0 s transient) for the range of materials used
with the system. The platinum wire of the sensor has a TCR of 0.0037 C-1. During the transient,
the sensor resistance changes 0.37%, and the power supplied to the sensor changes by the
same amount. However, since the calibration of the sensor is performed in exactly the same
manner as the measurement of the tested material, this error is calibrated out for most practical
cases, leaving a very small residual error of less than 0.1%.

As mentioned earlier, the power supplied to the sensor is automatically corrected at the beginning
of each sampling, to the extent of the precision of the current source. Additionally, offset errors
due to the effusivity of the sensor are corrected to a large extent, though at low and high
temperatures there will be larger offset error than at room temperature, where calibration is done.
The estimated error contribution may be a few additional percentage points at temperatures
below 0C and above 50C.

9.5.5 Calibration
The TCi calibration curves are based on various sets of materials, which were tested for
conductivity and volumetric heat capacity by other methods and equipment. The measured
values of those materials are used for the TCi calibration curves. Since these values may have
accuracy errors of a few percentage points, these errors are naturally transferred to the TCi
sensor.

The overall accuracy of the TCi is estimated at 5% between 0C and 50C, and up to 10% above
or below that temperature range. The variation is typically 1-2% (%RSD calculated from at least
10 consecutive samples, at 0C to 50C).

The following mathematical analysis refers to variation in effusivity measurements, inflicted by

variation of the current between different measurements in any given set of measurements. The
analysis is limited to those cases where the calibration is linear, but intuitively it also applies to 2 nd
order effusivity equations.

It is assumed that the sensor and tested material are in equilibrium and at the same temperature
at the beginning of the set of measurements, and thus the sensor resistance, R, is identical for all
measurements. It is further assumed that effusivities of sensor and measured material don’t
change during the measurement.

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1.1284I  A  G
From (14) m we can write the variance in m as:
e1  e2

1.1284A  ( I  G  G  I )
m  (32)
e1  e2

And the relative variance as:

1.1284 A  ( I  G  G  I )
m e1  e2 I  G  G  I G I
    (33)
m 1. 1284 I  A  G I G G I
e1  e2

Since G is proportional to I2 (R is assumed constant from one measurement to another):

 m 3 I
 (34)
m I

The relative variance in slope m ideally is triple the relative variance in current I. Intuitively this is
understood, since a stable current source will provide stable voltage measurements.

Note: equation (34) ignores second order errors.

It is generally known that:

1 1
( )  ( 2 )  m (35)
m m

And therefore:

 (1 / m )  m
 (36)
1/ m m

The relative variance in 1/m is the same as the relative variance in m.

From (17) we can calculate the variance in e 2 as (C is assumed constant for the set of
measurements):
( 1 )
e2  m (37)
M

And the relative variance as:

e2 ( 1 ) 1 C ( 1 )
 m ( m ) m (38)
e2 M M 1 C
m

If C =0, i.e. sensor effusivity is 0, then:

e 2  ( 1 )  m 3 I
 m   (39)
e2 1 m I
m

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In an ideal case where the sensor effusivity is 0, the relative variance in measured effusivity is
triple the relative variance of the supplied current. However, in reality C is always a positive
number as can be seen from equation (19), and therefore the relative variance in measured
effusivity is always higher than the relative variance in m or 1/m.

9.5.6 Additional Notes – Heat Equation

A few words on the heat equation: For nomenclature see page 4.

T  2T
c p   2  G' (6)
t x
This equation describes the dynamics of temperature change and heat flow in a medium in one
dimension (i.e. assume semi-infinite plane), with a source of heat G’ per unit volume supplied at
the surface. The left side of the equation describes change of temperature in the medium versus
time. The right side is related mainly to conductivity of heat in the medium.

Because the cp multiplies the temperature change in time, the larger the density and heat
capacity of the medium, the longer it would take the medium to change its temperature.
Conversely, materials with low density and heat capacity will experience a rapid change in
temperature. This can be intuitively understood.

The right side is not so intuitive because of the second order derivative. The larger the thermal
conductivity, the less steep the temperature profile will look inside the medium. Very small
thermal conductivity means that the temperature stays high at the surface and drops fast as x
increases.

A simple case to look at is a medium at steady state (e.g. a wall with high temperature T1 on one
side and low temperature T2 on the other side). Also assume that G’ is 0. In steady state there is
no change in time, and therefore the derivative of T relative to time is 0. This means that the
second derivative of T versus x is also 0. This may happen only if the first derivative of T versus x
is constant,

 2T
0 (I-1)
x2
T T
0 ( ) (I-2)
x x

T
  Cons tan t (I-3)
x

This describes a constant heat flow and constant slope of T relative to space x. In other words the
temperature profile inside the wall is a straight line between the extreme temperatures.

Note: equation I-3 is not accurate theoretically if heat flow is not one-dimensional.

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Equation (I-3) also describes the constant amount of energy flux (W/m2) that flows through the
wall. Assume the temperatures on the side of the wall are T 1 and T2, and its thickness is d, then
the energy flux passing through the wall is

T1  T 2
q   (I-4)
d

T1

T2
d

The TCi case is more complicated than that, because the sensor-material system is in transient,
not steady state. This is the reason we need to use equations (7), (8) and (9). If we write equation
(6) in this form

T T T
c p  ( )  G' (I-5)
t x x

then the equation may be interpreted as the supply of heat G’ to the medium results in change of
temperature of the medium in time and a deviation in space of the heat flux through the medium.

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Appendices
Appendix A: System Components and Accessories
Standard Components
- C-Therm TCi Control unit
- C-Therm TCi Software
- C-Therm TCi Sensor
- C-Therm TCi Sensor base plate
- C-Therm TCi Manual
- Laptop
- C-Therm TCi weight (steel, standard 500g)
- *Pyrex beaker (50mL) – for liquid and powder testing
- *Reference material kit (box) – LAF 6720 foam, Pyrex, Pyroceram, Phosphor Bronze,
Copper, distilled water, metal sample holder, or suitable replacement materials.
- *Contact Agents – Glycol and Wakefield Type 120 Thermal Grease (and putty knife)
- Tuniq TR-1 Thermal Material Remover
- **RTV test tabs – for user-based testing of chemical aggression towards the sensor RTV
seal
- Power cable
- USB cable
- Pelican Case for transport
* Note that clients can order a base package with one or more material ranges and will receive
the appropriate reference materials and contacts agents.
**Similarly, clients who purchase the FRV configuration will receive FRV test tabs in place of
RTV test tabs.

Accessories
- Small Volume Test Kit for liquids with optional
grounding cables for explosive powders
- Additional C-Therm MTPS TCi sensor (standard or with FRV sealant)
- Extension Plate accessory – used for larger sample placement when testing upright.
- Extension Cable
- Tenney Jr. Thermal Chamber with Watlow F4 Controller
- Comprehensive Extended Warranty
- Additional Weight, Sensor Base, or Thermal Grease Kit
- Compression Test Accessory (CTA)
- Glove Box Connector
- High Pressure Cell (HPC)
- Dilatometer

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Services
- Sample testing
- Chemical aggression testing
- Special calibration services – C-Therm can provide calibration ranges specific to a clients’
application
- Onsite training – Users with a very broad range of materials and applications are
encouraged to get advanced training on the use of the C-Therm TCi.
- Special application developments – C-Therm’ experience can be used to create new test
methods for new materials or processes.
- Testing migration services – C-Therm can provide consulting to migrate off-line testing to on-
line processes, including on-line process control

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Appendix B: C-Therm TCi Controller Specifications

Overview:
The TCi is a state of the art thermal property characterization instrument based on the modified transient
plane source (MTPS) technique. The TCi sensor is engineered for testing liquids, powders, pastes and solid
materials. The system enables testing of a wide range of thermally conductive materials, ranging from foams
to metals. Some of the points of difference that differentiate the TCi from other thermo-physical testing
technologies are its rapid, non-destructive test method, greater ease-of-use and the overall versatility it offers
users.

Important Notice: the TCi is a modular system and can be configured with different calibration modules
including “Fluids”, “Low-k”, “High-k” and “Max-k”. Clients are encouraged to contact their local C-Therm
representative in discussing the optimal configuration for their specific needs and budget.
Reliability:
Construction: MTBF (mean time between failures)
TCi system consists of PC (or 4,000 hours
laptop),controller assembly, sensor(s) and Extensive BIT procedure (built-in testing)
software System assemblies are interchangeable
Tests solids, pastes, liquids and powders and field replaceable.
Number of sensors: 1 or 2 (optional)
Safety and failure protection:
Performance: Sensor and tested material protected
Thermal conductivity range: 0 - 500 W/mK against temperature rise of more than 10C
Effusivity range: 0-38,000 Ws/m2K Maximum voltage drop on sensor is 6.5
Accuracy, typically: 5% for 0C to 50C VDC
Precision, typically: 1.0% RSD for 0C to Auto shutdown procedure
50C
Cooling time: 60 sec typically User Interface Software:
Windowsbased software interface
Environmental – Operating: Full relational database with import/export
Operating temperature: capabilities
 Controller +15C to +28C Easy export to Excel
 Sensor -50C to 200C Fully configurable test methods
Relative humidity: 90% non-condensing Multiple graphical and tabular display
options
Environmental – Non-operating: Provides direct, indirect (calculated) and
Storage: temperature –50C to +70C, user input capabilities for a number of
relative humidity up to 95% non-condensing thermal physical properties including:
Temperature shock: -20C to +30C Thermal Effusivity
Mechanical shock: typical transportation Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Diffusivity (indirect / input)
Calibration: Heat Capacity (indirect / input)
Sensor is factory calibrated. Calibration Density (indirect / input)
data is stored in the database and sensor
chip
Calibration data is verified prior to sensor
Operation in testing provided reference
standards
NEW User-Cal Wizard feature available
with “Max-k” configuration for additional
flexibility
Sensors are interchangeable and field
replaceable

Input power:
110-230 VAC 50-60Hz

Certifications:
 FCC, CE

112
 TCi Operator Manual

C-Therm TCi Sensor Specifications

Overview:
The TCi is a state of the art thermal property characterization instrument based on the modified transient plane
source (MTPS) technique. The TCi sensor is engineered for testing liquids, powders, pastes and solid materials.
The system enables testing of a wide range of thermally conductive materials, ranging from foams to metals.
Some of the points of difference that differentiate the TCi from other thermo-physical testing technologies are its
rapid, non-destructive test method, greater ease-of-use and the overall sample flexibility it offers users.

Important Notice: the TCi is a modular system and can be configured with different calibration modules
including “Fluids”, “Low-k”, “High-k” and “Max-k”. Clients are encouraged to contact their local C-Therm
representative in discussing the optimal configuration for their specific needs and budget.
Reliability:
Construction:  Mean time between failures (MTBF) 
 Sealed against dust and liquids by a RTV 10,000 hours for a typical operation profile
(silicone based) sealant between housing
and sensor chip
 Housing is made of stainless steel Environmental – Non-operating:
 Chip surface is made of alumina (96%  Storage: temperature up to 70C, relative
aluminum oxide) with a thin sealing glass humidity up to 95% non-condensing
layer (DuPont P/N 5415A, screen  Temperature shock: -20C to +30C
printable, laser trimmable, airfired G1  Mechanical shock: typical transportation
glass encapsulant)
Calibration:
Cleaning and Compatibility:
 Sensor is factory calibrated. Calibration
 Immune to cleaning agents such as data is stored on the sensor chip
detergents and isopropyl alcohol
 Calibration data is verified prior to sensor
 Compatible with acidic liquids operation in testing provided reference
 For full material compatibility and cleaning standards
procedure see operating manual  NEW User-Cal Wizard feature availability
with “Max-k” configuration for additional
Performance: flexibility
 Thermal conductivity range: 0-500 W/mK  Sensors are interchangeable and field
 Effusivity range: 0-38,000 Ws/m2K replaceable
 Accuracy, typically: 5% for 0C to 50C
 Precision, typically: 1.0%1 RSD for 0C to Safety and failure protection:
50C  Material under evaluation will not
 Cooling time: 60 to 90 sec typically experience a surface temperature rise
during a test of more than 10C (typically
Environmental – Operating: 0.2C to 2.0C)
 Operating temperature sensor head: -50C  Maximum voltage drop on sensor is 6.5V
to +200C DC
 Relative humidity: up to 95% non-
condensing Customization:
 External: vacuum to 6 ATM (90 PSIG)  Sensor housing can be customized per
request
Certifications:
 FCC, CE

113
1
Precision is defined as the %RSD of a test of 10
consecutive measurements

3
TCi Operator Manual

C-Therm TCi Standard Computer Specifications

(Note: Computer is specified subject to availability. C-Therm reserves the right to alter the make, model
and configuration. May not be exactly as pictured. )

Feature Upgrades Available: Microsoft Office (RFQ)

Lenovo Think Pad Edge 531

Computer Specifications:

Processor Operating System

Intel® CoreTM i3-3210M Windows 7

Graphics Internal Keyboard

Intel Integrated Graphics Media Accelerator HD Internal English Keyboard, English

Screen Size Hard Drive

14.0" High Definition Wide LED Anti-Glare Display 320GB Hard Drive, 7200RPM SATA

Memory Floppy Drive

4.0 GB, DDR3, 1 DIMM slot No Floppy Drive

AC Adaptor Module Bay Devices

65W A/C Adapter 8X CD+/-RW/DVD w/Cyberlink PowerDVD™

Energy Star Battery

Energy Star Enabled 6 Cell Lithium Ion Primary Battery

Wireless LAN Warranty

Wireless LAN: 1520 802.11n Half-Mini Card 1 year limited manufacturer’s warranty

114
 TCi Operator Manual

Appendix C: Materials of Construction and Chemical Resistance Data

The sensor is constructed from passivated 316 stainless steel, RTV (silicone), green glass, and silicon.

If there is uncertainty as to the safety of using a chemical with the C-Therm TCi sensor, test the chemical
with a tab of RTV before using it with the sensor. RTV is the weakest part of the sensor’s construction
and will likely react most strongly to any chemical. Place a tab in a beaker and cover the tab with the
chemical. Leave the tab for several hours or overnight. If the tab is unaffected by the chemical, it should
be safe to use with the sensor. See the Chemical Testing section of the Testing chapter for more
information.

The following chemicals are safe to use with the C-Therm TCi sensors:

Acetaldehyde Brine Ethyl Acetate

Acetamide Butanol (Butyl Alcohol) Ethylene Diamine
Acetic Acid, 30% Butter Epsom Salts (Magnesium
Acetic Acid, 80% Buttermilk Sulfate)
Acetic Acid, Glacial Butyl Amine Ethanol
Acetone Butyl Phthalate Ethylene Glycol
Acetylene Calcium Bisulfite Ferric Sulfate
Alconox Calcium Carbonate Formaldehyde 100%
Aluminum Chloride Calcium Chloride Formic Acid
Aluminum Nitrate Calcium Hydroxide Gelatin
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate, Calcium Hypochlorite Glucose
10% Calcium Nitrate Glue, P.V.A.
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate, Calcium Oxide Glycerin
100% Calgon Glycolic Acid
Aluminum Sulfate Carbon Monoxide Grape Juice
Alums Carbon Dioxide (dry) Hair Mousse
Amines Carbon Dioxide (wet) Hexanol
Ammonia, 10% Carbonated Water Honey
Ammonia Nitrate (RT) Carbonic Acid Hydraulic Oil (Petro)
Ammonium Hydroxide Castor Oil Hydraulic Oil (Synthetic)
Ammonium Nitrate Cider Hydrazine
Ammonium Phosphate, Citric Acid Hydrogen Peroxide, 10%
Monobasic Clorox (Bleach) Hydrogen Peroxide, 30%
Ammonium Sulfate Coconut Oil Hydrogen Peroxide 50%
Aniline Cod Liver Oil Hydrogen Peroxide 100%
Antifreeze Coffee Isopropanol
Arochlor 1248 Cold Cream Lactic Acid
Arsenic Acid Copper Cyanide Lard
Asphalt Copper Sulfate 5% Latex
Avicel Microcrystalline Copper Sulfate >5% Lead Acetate
Cellulose Corn Oil Lead Nitrate
Barium Chloride Cottonseed Oil Liquinox
Barium Hydroxide Cough Syrup Linoleic Acid
Barium Nitrate Cream Linseed Oil
Barium Sulfate Cupric Acid Lithium Chloride
Barium Sulfide Cyanic Acid Lye: Sodium Hydroxide
Beer Detergents Lye: Calcium Hydroxide
Beet Sugar Liquids Detergents, Laundry Magnesium Hydroxide
Benzoic Acid Diethylamine Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom
Bleach Diethylene Glycol salts)
Body Wash Dow 200 Malic Acid
Borax Dowtherm SR-1 Manganese Sulfate
Boric Acid Ethanolamine Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)

115
TCi Operator Manual

Methyl Alcohol, 10% Sea Water Sugar

Milk Shampoo Sugar (liquids)
Mineral Oils Shampoo, Dandruff Sulphate (liquors)
Monoethanolamine Shaving Cream Sulfur
Mustard Silica Gel Sulphur Dioxide
Natural Gas Silicone Sulphur Dioxide (dry)
Nickel Sulfate Silicone Oil Sulphur Trioxide (dry)
Octanol Silicone Grease Tanic Acid
Oxalic Acid (cold) Silver Nitrate Tanning Liquors
Ozone Soap Solutions Toothpaste
Oil, Engine Sodium Bicarbonate Transformer Oil
Peanut Oils Sodium Bisulfite Trisodium Phosphate
Photographic Developer Sodium Borate (Borax) Urea
Phthalic Acid Sodium Carbonate (Soda Vegetable Juice
Polydimethylsiloxane Ash) Vinegar
Potassium Bicarbonate Sodium Chloride Wakefield Type 120 Thermal
Potassium Bromide Sodium Cyanide Grease
Potassium Chlorate Sodium Hydroxide, 10% Water, Acid, Mine
Potassium Chloride Sodium Metaphosphate Water, Distilled
Potassium Cyanide Solutions Sodium Perborate Water, Fresh
Potassium Dichromate Sodium Silicate Water, Salt
Potassium Nitrate Sodium Sulfate Weed Killers
Potassium Sulfate Sodium Sulfite Whiskey and Wines
Potassium Sulfide Sodium Tetraborate White Liquor (Pulp Mill)
Propanol Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) Zinc Chloride
Propylene Glycol Soybean Oil Zinc Sulfate
Rosins Stannous Chloride
Rum Starch
Salt Brine (NaCl saturated) Stearic Acid

The following chemicals are not safe to use with C-Therm TCi Sensors (Chemicals considered unsafe
due to lack of information on one or more components are marked with *):

Acetate Solvent Amyl Chloride Benzene

Acetic Acid Anderol L-774 Benzene Sulfonic Acid
Acetic Anhydride Aniline Oil Benzine
Acetophenone Aniline Hydrochloride Benzol
Acetyl Chloride (dry) Ansul Ether Benzophenone
Acrylonitrile Antimony Trichloride Brake Fluid (Non-
Aluminum Chloride, 20% Aqua Regia (80% HCl, 20% petroleum)*
Aluminum Fluoride HNO3) Bromine
Aluminum Hydroxide Aromatic Hydrocarbons Bromobenzene
Ammonia, Anhydrous Askarel Bunker Oil
Ammonia, Liquid* ASTM #1* Butadiene
Ammonium Carbonate ASTM #3 Butane
Ammonium Chloride ASTM Fuel A Butyl Carbitol
Ammonium Persulfate ASTM Fuel B Butyl Ether
Ammonium Phosphate, ASTM Fuel C Butylacetate
Dibasic ASTM Fuel D Butylaldehyde
Ammonium Phosphate, Auto Transmission Fluid Butylene
Tribasic Barium Carbonate* Butyric acid
Amyl Acetate Barium Cyanide* Calcium Bisulfate
Amyl Alcohol Benzaldehyde Calcium Bisulfide

116
 TCi Operator Manual

Calcium Sulfate* Diphenyl Hydrocyanic Acid

Carbitol* Diphenyl Oxide Hydrocyanic Acid (Gas
Carbitol Acetate Dow Corning 550* 10%)
Carbolic Acid (Phenol) Dow Gard* Hydrofluoric Acid 20%
Carbon Bisulfide* Dowtherm A & E Hydrofluoric Acid 50%
Carbon Disulfide Elco 28* Hydrofluoric Acid 75%
Carbon Tetrachloride Ethane Hydrofluoric Acid 100%
Cellosolve Ether Hydrofluosilicic Acid 20%
Chassis Grease Ethyl Benzene Hydrofluosilicic Acid 100%
Chlordane Ethyl Benzoate Hydrogen Gas
Chlorine Water Ethyl Cellulose* Hydrogen Sulfide (aqua)
Chlorine, Anhydrous Liquid Ethyl Chloride Hydrogen Sulfide (dry)
Chlorine (dry) Ethyl Ether Hypoid Gear Lube
Chloroacetic Acid Ethyl Merlaptan Ink
Chloroacetone Ethylene Bromide Iodine
Chlorobenzene (Mono) Ethylene Chloride Isooctane
Chlorobenzol Ethylene Chlorohydrin Iso Phorone
Chlorobromomethane Ethylene Dichloride Isopar
Chloroform Ethylene Oxide Isopropyl Acetate
Chlorosulfonic Acid Fatty Acids Isopropyl Ether
Chrome Plating Solution* Ferric Chloride Jet Fuel (JP3, JP4, JP5)
Chromic Acid 55 Ferric Nitrate Kerosene
Chromic Acid 10% Ferrous Chloride Ketones
Chromic Acid 30% Ferrous Sulfate* Lacquer Thinner
Chromic Acid 50% Fluoboric Acid* Lacquer
Copper Chloride Fluorine Lead Sulfamate
Copper Nitrate* Fluosilicic Acid* Ligroin
Creosote Formaldehyde 40% Lime*
Creosote Oil Freon® 11 Lubricants
Cresols Freon 12 Lye: Potassium Hydroxide
Cresylic Acid Freon 22 Magnesium Carbonate*
Crude Oil Freon 113 Magnesium Chloride
Cyclohexane Freon TF Magnesium Nitrate*
Cyclohexanol Fuel Oils Malathion
Cyclohexanone Furan resin Maleic Acid*
Decalin Furfural Melamine
Denatured Alcohol* Furfuryl Alcohol Mercuric Chloride (dilute)
Diacetone Fyrquel* Mercuric Cyanide
Diacetone Alcohol Gallic Acid Mercury*
Dibutyl Amine Gasoline (high Aromatic) Meter-Cresol
Dichloro Aniline Gasoline, leaded, ref. Methacrylic Acid
Dichlorobenzene Gasoline, unleaded Methane
Dichloro Butane Grease Methyl Acetate
Dichloroethane* Heptane Methyl Acetone*
Diethyl Ether Hexaldehyde* Methyl Acrylate
Diesel Fuel Hexane Methyl Bromide*
Dimethyl aniline Home Heating Oil* Methyl Butyl Ketone
Dimethyl Ether Hydrobromic Acid 20% Methyl Cellosolve
Dimethyl Formaldehyde Hydrobromic Acid 100% Methyl Chloride
Dimethyl Formamide Hydrochloric Acid 20% Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Dimethyl Terephthalate Hydrochloric Acid 37% Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Dioctyl Phthalate Hydrochloric Acid 100% Peroxide*
Dioxane Hydrochloric Acid, Dry Gas* Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

117
TCi Operator Manual

Methyl Isopropyl Ketone Propyl Acetate Toluene (Toluol)

Methyl Methacrylate Propylene Tomato Juice*
Methylamine* Pydraul Trichloroacetic Acid
Methylene Chloride Pyranol Trichloroethane
Mineral Spirits Pyridine Trichloroethylene
Molasses* Pyrogallic Acid* Tricresylphosphate
Monovinyl Acetylene* Rapeseed Oil Triethylamine*
Naphtha SAE10W30* Turbine Oil
Naphthalene Salad Dressings* Turpentine
Naphthenic Acid Salt (Sodium Chloride) UCDN 50HB280X*
Neatsfoot Oil* Shellac (Bleached)* Univis J-43
Nickel Chloride Shellac (Orange)* Urine*
Nitrating Acid <15% Skydrol Varnish
Nitric Acid 5-10% Skydrol 500 Vinyl Acetate
Nitric Acid 20% Sodium Acetate Wheat Germ Oil*
Nitric Acid 50% Sodium Bisulfate White water (Paper Mill)*
Nitric Acid Concentrated Sodium Chlorate Wood Oil
Nitrobenzene Sodium Chromate* Xylene
Nitromethane Sodium Fluoride Zinc Hydrosulfite*
Nitropropane Sodium Hydrosulfite
Nitrous Acid* Sodium Hydroxide 50%
Octane Sodium Hydroxide 80%
Oleic Acid Sodium Hypochlorite <20%
Oleum 25% Sodium Hypochlorite 100%
Oleum 100% Sodium Metasilicate*
Olive Oils Sodium Nitrate
Orange Oils Sodium Peroxide
Oronite 8200 Sodium Polyphosphate
Palmitic Acid Sodium Sulfide
Paraffin* Sorghum*
Pentane Sovasol
Perchloric Acid Stannic Chloride
Perchloroethylene Stoddard Solvent
Petrolatum Styrene
Petroleum Sulfur Chloride
Petroleum Ether Sulfur Hexafluoride*
Phenol 10% Sulfur Trioxide
Phenol (Carbolic Acid) Sulfuric Acid <10%
Phosphoric Acid (crude) Sulfuric Acid 10-75%
Phosphoric Acid >40% Sulfuric Acid 75-100%
Phosphoric Acid <40% Sulfuric Acid (cold
Photographic Solutions* Concentrated)
Phthalic Anhydride* Sulfuric Acid (hot
Picric Acid Concentrated)
Pine Oil Sulfurous Acid
Potash (Potassium Tar*
Carbonate)* Tartaric Acid
Potassium Chromate* Tetrachloroethane
Potassium Ferrocyanide* Tetrachloroethylene
Potassium Hydroxide Tetrahydrofuran
(Caustic Potash) Tetralin
Potassium Permanganate* Tidewater Oil*
Propane (liquefied) Tin Salts

118
 TCi Operator Manual

Appendix D: Reference Material Standard Values

C-Therm Reference Thermal Effusivity (25°C) Thermal Conductivity (25°C)
Material* W√s/m2k W/mK
Distilled Water 1594.0 0.609
LAF 6720-A 161.0 0.0609
LAF 6720-B 157.0 0.0594
LAF 6720-C 153.0 0.0579
LAF 6720-D 145.2 0.0549
Pyrex 1437.9 1.143
Pyroceram 2950.4 3.967
Phosphor Bronze-A 16503.6 81.356
Phosphor Bronze-B 16097.1 76.751
Phosphor Bronze-C 16789.4 86.237
Phosphor Bronze-E 15294.0 68.308
Phosphor Bronze-F 14898.3 64.441
Copper 36991 398

*Note: Due to variability between batches, there are multiple calibration material records
for LAF 6720 and Phosphor Bronze. When performing a test, select the record matching
the label on the reference sample or in the Reference Material Kit box lid.

119
TCi Operator Manual

Appendix E: Permission Default Values

Permission Sub Group 2nd Sub Group Default Value
Group
Test Methods Add Test Method Permit
Edit Test Method Edit Draft Test Method Permit
Edit Released Test Method Permit
Delete Test Method Permit
Recover Test Method Permit
Release Test Method Permit
Execute Test Method Execute Draft Test Method Permit
Execute Released Test Permit
Method
Alter Test Method while Permit
Executing
Import Test Methods Deny
Export Test Methods Permit
Test Method Notes Add Test Method Permit
Edit Test Method Permit
Delete Test Method Permit
Recover Test Method Permit
Test Results Release Test Results Permit
Approve Test Results Permit
Delete Test Results Permit
Recover Test Results Permit
Import Test Results Deny
Test Result Notes Add Test Result Notes Permit
Edit Test Result Notes Permit
Delete Test Result Notes Permit
Recover Test Result Notes Permit
Materials Add Materials Permit
Edit Materials Permit
Delete Materials Permit
Recover Materials Permit
Material Groups Add Material Groups Permit
Edit Material Groups Permit
Delete Material Groups Permit
Recover Material Groups Permit
Material Lots Add Material Lots Permit
Edit Material Lots Permit
Delete Material Lots Permit
Recover Material Lots Permit
Projects Add Projects Permit
Edit Projects Permit
Delete Projects Permit
Recover Projects Permit
Sub-Projects Add Sub-Project Permit
Edit Sub-Project Permit
Delete Sub-Project Permit
Recover Sub-Project Permit
Calibration Add Calibration Methods Permit
Methods Edit Calibration Methods Permit
Delete Calibration Methods Deny

120
 TCi Operator Manual

Permission Sub Group 2nd Sub Group Default Value

Group
Recover Calibration Deny
Methods
Execute Calibration Methods Deny
Perform One-Point Permit
Correction
Import Calibration Methods Deny
Export Calibration Methods Permit
Calibration Method Notes Add Calibration Method Permit
Notes
Edit Calibration Method Permit
Notes
Delete Calibration Method Permit
Notes
Recover Calibration Method Permit
Notes
Calibration Edit Calibration Results Permit
Results Delete Calibration Results Permit
Recover Calibration Results Permit
Release Calibration Results Permit
Import Calibration Results Permit
Export Calibration Results Permit
Add Calibration Results Permit
Calibration Add Calibration Material Deny
Material Groups Groups
Edit Calibration Material Deny
Groups
Delete Calibration Material Deny
Groups
Recover Calibration Material Deny
Groups
Calibration Add Calibration Materials Deny
Materials Edit Calibration Materials Deny
Delete Calibration Materials Deny
Recover Calibration Deny
Materials
Users Add Users Deny
Edit Users Deny
Delete Users Deny
Recover Users Deny
User Groups Add User Groups Deny
Edit User Groups Deny
Delete User Groups Deny
Recover User Groups Deny
Contact Agent Add Contact Agent Permit
Edit Contact Agent Permit
Delete Contact Agent Permit
Recover Contact Agent Permit
Reference Execute Reference Material Permit
Material Test Test

121
TCi Operator Manual

Appendix F: CE Certification

This page left intentionally blank.

122
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 TCi Operator Manual

Appendix G: Units and Conversions

Basic symbols and dimensions:
MKS (SI) CGS Imperial
Thermal Conductivity k k k
(W/mK) (cal/sC) (Btu/hr/ft/F)
or (Btu*in/hr/ft2F)
Thermal Diffusivity   
(m2/s) (cm2/s) (-)
Heat Capacity Cp Cp (cal/g/C) Cp
(J/kg/K) (Btu/lb/F)
Density   
(kg/m3) (g/cm3) (lb/ft3)
Energy J J Btu
(Joules) (Joules) (British Thermal Units)
Energy Rate (Watts) W = J/s W Btu/min
(Watts)
Change in absolute K (Kelvin) C F
Temperature
Time s (seconds) s(seconds) hr, min
Effusivity e e e
(W s1/2/m2/K) (cal s1/2/cm2/K) (Btu/hr1/2/ft2/F)
Thickness l(m) l(cm) l(ft)
Depth of Penetration d(m) d(cm) d(ft)

Conversions

Thermal conductivity: 1 W/mK = 0.002389 cal/sC

= 0.5782 Btu/hr/ft/F
= 6.938 Btuin/hr/ft2/F

Thermal Diffusivity: 1 m2/s =1000000 mm2/s

=10000 cm2/s

Heat Capacity: 1 J/kg/K =2.388x10-4 cal/g/C

=2.391x10-4 Btu/lb/F

Density: 1 kg/m3 =0.001 g/cm3

=0.06243 lb/ft3

Energy: 1J =0.23885 cal

=9.4782x10-4 Btu

Energy Rate (Power): 1 J/s(W) =0.056869 Btu/min

Change in Temperature: 1 K =1C

=1.8F

Temperature: C to F F = 1.8 C + 32

Time: 1s =0.01667 min

=0.0002778 hr

123
TCi Operator Manual

Effusivity: 1 W s1/2/m2/K =2.388x10-5 cal s1/2/cm2/K

=8.946x10-4 Btu/hr1/2/ft2/F

Length: 1m = 100 cm
= 3.2808 ft

Calculation of Thermal Conductivity:

݁ଶ
݇=
ߩ‫݌ܥ‬

The user must enter the density and Cp for this calculation.

Calculation of Thermal Diffusivity:

k

Cp
W / mK J / s / m m2
  
kg / m3  J / kgK m3  J s
The user must enter the density and Cp for this calculation.

Alternately, the thermal diffusivity may be calculated from the thermal conductivity and thermal
effusivity:

݇ଶ
ߙ=
݁ଶ

݁ଶ ݇ ݇ ݇ଶ
ቌ݁ = ඥ݇ߩ‫݌ܥ‬ ߩ‫= ݌ܥ‬ ߙ= = ଶ = ଶቍ
݇ ߩ‫݁ ݌ܥ‬ ݁
݇

Calculation of Heat Capacity:

e  kC p
e 2  kC p
e2
Cp 
k

Cp 
W  s 1/ 2
/ m2 / K

  
J 2 / s 2  s / m 4 / K 2 J / s   s / m 4 / s
2

 
J
W / mK  kg / m 3
J / s  / mK  kg / m 3
K  kg / m 4
kgK
User must enter the density for this calculation

124
 TCi Operator Manual

Calculation of R-value (RSI):

l
R
k
m K  m2
R 
W / mK W
The user must enter the thickness of material for this calculation

Depth of Penetration:

d  4t 
1/ 2

1/ 2
 m2 
d   s  m
 s 
Where: t is the test time.

125
TCi Operator Manual

Appendix H: DowTherm SR-1 MSDS

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126
 Material Safety Data Sheet
Dowtherm SR1 MSDS

Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification

Product Name: Dowtherm SR1 Contact Information:

Catalog Codes: SLD4267 Sciencelab.com, Inc.

14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: Mixture. Houston, Texas 77396
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
RTECS: Not applicable.
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Ethylene glycol; Water; Order Online: ScienceLab.com
Potassium phosphate dibasic
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
CI#: Not available. 1-800-424-9300
Synonym: Dowtherm* SR-1 Heat Transfer Fluid; International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Dowtherm* SR-1
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Chemical Name: Not applicable.

Chemical Formula: Not applicable.

Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:
Name CAS # % by Weight
Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 >95
Water 7732-18-5 <3
Potassium phosphate dibasic 7758-11-4 <3

Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Ethylene glycol: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 4700 mg/kg [Rat]. 5500 mg/kg [Mouse]. 6610
mg/kg [Guinea pig]. VAPOR (LC50): Acute: &gt;200 mg/m 4 hours [Rat].

Section 3: Hazards Identification

Potential Acute Health Effects:
Hazardous in case of ingestion. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact
(irritant). Severe over-exposure can result in death.

Potential Chronic Health Effects:

CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH [Ethylene glycol].
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Ethylene glycol]. Non-mutagenic for bacteria
and/or yeast. [Ethylene glycol].
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available.

p. 1
DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available.
The substance may be toxic to kidneys, liver, central nervous system (CNS).
Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated exposure to a
highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human
organs.

Section 4: First Aid Measures

Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.

Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes
before reuse. Get medical attention.

Serious Skin Contact:

Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate
medical attention.

Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get
medical attention immediately.

Serious Inhalation: Not available.

Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. If large quantities of this material are swallowed, call a physician immediately. Loosen tight
clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.

Serious Ingestion:
Medical Conditions Aggravated by Exposure:
Persons with pre-existiing kidney, respiratory, eye, or neurological problems might be more sensitive to Ethylene
Glycol.
Notes to Physician:
1. Support vital functions, correct for dehydration and shock, and manage fluid balance.
2. The currently recommended medical management of Ethylene Glycol poisoning includes elimination of
Ethylene Glycol and metabolites. Elimination of Ethylene Glycol may be achieved by the following methods:
a. Emptying the stomach by gastric lavage. It is useful if initiated within < 1 of ingestion.
b. Correct metabolic acidosis with intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate, adjusting the administration
rate accoridng to repeated and frequent measurement of acid/base status.
c. Administer ethanol (orally or by IV (intravenously)) or fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole or Antizol)) therapy by IV
as an antidote to inhibit the ormation of toxic metabolites.
d. If patients are diagnosed and treated early in the course with the above methods, hemodialysis may be avoided
if fomepizole or ethanol therapy is effective and has corrected the metabolic acidosis, and no renal failure is
present. However, once severe acidosis and renal failure occured, however, hemodialysis is necessary. It is
effective in removing Ethylene Glycol and toxic metabolites, and correcting metabolic acidosis.

Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data

Flammability of the Product: May be combustible at high temperature.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: The lowest known value is 398°C (748.4°F) (Ethylene glycol).

Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 111°C (231.8°F). (Tagliabue.)

Flammable Limits: LOWER: 3.2% (Ethylene Glycol)

p. 2
Products of Combustion: These products are carbon oxides (CO, CO2). Some metallic oxides.

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Slightly flammable to flammable in presence of open flames and sparks,
of heat.

Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Non-explosive in presence of open flames and sparks, of shocks.

Fire Fighting Media and Instructions:

SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder.
LARGE FIRE: Use water spray, fog or foam. Do not use water jet.

Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Not available.

Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:

Explosive decomposition may occur if combined with strong acids or strong bases and subjected to elevated
temperatures. (Ethylene glycol)

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal
container. If necessary: Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Finish cleaning by
spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority
requirements.

Large Spill:
Poisonous liquid.
Stop leak if without risk. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to
reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Eliminate all ignition
sources. Call for assistance on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Finish
cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system. Be
careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with
local authorities.

Section 7: Handling and Storage

Precautions:
Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Empty containers pose a fire risk, evaporate the
residue under a fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/
vapor/spray. Wear suitable protective clothing. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.

Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their
respective threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are proximal to the
work-station location.

Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Synthetic apron. Gloves (impervious).

Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:

Splash goggles. Full suit. Boots. Gloves. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a
specialist BEFORE handling this product.

Exposure Limits:

p. 3
Ethylene glycol
STEL: 120 (mg/m3) [Australia]
TWA: 100 (mg/m3) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States]
CEIL: 125 (mg/m3) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]
CEIL: 50 (ppm) from OSHA (PEL) [United States]
TWA: 52 STEL: 104 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)] Inhalation
TWA: 10 (mg/m3) [United Kingdom (UK)] SKINConsult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical state and appearance: Liquid.

Odor: Glycol like

Taste: Not available.

Molecular Weight: Not applicable.

Color: Colored

pH (1% soln/water): Not available

Boiling Point: 163°C (325.4°F)

Melting Point: May start to solidify at -13°C (8.6°F) based on data for: Ethylene glycol.

Critical Temperature: Not available.

Specific Gravity: 1.1295 (Water = 1)

Vapor Pressure: 0.3 kPa (@ 20°C)

Vapor Density: >1 (Air = 1)

Volatility: Not available.

Odor Threshold: Not available.

Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.

Ionicity (in Water): Not available.

Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, diethyl ether, acetone.

Solubility:
Soluble in cold water, hot water, acetone.
Partially soluble in diethyl ether.

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data

Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.

Conditions of Instability: Excess heat, incompatible materials

Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.

Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.

p. 4
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Hygroscopic. Absorbs moisture from the air.
Avoid contamination with materials with hydroxyl compounds.
Also incompatible with aliphatic amines, isocyanates, chlorosulfonic acid, and oleum (Ethylene glycol)

Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.

Polymerization: Will not occur.

Section 11: Toxicological Information

Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Ingestion.

Toxicity to Animals:
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): >8200 mg/kg [Rat].
Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): >2000 mg/kg [Rabbit].

Chronic Effects on Humans:

CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A4 (Not classifiable for human or animal.) by ACGIH [Ethylene glycol].
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. [Ethylene glycol]. Non-mutagenic for bacteria
and/or yeast. [Ethylene glycol].
May cause damage to the following organs: kidneys, liver, central nervous system (CNS).

Other Toxic Effects on Humans:

Hazardous in case of ingestion.
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of inhalation.

Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals:

Lowest Published Toxic Dose/Conc:
TDL [Man] - Route: oral; Dose: 15gm/kg
Lethal Dose/Conc 50% Kill
LD50 [Rabbit] - Route: dermal; Dose: 9530 ul/kg (Ethylene glycol)

Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:

May cause adverse reproductive effects and birth defects (teratogenic) based on animal test data. No human
data has been reported at this time.
May affect genetic material (mutagenic) (Ethylene glycol)

Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:

Section 12: Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity:
Ecotoxicity in water (LC50): 41000 mg/l 96 hours [Trout]. 46300 mg/l 48 hours [water flea]. 34250 mg/l 96
hours [bluegill fish]. 34250 mg/l 72 hours [Goldfish]. (Ethylene Glycol)

BOD5 and COD: Not available.

Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may
arise.

Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.

Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.

Section 13: Disposal Considerations

p. 5
Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental
control regulations.

Section 14: Transport Information

DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).

Identification: Not applicable.

Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.

Section 15: Other Regulatory Information

Federal and State Regulations:
California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to
cause birth defects which would require a warning under the statute: No products were found.
California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to
cause cancer which would require a warning under the statute: No products were found.
Illinois toxic substances disclosure to employee act: Ethylene glycol
Illinois chemical safety act: Ethylene glycol
New York release reporting list: Ethylene glycol
Rhode Island RTK hazardous substances: Ethylene glycol
Pennsylvania RTK: Ethylene glycol
Minnesota: Ethylene glycol
Massachusetts RTK: Ethylene glycol
Massachusetts spill list: Ethylene glycol
New Jersey: Ethylene glycol
Louisiana spill reporting: Ethylene glycol
California Director's List of Hazardous Substances: Ethylene Glycol
TSCA 8(b) inventory: Ethylene glycol; Water; Potassium phosphate dibasic
TSCA 4(a) proposed test rules: Ethylene glycol
SARA 313 toxic chemical notification and release reporting: Ethylene glycol 95.95%
CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Ethylene glycol: 5000 lbs. (2268 kg);

Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).

Other Classifications:

WHMIS (Canada): CLASS D-2B: Material causing other toxic effects (TOXIC).

DSCL (EEC):
R22- Harmful if swallowed.
S46- If swallowed, seek medical advice
immediately and show this container or label.

HMIS (U.S.A.):

Health Hazard: 1

Fire Hazard: 1

Reactivity: 0

Personal Protection: C

National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):

Health: 1

p. 6
 Flammability: 1

Reactivity: 0

Specific hazard:

Protective Equipment:
Gloves.
Synthetic apron.
Wear appropriate respirator when
ventilation is inadequate.
Safety glasses.

Section 16: Other Information

References: Not available.

Other Special Considerations: Not available.

Created: 10/10/2005 01:04 AM

Last Updated: 11/06/2008 12:00 PM

The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we
assume no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the
information for their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any
third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even
if ScienceLab.com has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

p. 7
 TCi Operator Manual

Appendix I: Small Volume Test Kit SOP

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TCi Operator Manual

Appendix J: Compression Test Accessory SOP

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128
 921 College Hill Rd Tel: (506) 457-1515
Fredericton, NB Fax: (506)
Canada, E3B 6Z9 www.ctherm.com

Operating Procedure for Using TCi Sensors with the

Compression Test Accessory (CTA)

Document No: OM-80-000001

C-Therm Technologies Ltd.

921 College Hill Rd
Fredericton, NB
Canada E3B 6Z9

2013 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Revision: A

This document is proprietary to C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and shall not be reproduced without written consent from C-Therm
Technologies.
Page 1 of 7
 921 College Hill Rd Tel: (506) 457-1515
Fredericton, NB Fax: (506)
Canada, E3B 6Z9 www.ctherm.com

Signature Page

Written By: Michael McCullough Date: September 28, 2012

Reviewed By: Adam Harris Date: October 3, 2012

Approved By: Michael Emanuel Date: October 13, 2012

Date Revision Description

October 13, 2012 A Initial Release

Table of Contents

1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 3

2 ASSEMBLY ................................................................................................................. 4

3 MECHANICAL SETUP................................................................................................ 5

4 OPERATION................................................................................................................ 6

2013 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Revision: A

This document is proprietary to C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and shall not be reproduced without written consent from C-Therm
Technologies.
Page 2 of 7
 921 College Hill Rd Tel: (506) 457-1515
Fredericton, NB Fax: (506)
Canada, E3B 6Z9 www.ctherm.com

1 SCOPE
This document describes the use of a TCi sensor with the CTA accessory.

PRODUCT MAY NOT BE EXACTLY AS SHOWN BASED ON PURCHASED CONFIGURATION. THE CTA DOES NOT INCLUDE TCi SENSOR OR CONTROLLER (SOLD SEPARATELY).

Overview:
The TCi is a state of the art thermal property characterization instrument based on the modified plane
source (MTPS) technique. The Compression Test Accessory (CTA) is engineered and designed to
enable users to precisely control the level of compression or compaction of a sample in characterizing the
material’s thermal conductivity. The CTA is ideal for applications in the fields of advanced textiles, fabrics
and thermal interface materials (TIMs) where representative thermal conductivity data requires precise
control over the sample’s compaction. The CTA is compatible with solids, pastes, greases and powder
sample formats.

This User’s Guide provides setup, safety, and operation instructions. For additional information or
answers to your questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. Our technical support and engineering
teams are eager to assist you.

For more details on the Force Gauge and Dial Indicator refer to their respective User manuals

Before use, each person who is to use the C-Therm Technologies Compression Test Accessory
should be fully trained in appropriate operation and safety procedures.
2013 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Revision: A

This document is proprietary to C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and shall not be reproduced without written consent from C-Therm
Technologies.
Page 3 of 7
 921 College Hill Rd Tel: (506) 457-1515
Fredericton, NB Fax: (506)
Canada, E3B 6Z9 www.ctherm.com

2 ASSEMBLY

Item Qty P/N Part Description

1 1 80-000001 CTA Assembly
2 1 40-000002 Digital Force Gauge
3 1 20-000004 TCi sensor upright fixture (modified base)
4 1 21-000007 10-32 X 1 1/4” SHCS
5 4 21-000003 10-32X1" long Knurled screw, black
6 1 TH040119 10-32X1 1/4" long Knurled screw
7 1 20-000002 Liquid test Sleeve
8 1 21-000006 O-Ring I.D.1-5/16'', O.D. 1-9/16''-Fluoroelastomer
9 1 20-000003 Compression Disc
10 1 20-000006 Stopper
12 1 TH050103 TCi Sensor
13 1 40-000003 Digital Dial Indicator
20-000005 Rod Support (Optional. For use with thermal chamber)
21-000004 Butterfly nut-10-32 Zinc Plated Cold Forged Wing Nut (Optional)
21-000005 10-32x1/2 Zinc Type D Stamped Steel Wing Screw (Optional)

2013 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Revision: A

This document is proprietary to C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and shall not be reproduced without written consent from C-Therm
Technologies.
Page 4 of 7
 921 College Hill Rd Tel: (506) 457-1515
Fredericton, NB Fax: (506)
Canada, E3B 6Z9 www.ctherm.com

3 MECHANICAL SETUP

3.1 Mounting Gauge to the Stand

Line up the dowel pin and clearance holes for the four threaded holes located near the corners of the
housing. Secure the gauge in place using the included Thumb Screws.

3.2 Mounting Attachments to the Force Gauge

The force gauge’s threaded loading shaft is designed to accommodate C-Therm Technologies
attachments with female mounting holes.

Do not use jam nuts or tools to tighten attachments onto the shaft. Finger-tighten only.

The Force Gauge has a range of 1000.0 gF (gram force) and a resolution of 0.1 gF
Different force units can be displayed

3.3 Base Plate to the Accessory

The base plate can be adjusted for better alignment by loosening the 4 thumb screws.

3.4 Installation and Setup of Dial Indicator

The dial indicator clamps onto the column of the stand. The dial can be
repositioned along the length of the column.

It allows for 1.0” travel and displays up to 1" of displacement with resolution of
0.0005" and 0.01 mm. Includes zero button and in/mm selector button.

3.5 Mounting the TCi™ Sensor to the Accessory

Set the TCi sensor into the base plate and tighten base plate thumb screw.

3.6 Installation and Adjustment of Travel Stopper

Important! The travel stopper (10) has been set at the factory and is designed to prevent
lowering the gauge into the TCi sensor. To prevent sensor damage

If the stopper requires adjustment:

Loosen the stopper screw
Carefully lower gauge using hand wheel until the attachment is about 1mm above the sensor.
Slide the stopper up until it hits the gauge support frame
Tighter the stopper screw.
The stopper can be adjusted as required to accommodate larger samples.

2013 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Revision: A

This document is proprietary to C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and shall not be reproduced without written consent from C-Therm
Technologies.
Page 5 of 7
 921 College Hill Rd Tel: (506) 457-1515
Fredericton, NB Fax: (506)
Canada, E3B 6Z9 www.ctherm.com

4 OPERATION

Caution!
If the capacity of the instrument has been exceeded by more than 110%, the display will
Applying too much
show “OVER” forcean
to indicate can damage
overload. the Force gauge
A continuous audibleand
toneTCi
willSensor
be sounded until the
MENU key has been pressed or the load has been reduced to a safe level.

Detailed TCi testing procedures can be found in the Testing Section 4 of the TCi Operators
Manual.

Step 1: Carefully place the sample to be tested onto the sensor.

Step 2: Turn on the Digital Force Gauge and verify force display is zeroed. Carefully lower the gauge
down until the attachment is just touching the sample. The display on the force gauge will indicate
the applied force when in contact.

Step 3: The amount of travel can be measured by the dial indicator

The dial indicator clamps onto the column of the stand. The dial can be repositioned along the length of the
column so that the amount of movement can be measured when the gauge is lowered.

Step 4: Ensure the force gauge display is zeroed and slowly lower the gauge using the hand wheel until
the desired compression is reached. It is advisable that the gauge be programed so that it will not
turn off during testing because the display will reset to zero when powered on even if there is a
force applied to the gauge.

(Please see the gauge instructions for complete details on force gauge settings and
display)

Caution!
Producing a force greater than 150% of the gauge’s capacity can damage the internal load
cell. An overload can occur whether the gauge is powered on or off.

When testing with the liquid test sleeve extra care must be taken to ensure the
compression disc is properly aligned and moves freely inside the sleeve.

Step 1: Carefully push the sleeve fully down onto the sensor; there will be resistance due to the O-ring
seal

Step 2: Install the sensor into the sensor base, ensuring it is fully down and clamped securely using the
knurled screw.

Step 3: Slowly lower the assembly using the hand wheel until it can be determined if the disc is properly
aligned with the test sleeve. With the 4 base plate screws loosened the sensor can be moved to
allow proper alignment.

2013 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Revision: A

This document is proprietary to C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and shall not be reproduced without written consent from C-Therm
Technologies.
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 921 College Hill Rd Tel: (506) 457-1515
Fredericton, NB Fax: (506)
Canada, E3B 6Z9 www.ctherm.com

Step 4: With the force gauge on slowly lower and raise the assembly using the hand wheel to determine if
the disc is properly aligned with the test sleeve. When properly aligned there will be very small
force shown on the Force Gauge. With the 4 base plate screws loosened the sensor can be
moved to allow proper alignment.

Step 5: When the sleeve and disc are properly aligned tighten the 4 base plate screws.

Optional Rod Support

To allow force to be measured inside the thermal chamber an optional extension Rod is available for use
with the CTS assembly.

Installing the Optional Extension Rod.

Step 1: Carefully remove the Compression Disc (1) from the Force gauge

Step 2: Install the Compression disc onto the small end of the Rod Support arm (2) using the 10-32 Wing
Screw (3)

Step 3: Carefully attach the rod support to the force gauge using the 10-32 Butterfly nut (4).
Finger tighten only excessive force can damage the force gauge

2013 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Revision: A

This document is proprietary to C-Therm Technologies Ltd. and shall not be reproduced without written consent from C-Therm
Technologies.
Page 7 of 7
 TCi Operator Manual

Appendix K: Disclaimer
While the information contained herein is believed to be reliable, the manufacturer makes no
representations as to the reliability of the results the buyer or User will achieve. No statements or
recommendations herein are to be construed as representations applicable to the particular
application of the User or buyer or as inducements to infringe upon any relevant patent, now or
hereafter in existence.

Under no circumstances shall the manufacturer be liable for incidental, consequential or other
damages from alleged negligence, breach of warranty or condition, strict liability or any other
legal theory, arising out of the manufacture, sale, use or handling of the product or products
referred to herein.

The sole remedy of the buyer and the sole liability of the manufacturer for any claims shall be
limited to the buyer’s purchase price of the product which is subject of the claim or the amount
actually paid for such product, whichever is less.

Technical advice furnished by the seller shall not constitute a warranty or condition, statutory or
otherwise, which is expressly disclaimed, all such advice being given and accepted at the buyer’s
risk.

The data and results set forth herein are based on laboratory work and do not necessarily
indicate results that the buyer or User will attain. Full-scale testing and product performance is the
responsibility of the buyer and User.

Any discrepancy between this disclaimer and the warranty through the distributor of this product,
the warranty shall prevail.

129