CONTENTS Java is a by Sun Mi designed t UNIT - I device that and operat 1.1 Introduction of Java l toe 1.2 What is JVM 4 1, Pla 1.3. Inheritance j “Write On " generates 1.4 Exception Handling in Java 2. Ob 1.5. Multithreading in Java ulanguage, 1.6 Java Applet 1 ar 1.7 Socket Overview 20program™ aspects lil 1.8 Java Database Connectivity 24 ar Au 1.9 What is API? 27deallocati developer: UNIT - I a include 2.1 Java ResultSetMetaData Interface 8Bnetworkin 2.2 Setter and Getter Methods in Java 396. Se 2.3 Creation of javabean wee on . Mu 2.4 Servlet Architecture Al applicatio 2.5 Servlet Interface 4g 2nd tespo 2.6. http get request java 45 mechan 2.7 Session Tracking in Servlets, 4g applicatic programs UNIT - II 2 & which cor 3.1 Introduction to JSP nave ‘ UNIT - Iv oe 4.1 What Is Client-Server Architecture 31 4.2 RMI (Remote Method Invocation) a 4.3 Parameter Passing , dave 44° What is HB oo 66ADVANCED JAVA PROGRAMMING 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF JAVA. Javan wa widely wed, high-level, object oriented programming language developed yee Aeragyatenne quan owned by Oracle Corporation) inthe wid-1990s. 1. ve ae aa to be: platform independent, meaning hat Java programs ean run om any aoe ial bossy Java Virtual Machine LIVM), regardless of the underlying hardware sul operating system. Key Features of Java 4 1. Platform Indepe 1: Java achieves platform independence through it Write Onee, Ren Anywhere” (WORA) principle, Once a Java prog aeenne celsteeade, which ean be exceted on any device with a JVM. 13 2 Opject Oriented: Java is primarily an object-oriented programming (OOP) ‘sit follows the prineiples of encapsulation, inheritance, nd abstraction. 14. language polymorphism eee Senta’ ava syntax is largely influenced by C and C++, making it familiar to 9 programmers wth background i these languages, However, Java simplifies certain Pevects lke memory management by introducing automatie garbage callection t. Automatic Memory Management: Java manages memory allocation and 27 |deallocation automatically through its garbage collection mechanism, relieving developers from man Jory management tasks. Rich Standard Li Java provides a vast ry (Java API) that includes elasser and methods for a wide range of tasks, from basic VO to advanced networking and GUI development. Security: Java has built-in security features, such as bytecode verification, which ensures that Java programs do not violate security constraints during runtime. & 7, Multithreading: Java supports multithreading, allowing developers to create 41. applications that can execute multiple threads concurrently, improving performance and responsiveness. 8. Robustness and Portability strong type system, exception handling 45. mechanism, and striet compile-time checking contribute to the robustness of Java 4a applications. Additionally, its portability across different platforms ensures that Java programs behave consistently across diverse environments. _ ‘9. Community Support: Java has a vast and active community of developers, which contributes to its ecosystem with libraries, frameworks, and tools, Java Editions ot » Java Standard Edition (Java SE): It is the core Java platform used for ‘eveloping desktop, web, and server applications. « Java Enterprise Edition (Java BE): [tis set of specifieations for developing ‘enterprise-level applications, particularly web applications that run on servers 57 + Java Micro Edition (Java ME): It is a platform for developing applications 60 or mobile devices, embedded systems, and other small-footprint devices. ry Java Development Tools + Java Development Kit (JDK): It includes tools for developing, debugging, 66 ‘ind monitoring Java applications, It contains the Java compiler, runtime nvironment, and other development tools. * Integrate lopment Environments (IDEs): Popular Java IDEs include Eclipse, Intellid IDEA, and NetBeans, which provide features like code completion, debugging, and project management.Sixth Semester, Advanced J 2-2028 Java's versatility, portability, and extensi developing a wide range web services \ “Hello, World!” is a simple program that outputs Hello, World! on the screen le program, it’s often used to introduce a new programming Since it's a very simple program, it's language to a newbie Lot's explore how Java “Hello, World!” program works Java “Hello, World!” Program Your First Program classHelloWorld{ public static void main(String[] args)( System.out.printin(‘Hello, World!”): Output Hello, World! How Java “Hello, World!” Program Works? Basic features: Basic features of Java are ieee 9 of Java Simple J According to Sun Microsyst because * Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programme! * Java has removed many complicated explicit pointers, operator overloading, etc ‘There is no need to re nove unreferenced objec Garbage Collection in Java of applications, from enterprise java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and e. a Programming ecosystem make it a popular choice software to mobile apps ang oe — ° sabe Tine and rarely-used features, for example, 's because there is an Automati¢ to understand, Java hinguage is a simple programming language 's to learn it after C++), ol Ja Object jects ol lo B JavaLP. University-IB:Tech} Akash Book 2023-3 2 Object DPS and sa nted Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java isan oles screen, § OS rena mane we argnize ot oftware ax i combination of different type of objects that incorporate both data and behavior amming arate oh eee Z Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is & methodology that simplifies sofware 1 development and maintenance by providing some rules Basie concepts of OOPS are: 1. Object 2.01 3, Inheritance 4. Polymorphism 5, Abstraction 6, Encapsulation Platform Independent Java is platform independent because it is different from other language like € Cas, ote which are compiled into platform specific machines while Java is write once vn anywhere language. A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs ‘There are two types of platforms software-based and hardw are-hased. Java provides a software-based platform. ‘The Java platform differs’ from most other platforms in the sense that it is a ‘software-based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms. It has two components: (a) Runtime Environment (b) API(Application Programming Interface) Secured Java is best known for its security. With Java, we ean develop virus-free systems Java is secured because: * No explicit pointer « Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox understand. ng language t after C++). ne ¢ the Java Runtime Environment the Java Virtual Machine Jkage for the classes of the * Classloader: Classloader in Java is @ part of . (JRE) which is used to load Java classes into n Automatic dynamically. It adds security by separating the pacva Programming 41-2023 sixth Semester, Advanced J 7 that are imported from network sources ea ae ments for illegal code that can violate « Bytecode Verifier: It checks the code fra access rights to objects. Ti determines what resources a class can access such as * Security Manager sw reading and writing to the local dis! sen : fault. Some security can also be ‘L, JAAS, Cryptography, ete. es these sect jes by def Java language provides these securiti It tion developer explicitly through SS provided by an applic Robust The English mining of Robust is strong. Java is robust because: strong memory management # There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems, «+ Java provides automatic garbage collection which runs on the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of objects which are not being used by a Java application * Tras anymore. « There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java. All these points make Java robust. Architecture-neutral Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation dependent features, for example, the size of primitive types is fixed. In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit architecture and 4 bytes of memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for both 32 and 64-bit architectures in Java. Portable: Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode to any platform. It doesn’t require any implementation. High-performance: Javais faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is “close” to native code. It is still a little bit slower than 2 compiled language (e.g., C++). Java is an interpreted language that is why it is slower than compiled languages, e.g., C, C++, ete. 7 Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java, RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This cature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet Multi-threaded: A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory for ‘ach thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media Web applications, ete 2 Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It suppoi It means class language s the dynamic loading of classes. +s are Joaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native Le, Cand C++ 1.2 WHAT IS JVM. TheJava Virtual Machine (JVM) isacrucialcomponentof the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and the Java Development Kit (JDK). It plays a central role in the Java bytecode, enabling Java programs to run on any d installed, regardless of the underlying hardware execution of evice or platform that has a JVM rating system. It is: or opt 1. A spe implementatic has been prov 2. An im Environment) 3. Runti to run the jav Functions o 1, Bytee« platform-inde for interpretit 2,Memo including the by allocating use, and man 3. Platf; operating sys enables Java device or plat 4. Secur programs rur causing harm access to syst 5. Just- include a JIT at runtime fo native speed, 6. Class classes into 1 class variabl 7. Exect and profiling bottlenecks, Componen 1. Class program. 2, Runt the method < 3. Exec performs JT1 4. Nati native code \ Overall, underlying I of Java pro; performancean violate such as an also be raphy, ete. java Virtual . application in Java. All dependent .rchitecture of memory bytecode to ogramming » bit slower is why it is distributed ations. This ny machine currently. ng multiple memory for nulti-media, 1g of classes, n its native nvironment xecution of hasaJVM | LP. University-IB.Tech]-Akash Books 2023-5 1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Mach implementation provider is independent to choo: has been provided by Oracle and other companies, 2, An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment). is specified. But the algorithm, Its implementation Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to run the java class, an instance of JVM is created. Functions of the JVM 1. Bytecode Execution: Wher. a Java program is compiled, itis translated into platform-independent bytecode instead of native machine code. The JVM is responsible for interpreting this bytecode and executing it on the target platform. 2, Memory Management: The JVM manages memory allocation and deallocation, including the automatic garbage collection process. It ensures efficient memory usage by allocating memory for objects, reclaiming memory from objects that are no longer in use, and managing memory fragmentation 3. Platform Independence: The JVM abstracts the underlying hardware and operating system, providing a uniform execution environment for Java programs. This enables Java applications to be truly platform-independent, as they can run on any device or platform with a compatible JVM. 4, Security: The JVM enforces various security measures to ensure that Java programs run safely. It implements bytecode verification to prevent malicious code from causing harm to the system. Additionally, it provides a security manager that controls access to system resources based on a set of predefined permissions. 5. Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation: Many modern JVM implementations include a JIT compiler, which dynamically compiles bytecode into native machine code at runtime for improved performance. This allows frequently executed code to run at native speed, enhancing the overall performance of Java applications. 6. Class Loading and Initialization: The JVM is responsible for loading Java classes into memory as they are needed during program execution. It also initializes class variables and static blocks before the first use of a class. 7. Execution Monitoring and Profiling: The JVM provides tools for monitoring and profiling Java applications, allowing developers to analyze performance, identi bottlenecks, aind optimize code for better efficiency. Components of the JVM 1. Class Loader: Loads Java class files into memory aé they are referenced by the program. 2, Runtime Data Area: Memory area divided into several components, including the method area, heap, stack, and program counter. 3. Execution Engine: Interprets and executes bytecode, and in some cases, performs JIT compilation. 4, Native Interface: Provides a mechanism for Java programs to interact with native code written in languages like C and C++. Overall, the JVM serves as a critical intermediary between Java bytecode and the underlying hardware and operating system, enabling platform-independent execution of Java programs while providing features like memory management, security, and performance optimization,‘The JVM performs following operation: * Loads code * Verifies code * Executes code + Provides runtime environment JVM Architecture ‘The internal architecture of JVM contains classloader, memory area, execution engine ete. () Classloader: Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in classloaders in Java (a) Bootstrap ClassLoader: TI s is the first classloader which is the super class of Extension classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java Standard Edition like java.lang package clas: ava.net package classe package classes, java.io package classes, java.sql package classes ete. (b) Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Boot: classloader of System classloader. It loades the jar files located inside jrefliblext directory. (c) System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension classloader. It loads the classfiles from classpath. By default, classpath is set to current directory. You can change the classpath using “-cp” or “-classpath” switch. It is also known as Application classloader. 1. Let's see an example to print the classloader name 2. public class ClassLoaderExample { s, java.util rap and parent |AVA_HOME/ public static void main(String[] args) { // Let's print the classloader name of current class. WApplication/System classloader will load this class Class c=ClassLoaderExample.class; System.out.println(c.getClassLoader()); /Mf we print the classloader name of String, it will print null because it is an 11. /in-built class which is found in rt jar, so it is loaded by Bootstrap classloader 12, System.out.printIn(String.class.getClassLoader()); 13.) 14.) Output: sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@4e0e2f2a null These are the internal classloaders provided by Java. If you want to create your own classloader, you need to extend the ClassLoader cla: OHI AA HE Ss (2) Class(Method) Area: Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field and method data, the code for methods, (3) I as and play Fa An its meth 6) address )! @) (a) (b) (c) (a) CLASS Classes variablstil nt 1E/ ion nt Iso ler ur LP. University 1B-Tech] Akash Books 2023-7 (3) Heap: I is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated. (4) Stack: Java Slack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method invocation and r ach thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread ated each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when A new frame is er jon completes. its method invor (5) Progra address of the J (6)Native (7) Execution Engine: It cont: m Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the ‘tion currently being executed. Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application. (a) A virtual processor (b) Interpreter (c) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler (d) Java Native Interface CLASS & OBJECT Classes are the building blocks of a java application. A class can contain methods, variables, initialization code and even other classes. We can declare a class with class keyword class classname ( datatype variablename; return type methodname(argument list) t statement block; i ) ‘Two types of variables can be defined in a class ~ instance variables and static variable, Every object has its own set of instance variables. If we don't initialize an instance variable during declaration, then it takes a default value appropriate for its type. ‘As with variables, methods defined in a class may be instance methods or static methods. ‘An instance method is associated with an instance of the class, but each instance does not really have its own copy of the method (1) Static members: Members that are declared with the static modifier live in the class and are shared by all instances of the class. Any modification on static variable in one instance, will affect other instances of the same class. Since static members exist in the clase itself, independent of any instance, we can also access them directly through the class. (2) Method: Method appears inside class bodies. They contain local variable declaration and statement. A method in a java always specifies a return type. There is no default return type. Static method belongs to the class and not to an individual instance of the class. It can be invoked by name, through the class name, without any objects around. A static‘Advanced Java Programming Sixth Semester, lass. It ean not directly see 82023 ly access only other static members of the el any instance methods. Java is a two-step process. F ble does not define an object instead, Second, we must acquire an actual, ‘able. We can do this using the new method can direct any instance variable or call (3) Object: Creating an object of a class in must declare a variable of the class type. This varial it is simply a variable that can refer to an objer physical copy of the object and assign it to that vari operator erthe new operator dynamically allocates memory fo iss. First we yr an object and returns a reference to it Classnameobjectname = new classname) ; classname.variablenaine (4) Array: An array is a group of similar type of data that are referred common name. Array of any type can be created and may have one or more dimensions. A specific clement in an array is accessed by its index. In Java, array index start from zero. The declaration statement of an array can not allocate any memory space to the array, We must allocate space to array by using new operator. (i) One-dimensional array: The general form of one-dimensional array is (i) Multidimensional array: In Java, multidimensional arrays are actually arrays of arrays. ‘’he general form is (5) String: A string is a sequence of characters. Java implements strings as objects of type String. to by a After creating a String object, we can not change its contents. If it is necessary to modify, then we have to create a new string object. (6) Vector: The Jave.util package has a class called vector. It permits an array to store different elements that are of different class. We need to include the import statement import java.util." to use the vector class. It is also an expandable array of objects. The array grows larger as more elements are added to it. The array may also be reduced in size after some of its elements have been deleted. We can not directly store simple(primitive) data type in a vector. We can only store objects, ‘Vector automatically increases its size when needed. 1.3 INHERITANCE Inheritance is a fundamental conce| (methods and fields) from another el: er class (superclass or parent class). Thi code reuse, modularity, and hierarchical organization of classes, a Syntax of Inheritance in Java In Java, inheritance is achieved y using the a that inherits from a superclass. The syntax is a follow ent? Create & Subclass yyntax is as follows: JavaCopy code class Superclass Example: javaCopy code class Superelass extends Superclass Ani h ‘Type inter! inher of int A execuec we ad, ial, ew ecific » the rays ects ray port ents rave ding viors jotes class LP. University-1B-Tech|-Akash Books 2023-9 class Animal void make ‘ound —_ “Some generic sound..."); }] class Dog exter Animal"Canine” void make Sound “Woof!” ee In this example: + Animal is the superclass with a field species and a method makeSound(), + Dog is the subclass that extends Animal, It inherits the specie: overrides the makeSound0 method with its own implementation nn “4 Types of Inheritance in Java 1. Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from only one superclass. 2, Multilevel Inheritance: A subclass becomes a superclass for another subelass, ¢ a chain of inheritance. creati 3, Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass 4, Multiple Inheritance (through interfaces): A class implements multiple interfaces, effectively inheriting from all of them. Java does not support multiple inheritance of classes to avoid the diamond problem, but it supports multiple inheritance of interfaces. Access Modifiers and Inheritance: + Public: Subclasses can inherit and access public members of the superclass. * Protected: Subclasses can inherit and access protected members of the superclass, but only within the same package or through inheritance. * Default (no modifier): Subclasses can inherit and access default members of the superclass only if they are in the same package. + Private: Subclasses cannot directly inherit or access private members of the superclass. Method Overriding: ‘Subclasses can override methods inherited from the superclass by providing a new implementation. This allows subclasses to customize behavior while still benefiting from code reuse. Super Keyword: ‘The super keyword in Java is used to refer to members of the superclass within the subclass. It can be used to call superclass constructors, access superclass methods or fields, and differentiate between overridden methods and superclass methods with the same name. In summary, inheritance in Java allows classes to inherit properties and behaviors from other classes, promoting code reuse and facilitating hierarchical organization of classes. It is a key concept in object-oriented programming and is widely used in Java programming. ‘Threads in java have five characteristics. 1. Thread body: This is the sequence of instructions for the thread to perform. We create a thread by instantiating an object of type Thread. Java defines two ways in which this ean be accomplished: (i) We can implement the Runnable interface: Runnable abstracts a unit of executable code. To implement Runnable, a class need only implement a single method called runt }. abstract class classname {10-2023 Sixth Semester, abstract returntypemethod!) i ) Class classname i final returntypemethod! ) i statement; ’ 1 final class classname { tha returntypemethod( ) i { statement; 1 ay created Runnable Blocked thr: Dead Will Start() Stop) grou Run() ends Stop() Run) ends V/O blocking Resume( ) Notify() Sleep time out vo VO finished Stop() Run() cee ends oon will eae ), we will define the code that constitutes the new thread. This ora run( ) returns. oon ii) We can extend the Thread class, itself.: We can extend the Thread css! create a new thread. Then cr i ji crea anew thr reate a instance (object) of that class. The extending OH and run( i coene ‘un( ) method. We must also call start( ) to begin execution of tt 2. Thread States: | be in one of the four st: The: E very thread, after creation and before destruction, will" ates — 's newly created, runnable, blocked and dead. hasash bOOKS 2023-11 (i) Newly ¢ ted: A thread enters the newly created b is in the new state or born state immediately after creation, (ii) Runnable: Once we invoke the (iii) Blocked: The blocked state is ¢ when call the suspend( ) method by using a new operator. It rt( ) method, the thread is runnable. tered when one of the following events occurs - (b) call for wait( ) method (c) waiting for VO operation (d) the thread will join( ) another thread (iv) Dead: A thread is dead for any one of the two reasons: (a) it dies a natural death b b) it dies abruptly because an uncaught exception terminates the run method. 3. Thread priority: Every thread in java is assigned a priority value. When more than onethread is competing for CPU time, the thread with highest priority value is given preference. Wecan also use the Thread class constants as follows Thread. MIN_PRIORITY = 1 ‘Thread. MAX_PRIORITY = 10 Thread.NORM_PRIORITY = 5 4. Daemon Thread: This denotes that a thread is a “server” thread. A server thread is a thread that services client request. They normally enter an endless loop waiting for clients requesting services. 5. Thread Group: Java allows us to group similar threads and manage them as a group. Every thread instance is a member of exactly one thread group. Methods of Thread class: The Thread class defines several methods as follows: 1. getName -> Obtain a thread’s name 2. getPriority -> Obtain a thread’s priority 3. isAlive -> Determine if a thread is still running 4. join -> wait for a thread to terminate 5. run -> Entry point for the thread 6. sleep -> Suspend a thread for a period of time 7. start -> Start f thread by calling its run method. VO IN JAVA UO Basie: Streams: java programs perform I/O through streams. A stream is a flow of data or a channel of communication. A stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information. A stream is linked to a physical device by the java I/O system. An input stream can abstract many different kinds of input from a disk file, a keyboard, or a network socket. An output stream may refer to the console, a disk file or a network connection. Java implements streams within class hierarchies defined in the java.io package. Byte Streams and Character Streams: - Java defines two types of streams ~ byte and character. Byte streams provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes. ‘These are used for reading or writing binary data. Character streams provide a convenient means for handling input and output of characters cause the run method exits normallygr Java Programming fi y using two cla are defined by using ay TnputStream and OutputStrean face different devices liky thods are read( ) anq 2-2028 sixth Semester, Advanced (i) The Byte Stream Classes: By! hiorarchies. At the top are two abstract CU Each of these abstract classes has several su disk files, network connection ete. two of the Write( ) for reading and writing bytes of data. (ii) The Character Stream Class class hierarchies. : d ‘Mt the top are two abstract classes, Reader an ; Unicode character streams, These classes define several key methods 0% read( )and write( ) to read and write characters of data. . The Predefined Streams: Al] java programs ees i is system cl package. This package defines a class called System. sys predefined stream variables —in, out and err. These fields are declared as public, and final within system. 7 1" System.out refers to the standard output stream. By default, this is the console System.in refers to standard input, which is the keyboard by default. System-err refers to the standard error stream, which also is the console by default. ‘System in is an object of type InputStream, System.out and System.err are objects of type PrintStream. . Reading Console Input: In java, console input is accomplished by reading from To obtain a character-based stream that is attached to the console, wrap System.in ina BufferedReader object. This object supports a buffered input stream. Its most commonly used constructor is BufferedReader(Reader inputReader) Here Reader is an abstract class. One ofits subclasses is InputStreamReader whick converts bytes to characters. To obtain an InputStreamReader object, we have to us the following constructor InputStreamReader(InputStreaminputStream) The main statement is BufferedReaderbr = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader( System. in); Reading characters: - Characters from keyboard can be read as follows: BufferedReaderbr = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader( System.in)) Char ¢ = (char) br.read(); Each time the read( ) is called, it reads a chara aS it as an integer value, We are using sading String: To read a stri : readLine( ) which is the member of the from the keyboard, we can use the version! a , er of the BufferedReader class. String readLine( ) throws IOException The statement is : BufferedReaderbr ew BufferedRi . String str; feader (new InputStreamReader( System. Str = br.readLinet ); Reading and Writi riting Fil : all 8 Files: Java provi ow to ead and witt files. Inova oh ee ides a number of classes and methods are byte-oriented, belasses to handle most important met aracter streams are defined by using two Writer. These classes handle yut of which are import the java.lang Jass contains three static cter from the input stream at (char) to convert it to character type. Pwo FileOutput create an « the constr Fileln. FileO\ Here an input s output str When Readit Int re: Each | as an intes syntax is Writi Void v This 1 declared a Closi: Filein fin = n int x = File. fin =n fout.. Void « Exception file not fo programs them app: Key 1. Ex that are ¢ checked *Ch by the me such as fil FileNotF * Un do not nee errors, suvd wo le are ree atic cole, err cts om ap ost. ich LP. University-1B-Techl-Akash Book FikeOutpuiStrcnm, which crate byte ssa hake gp elaputseeam and create an object of one of these classes, specify thence dg Te open a file the constructor. The general form is 2028-18 we simply me of the file as an argument to FileInputStream(String filename) throw ileNotPoundException FileOutputStream(String filename) throws FileNotFoundxcept ‘oundxception Here, filename specifies the na an input stre: of the file that we want to open. When we creat When an output file is op existing file by the same name is destroyed, le:- To read from a file, we can use a version of read( ) Int read( ) throws IOException am, if the file does not ex ned, any pre Reading from Fi ng as follows: Each time that it is called, it reads a single byte from and returns the as.an integer value. Tho endl) returns 1 when the end af the fle lsenemeeved te syntax is } Writing to file: To write to a file, we can use the write( ) method as follows Void write(int byteval)throws IOException This method writes the byte specified by byteval to the file. Although byteval is declared as an integer, only the low-order eight bits are written to the file, The syntax is, Closing a file: We can close a file by using close( ) method. The syntax is FileInputStream fin; fin new FileInputStream(“filename”); int x = fin.read( ); FileOutputStreamfout; fin = new FileQutputStream(“filename”); fout.write(integer value }; Void close( ) throws IOException; 1.4 EXCEPTION HANDLING IN JAVA Exception handling in Java is a mechanism used to deal with runtime errors or exceptional conditions that occur during the execution of a program. These exceptional conditions, also known as exceptions, can include situations such as divide by zero, file not found, null pointer dereference, etc. Proper exception handling ensures that programs can gracefully recover from such errors and continue execution or handle them appropriately. Key Concepts in Exception Handling: 1. Exception Classes: Exceptions in Java are represented as objects of classes that are derived from the Throwable class. ‘There are two main types of exception: checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions. * Checked Exceptions: These are exceptions that must be eaught or declared by the method in which they may occur. They are usually related to external factors such as file /O errors or network connectivity issues. Examples include 1OException, FileNotFoundException, etc. * Unchecked Exceptions: Also known as runtime exceptions, these exceptions do not need to be explicitly caught or declared. They typically arise from programming crrors, such as attempting to access a mull object or dividing by zero. Examples includemming ester, Advanced Java Prog! Sixth Sem 14 2028 ticExeeption, cte w handling in Java is typically done using (7c NullPointerException, Arithme 9, try-cateh Blocks: Exceptio Docks «eho try block contains the code that might generate 20 exception. the exception if it occurs. Multiple cate, block catches and handles blocks ean be used to handle different types of exceptions + vs finally block (optional) is used to execute code that must be run regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not (e.g. closing resources) rns can also be explicitly thrown using 3. Throwing Exceptions: In Java, exceptio as occurred under tho throw keyword, This is typically done to indicate that an error hy conditions. 4. Exception Propagation: If an exception is not c: propagated up the call stack to the calling method. If the exception is not til it reaches the top-level method (e.g., main spe aught within a method, it is caught there, at runtime. it continues to propagate v Advantage of Exception Handling ‘The core advantage of exception handl application. An exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the why we need to handle exceptions. Let's consider a scenario: statement 1; Jing is to maintain the normal flow of the application; that is statement 2; statement 3; statement 4; statement 5y/exception occurs statement 6; statement 7; statement 8; 9. statement 9; 10. statement 10; sen uPeene her ae 10 statements in Java program and an exception occurs : : 6 ext be executed fratello handing, ee 7 will not will be executed. Tha’ is why we use exception handling in Java. a 1.5 MULTITHREADING IN JAVA Multithreading is a programming concept in whi Mii pt in which the applicati : tial ew pr We ao a 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:mming sixth Semester, Advanced JAVA Progra! 18-2028 sixth S er tool, ereate an applet that contains am ‘To execute the applet by arp ran it by: appletviewer First.java tn ‘This paran vsmament and compile it, After a ae Seer Hr itis for testing purpose only. a file is not required bu 1. /iirst.jav ent > import java.applet- Applets containing the 3 Q 2, destro 3 ava.awt Graphics: 3 import jaeaaek Graphs sents toe ‘public class First extends App! applet needs ; + The | 6. public void paint(Graphies ©) ee +, gdrawStringt*welcome to applet”,150,150); fom 8 < APPLE a CODEBA wo) CODE 1. : 12, 18, ae ite in command prompt: ee ‘To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in VSPACE c:\>javae Firstjava : c\>appletviewer Firstjava a thod for apple: + The Applet Class: The applet class defines all necessary met cxecution, such as starting and stopping. It also provides methods that loa PAMAM NAME = AttributeNam JAVPLET> + CODEBASE: It ix an optional attribute applet code, which is the directory that, wil clans file specified by the CODEtag. that gives the that, specifies the base URL of the II be searched for the applet's executabl + CODE: It is a required attribute applets’scompiled .class file © ALY: This tag is an optional that should be displayed if t currently run java applets. name of the file containing our attribute used to specify a short text message ecognizes the APLET tag but can not Name ix an optional attribute used to specify a name for the applet + NAME: | © WIDTH and HEIGHT: WIDTH and HEIGIT are required attributes that give | the wize of the applet display ares ignment of the applet pecifies the «ALIGN: It in an optional attribute that 9? « VAPACE and HSPACE: These attributes are option apace above and below the applet HSPACE specifies the space on |. VSPACE specifies the ach side of the apple. yecify applot-specific + PARAM NAME and VALU HTML page «PARAM tay, ase LO SP arguments in anng ter, Advanced Java Programming KET OVERVIEW een. Sixth Sem 1.7 soc de the communication 1 is one endpoint of rent computers o TCP layer can identi 20-2028 two computer i n link between ¢, ‘A socket is boung, data is destined, mechanism betw ty, ee tworway communicaio! ron the same computer. ify the application that Sockets provi Internet. J programs running on di a port number so that the TYPES OF SOCKETS: 1, Stream Sockets (TCP): * TCP (Transmission Control connection between two hosts over a network. are implemented using TCP. bidirectional, byte-stream communicat guaranteed to arrive in the order it was sex Protocol) provides a reliable, stream-orieny * Stream sockets + They provide a reliable, tion channel * Data sent through a stream socket is and without duplication. 2, Datagram Sockets (UDP): + UDP (User Datagram Protocol) provides service, + Datagram sockets are implemented using UDP. o munication channel. a connectionless, unreliable datagrat + They provide an unreliable, connectionless com * Data sent through a datagram socket may arrive out of order, be duplicated, not arrive at all. Socket Operations: 1. Socket Creation: A socket is created using the socket() system call, whit returns a file descriptor (an integer) that uniquely identifies the socket in the systen 2. Binding: A socket is bound to a port number and opti i optionally to a specific! address using the bind() system call. This step is n¢ : ecessary fe i for incoming connections. ° ary for geqver sockets to lst 3. Listening (Server Sockets): Server ; r : sockets enter a listeni i listen() system call, allowing them to accept incoming canna naresene 4. Accepting Connections (Server Sockets): ; connections using th i oo g the accept() system call. This call Server sockets accept incom blocks until a client connects 5. Connecting (Client Sockets): Clie: using the conneet() system call. nt sockets initiate a connection to a se"LP. University-181% t ty-IB-Pech Akash Books 2023 21 represents a server-side: socket ket. Java supports both TCP (with Socket and erSocket) and UDP (with Datag chet) co versoken) munication Socket new Socket " - pusbeceas ket “hostname”, port OutputStream outToServer ; s Socket now ServerSocket Socketserver InputStream — inFromClient Socket programming allows devel p 1g allows developer le networked applications that can communicate with other applic the network, e distributed systems and client-server architectures: a CUENT SERVER =m] fear) | —t [mint] open tisten u or ch ' SOCKET API IF SOCKET CLASS en A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. The Socket class can be used to create a socket. he Important methods Method Description ng 1 public InputStreamgetInputStream() | returns the InputStream attached with tt | this socket. public’ OutputStreamgetOutputStream() returns the OutputStream attached with this socket. 3 public synchronized void close() closes this socket Us ServerSocket class ‘The ServerSocket class ¢: object is used to an be used to create a server socket. This Ss establish communication with the clients. ef Important methods Method ~ | Description 1 public Socket acceptl) returns the socket and establish a ‘| Tonnection between server and client, , ce 7 public synchronized void close() | closes the server socket.— —_ si need Java Programming semester, Advanced J Sixth Semester oF JAVA SOCKET PR GRAMMING P PRO! CKET P . Ww ate the instance of ServerSocke ; » need to create Served appneation, we “ ion between the clien, 2 g866 port. number for the commune 7 be li amber. The accep! any other port ma eer, i returns an instance given port number, ewe each comm Socket 7 —- After | 1. ServerSocket ss-new ServerSocket(6666); accept(//establishes connection and waits for the client ae 22-2023 EXAMPLE Creating Server ‘To create the server cic oe we are using a jents connects with the for the client. Ili 2, Socke Creating Client oe ‘Tocreate the client appliestin, we need to create the instance af Socket © we need to pass the IP address or hostname of the Server and a port number. 1 ost” because our server is running on same system. are using “localhe 1. Socket s=new Socket(“localhost”,6666); Let's sce a simple of Java socket programming where client sends a text and server receives and prints it. File: MyServer.java 1. import java.io.*; 2. import java.net.*; 3. public class MyServer { 4, public static void main(String|] args){ 5. try 6, ServerSocket ss-new ServerSocket(6666); 7. Socket s=ss.accept();/establishes connection 8. DatalnputStream dis=new DatalnputStream(s.getInputStream()); EXAMP ‘String)dis.readUTFO; print the text. The 9. String st 10. System.out.printin(“message= “+str); 11. ss.close(); 12. jeatch(Exception e)(System.out.printin(e);} 13.) 14.) File: MyClient,java 1. import java.io *; 2. import java.net.*; 3. public class MyClient { 4. public static void main(String|| args) { 5. tryl 6. Socket s=new Socket(“localhost”, 6666); 7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOut =I ataOutputSts a 8. dout.writeUTF(‘Hello Server”) a 9. dout.flush(); ae 10. dout.close(); 12.LP. Univer University-IB:Tech|-Akash Books _ 11. s.close(); oe het 12 Jeatehacepton ey out print) aits, e ai M1 © of 1 program open two c command prompt a diplyed inthe below fare. nnn mem After ranning the cient application, a mesa a essaKe will be displayed on the server ere, ewe EXAMPLE OF JAVA SOCKET PROGRAMMING (READ-WRITE BOTH SIDE) In this example, client will write first to the server then server will receive and print the text. Then server ‘will write to the client and client will receive and print the text. The step goes on. 1. import java.net.*; 2, import java.io.*; 3. class MyServerl 4, public static void ma 5, ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(3333); 6. Socket s=ss.accept(); in(String args(])throws Exception{ 7 DatalnputStream din-new DatalnputStream(s.getInputStream0); t=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream(); 8, DataOutputStream dou 9, BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)) 10. String str="",str’ i" 11. while(!str. equals(“stop”)){ 12. str=din.readUTFO; 13, Systemout.println(“client says: 14, str2=br.readLine(); 15. dout.writeUTF(str2); 16. dout.flush(); “str;ter, Advanced Java Programming ester, 24-2023, sixth Sem PURPO 17) » he pury 18. din.closet): Java apy 2 she to perfor 20. ss.close(); wre 21 1.8 JAVA DATABASE CONNECTIVITY / ; Java API that enables Java applications ‘andard interface for accessing an platform (Structured Query Language, 2 updating, inserting applicati Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is a J: interact with relational databases. It provides a sts manipulating data stored in databases using the SQL : JDBC allows developers to perform opevations such as querying, See and deleting data from databases within Java applications. . statemen Key Components of JDBC 3.Tr 1. JDBC API The JDBC API defines a set of classes and interfaces that Javi 5...) applications use to interact with databases. The core interfaces in the JDBC API include “p,.7_°t Connection, Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement, ResultSet, etc. ae 2. JDBC Drivers: JDBC drivers are software components that provide thy 4p, implementation for the JDBC API. There are four types of JDBC drivers: statement + Type 1 (JDBC-ODBC Bridge): This driver uses ODBC (Open Databas Sqr, quer Connectivity) te connect to databases. It is platform-dependent and requires: security by separate ODBC driver to be installed. ee + Type 2 (Native APU/Partially Java Driver): This driver converts JDBC database, calls into native API calls provided by the database vendor. It requires nati This meta: libraries specific to the database vendor. such as dat * Type 8 (Network ProtocoV/All Java Driver): This driver uses a middlewar 6, Exe server to translate JDBC calls into a database-independent network protocd errors that It is purely Java-based and can be used to connect to any database for which and reliabl middleware server is available. . database r * Type 4 (Thin/100% Java Driver): This driver communicates directly withth 7. Por: database server using a database-specific protocol. It is platform-independes independer and does not require any additional software components. operating s 3. JDBC URL: A JDBC URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a string that specie “i*20ut cod the location of a database and the driver to use for connecting to it. It typically consis’ “M408 ens of a protocol, database vendor-specific subprotocol, host, port, and database name Overall Basic Steps to Use JDBC: enables Jay 1. Load the Driver: Load the JDBC eran dri Ss ) DrraMaageteae een Ver class using Class.forName) ‘ COMPON; 2. Establish Connection: DriverManager.getConnection(), There are gi Establish a connection to the database ua database. 3. Create Statement/PreparedState: cae statement object Lo execute SQL queries, eee oe save EE ae 4, Execute SQL Queries; Use the sta " sal ire vet eco “e stilement object to execute SQL queries #84 Package 5. Procé : Proces ace. ee Froces the results obtained from the executed queries fo4datsbase, in ¢ Resources: Close the connect; ° : release database resources, he — Statement, and result set bie —LP University IN Tech] Akash Books 2 PURPOSE OF JDBC JOBE (lava Database Connectivity is to provide a standard in ys appheations to interact with relational databases. JDRC enables Java d . n alatabase operations seh as querying, updating, inserting, and deleting oir Java applications. 1 serves several key purposes 1. Database Connectivity: JDBC facilitates establishing connections bets plications and relational databases, It allows Java programs to connect running on local or remote servers, regardless of the database vendor or 2. Data Access: DBC provides a set of classes and interfaces that enable Ja ational databases, This includes socuting SQL queries (SELECT statements) to retrieve data, as well as executing SQL siatements (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) to modify data 8. Transaction Management: JDBC supports transaction management, allowing siivations to aeeess and manipulate data stored al plications to execute database operations within transaction boundaries le sac nsure data integrity by either committing all changes as a single atomic olling back changes if an error occur’ . 4. Prepared Statements and Stored Procedures: JDBC supports prepared nents and callable statements, which allow developers to execute parameterized se| SQL queries and stored procedures, respectively. This improves performance and a) security by precompiling SQL statements and reducing the risk of SQL injection attacks . Metadata Access: JDBC provides methods to retrieve metadata about the tabase. such as information about tables, columns, indexes, and database schema. 's metadata can be used to dynamically generate SQL queries or for other purposes such as data validation. re! 6. Exception Handling: JDBC includes exception handling mechanisms to handle J], errors that may occur during database operations. This helps developers write robust liable code by gracefully handling exceptions and ensuring proper cleanup of abase resources. re 7. Portability and Platform Independence: JDBC is designed to be platform- nt independent and vendor-neutral, allowing Java applications to be deployed on various operating systems and connect to different database management systems (DBMS) without code modifications. JDBC drivers provided by database vendors or third-party te) vendors ensure compatibility with specific databases, Overall, the purpose of JDBC is to provide a powerful and standardized APT that enables Java applications to seamlessly interact with relational databases, enabling data-driven functionality and database integration in Java applications. “| COMPONENTS OF JDBC ig There are generally four main components of JDBC through which it can interact with 4 database. They are as mentioned below: 1. JDBC API: It provides various methods and interfaces for easy communication with the database. It provides two packages as follows, which contain the java SE and 4, iv EE platforms to exhibit WORAtwrite once run anywhere) capabilities. The java, Y | Sal package contains interfaces and classes of JDBC APL java.sql: This package provides APIs for data acce: ¥| database, included in t Java Standard Edition Gava SE) and data process in a relationalggramminks ed Java Pro! ackage bY Providing Advane ginth Semester of java Pi s oling with a dat, ackage extends po statement pooling T This Pa hin ‘connection Ps API stands for en We allows differen juded in. _ s methods and d. saition Gave BE) nt application, java Enterprise Fal ‘ 7 to connect a database to aclient @PP' vvapatication' component, 5 seo provides a stand vific driver i” gether, allow Tae manager: It 103 : pecific call tothe own applicatio 2, JDBC Driver meta database details. APIs catablish a connection WD A von, services to int ser request Jn as insertion, deletion, rs igcess the (sud sed to vest the operation m8 JDBC DRIV Gatabase to PT tothe database. This > Test suite: 3. soBe T ‘a by JDBC Drivers capdation) being pertOrmes w on BC-ODBC Drivers Teconsets database) er “males use ‘of the JDBC dri fee sce JDBC method call to the SBE Fonction call Te maKeS Ter sies. server) ae tage translates the JDBC Met a native library €0 088° Oot understand. 1 sun,jdbe.odbe package which ine a ‘ype i DBC Architecture of JI 2 Type 2 appicaton 3. Type- (uava servlet, applet et) ea 1 Interfac: A list of p soc API © Driver * Connect : * Statem a * Prepare s08¢ Driver Monager * Callabl * Results {JDBC Drivers * Results * Databa + RowSe Classes Description: at of | fan * Driver = “Application: It is a java applet or a servlet that communicates with a dab + Blob dl 5 * Clob al a an ae a APLallows Java programs to execute SQL statemet® _—_* Types rnd retrieve results. Some of the imy ‘ an aan portant classes and interfaces defined in JDBC" WORKING ‘i JDBC 3, DriverManager: It plays a t = It plays an : cae databases. fectively connect enterprise applications Omstegn 4. SDBC drivers: To communicate with a dat: Here's | source through JDBC, you 1. Load JDBC driver that intelli lige igently communicates with the respective di 7 ri ‘ive data source: latabase di fase memory andrate with each other. APIs define the nteract with a particular software different sofware aysterns lity of existing ayate Jerlying ende or imple JDBC DRIVERS API (Application Programming cessing relational databases from with databases such as MySQL Here's how JDBC works in a typical scenario ng JDBC is to load the appropriate 4 Thi 1. Leading the Driver: The Class.forNamet) me the DriverManager. loads the driver classSixth Semester, “°° a connection to th, ver is : 2 Once the driv" tT anection() Meth Py word if required mnnectio oye the DriverManager Be th the username and pa er. eee ‘ onn , a St b esta Ne the Connection object. Thi +t the database. 2, Establishing a © ablished using the URL ofthe database, a10n8 8 i t: After 3, Creating a Statement? is coisa using the createStatement() me aan Statement object is used to execute SQL queries eal Sn SER, uppate ccuti jes: SQL queries such as UPDATE peut Bxcenting, Queries eng the exe er or pate inethads of the Statement object. The ‘executeQuery() met pd i A er Gueries that return a result set, while the executeUpdate types of queries that modify the database turns a result set, it ca n be processed using 5. Processing Results: If the query re methods such as next(), getStringO, getintO, ete.,of the ResultSet object returned by sree aveeuteQuery() method. These methods allow you to iterate over the rows of the result set and retrieve values from each column. 6. Closing Resources: After the database operations are complete, it’s important to close the resources properly to release database connections and other resources. This includes closing the ResultSet, Statement, and Connection objects using their close() methods. What is the need of JDBC? JDBC is a Java database API used for making connection between java applications with various databases. Basically, JDBC used. for establishing stable database connection with the application API. To execute and process relational database queries (SQL or Oracle queries), multiple application can connect to different types of databases which supports both standard (SE) and enterprise (EE) edition of java. ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION Before Establishing JDBC Connection in Java (the front end i.e your Java Program and the back end ie the database) we should learn what precisely a JDBC is and why it came into existence. Now let us discuss what exactly JDBC stands for and will ease out with the help of real-life illustration to get it working. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is defined as a set of java classes and method: to interface with database. It al: i : databases, Iso provides uniform access to a wide range of relational database is es We can use JDBC call: i ; ‘JDBC calls to retrieve and update information from a database usin! This involves the follo g functions: (a) Opening and establish a datab: i ase conn (b) Send SQL statements a (c) Process the returned result set. , (d) Close the database connection, JDBC provides a databi : : ase programmi cannotdirectly com: i eee ; Sipe aly eommunicate withthe ODBC driver Sun Microsc s eroe ODBC bi slate JDBC to ODBC. There are severe ven ane é veral type of JDBC driv ; JDBC-ODBC bridgesODBC driver : a API partly java Driver IDBC-Net pure java driver 4 Native protocol pure java driver r. JA3-29 Gap > Why JDBC Come into Existence? As previously told JDBC is an advancement for ODBC, ODBC being platform dependent had a lot of drawbacks. ODBC API was written in C, C++, Python, and Core Java and as we know above languages (except Java and some part of Python ) are platform-dependent. Therefore to remove dependence, JDBC was developed by a database vendor which consisted of classes and interfaces written in Java. Steps to Connect Java Application with Database Below are the steps that explains how to connect to Database in Java: Step1: Import_the Packages ‘Step2: Load_the_drivers using the forName() method ‘Step3: Register the drivers using DriverManager Step4: Establish a connection using the Connection class object Step5: Create statement Step6: Execute the query Step7: Close the connections JAVA DATABASE CONNECTIVITY Java Database Connectivity 2 Lewd Detabeve Oar 2. Oaabase Dover rem) mee) 2-Asor Mamet) | 2.B.geteonnectiond T seancoonectiond ereatestatementd “AaSELECT :executeaven) (comecson }————»(_ severe)» (seve) I fi | s.clese) 5. close() 5. close() ata - ‘temrveoare! cae eevndte : intamming a Progr camester, Advanced Jav . — table code 10 ills, ue rating by wHting © tops in brief before impleme' Me eens for DBC conned IO step 1: impor" . f ve jster it before us sen nt vesirst need to 1oad {Me driver or ro ert efor Iv ier to ben on sto be dome or in your prost : orprogramn, Registration ia : : ahs the pe rwo ways mentions pelow as follow: ine ef y time. No need of us into memory at the Tun net of Toad the driver's class file te Named t0 drive lowing example uses C165 Here we new or create objects Tower as shown below as follows Class forNameCoracle,jdbe driver: 2. DriverManager.registerDriver’) Step 3: Establish a connection using the “After loading the driver, establish conne riverManager: getConnection(url,user,password) «user: Username from which your SQLs vommand prompt ean be accessed. + password: password from which the SQl- command p! cron: [tis a reference to the Connection interface 1r which is created + Url: Uniform Resource Locato String url = *jabccoracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe" Step 4: Create a statement Once a connection is established you can sppcStatement, CallableStatement, and Prepar. sthods that enable you to send SQL commands and receive Use of JDBC Statement is as follows Statement st = con.createStatement0); Note: Here, con is a reference to Connection interface used in previous step Step 5: Execute ‘he query ear naimes th at inportant par eesting the query. The query here pie an have multiple types of queries. Some of them ar * The Anserti * Te quer for updatingnserting a table ina database \¢ query for retrieving data. ° * The executeQuery() method ; z of the Sta of retrieving values fom the database Te ea ec ae Used to get all the record ofa table no Uns the object of ResultS#! he exceuteUpdatetsql quer import java.io; import java.sql.*; classGRG ( OracleDriver"); Connection class object ctions as shown below as follows Connection con = rompt can be accessed. as shown below: interact with the database. 1 edStatement interfaces define data from your data: Public static void main(Stringt} ai rows Exception rd main(String!) args) thy pt 's Exes String url st st o ) Outpu Step ¢ So fin: of complet will be clo. close the ¢ con.cl I Sav: MImp impo Wimp impo 1 Mai class! mW pul ( Wl y sLP. University-B:Tech|-Akash Books 2023-31 __> ddbe:mysql:MMocathost:3306/table_name”; // table details String username = “rootgg"; // MySQL credentials String password = “gfg123" String query = “select “from students”; // query to be run Class.forName( “com.mysql.cj.jdbe.Driver”); // Driver name Conneetion con = DriverManager.getConnection( d url, username, password); System.out.printin( | “Connection Established successfully”); Statement st = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(query); // Execute query rs.next0; | String name = rs.getString(“name”);// Retrieve name from db | System.out.println(name);// Print result on console st.close(; // close statement con.close(); close connection System.out.printIn(‘Connection Closed...”); } Output: Step 6: Closing the connections So finally we have sent the data to the specified location and now we are on the verge of completing our task. By closing the connection, objects of Statement and ResultSet will be closed automatically. The close() method of the Connection interface is used to is close the connection. It is shown below as follows: rel con.close(); | 1/ Java Program to Establish Connection in JDBC // Importing database import java.sql.*; er / Importing required classes tY impor tjava.util.%; 1 Main class oi classMain ( 1 Main driver method public static void main(String all) ( | J Creating the connection using Oracle DB. 1/ Note: url syntax is standard, so do grasp = “jdbe:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe";si aq Java Proer in Semester Advanced J° sixth Semester “ ecess DB = and password 10 access DI ion. jj username jy custom initial String name System.out-PF cll = knextInt0 intr : arent out prinnirenter class) String cls = k.next0; 7 inserting data using SQL query . String sql = “insert into student values(”+ name ete roll 1.74 ls + °)"5 1/ Connection class object Connection con = null; |/ Try block to check for ‘exceptions tryl 1/ Registering drivers DriverManager. registerDriver( ‘neworacle jdbe,OracleDriver(); 1 Reference to connection interface don = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, pass); // Creating a statement Statement st = con.createStatement(); // Executing query intm = st.executeUpdate(sql); iftm == 1) System.out. println( “inserted successfully : “+ sql); else System out.printin(“insertion failed”); 1/ Closing the connections con.elosel); 1 Catch block to handle exceptions cateh(Exception ex) ( 4 Display message when exceptions occu ystem.err.printIn(ex); " E:\>javae Main, java enter 4 enter Ga inser E:\> Implem: ‘The java IDB with a Clas Clas: Clas: with. Thi the java mysql.c to suppl databasi One Prepar: explaine Wh of the a applicat authent for deta Not Au met: fe Passwor 2.17 elsewhe 3." Jdbe:my Not empty sLP. University-IB:Tech|-Akash Books 2023-33 SIAVA Main enter name Abe enter roll no 4 enter cl 6a inserted successfully : insert into student 1 values (*Abe* , 14, *6a") E:\> Implementing Server ‘The java.sql.Driver class acts as a pass-through driver by forwarding IDBC requests to the real database JDBC Driver. The JDBC driver class is loaded with a call to Class.forName(drivername). The syntax is Class.forName(“sun jdbe.odbe.JdncOdbeDriver”); or Class forName(“oracle jdbe.driver.OracleDriver”); When you are using JDBC outside of an application server, the DriverManager class manages the establishment of connections. Specify to the DriverManager which JDBC drivers to try to make Connections with, The easiest way to do this is to use Class.forName() on the class that implements the java.sqL.Driver interface. With MySQL Connector/J, the name of this class is com nyaql.cj jdbe.Driver. With this method, you could use an external configuration file ie cupply the driver class name and driver parameters to use when connecting to a database. Once a Connection is established, it can be used to create Statement and PreparedStatement objects, as well as retrieve metadata about the database. This is explained in the following sections. When the user for the connection is unspecified, Connectorid’s implementations of the authentication plugins use by default the name of the OS user who runs the pplication for authentication with the MySQL server, (except when the Kerberos aoeeatication plugin is being used; see Section 6.12.2, “Connecting Using Kerberos” for details). Note ‘A user name is considered unspecified only when the following conditions are all met: 1. The method DriverManager.getConnection password) is not used. 2. The connection property user is not used in, elsewhere. 3, The user is not mentioned in jdbemysql:Mlocalhost:3306/test, or jdbe Notice if (1) or (2) is not true and an emply s! ‘ot considered unspecified. (String url, String user, String for example, the connection URL,or the authority of the connection URL, as in mysql:/@localhost:3306/test. tring is passed, the user name is an empty string then, and is mProgramming semester ‘Advanced J , sixth 5 sn 2028 r RCTION and a database It helps ty, Init MAKING URE € CONNEC potween a Java application nd tomove th catnblish 3 ern interface ix a factory of Statemel, get the object of Statement me vatcteMetabata eo Feat can ee Ger transctn or oa saaboseActnData, The Connect ior interface provide many T™tjonfsolation®), ete cu aan mentent Hk 10), rollback), setAutol ommit0), 5 Ting queries By d setnngement Fike commits ar executi ao Hie default, connection commits (he chenee after opaas a aesermony wsed methods of Connection interlace at can b : Hee ever weates a statement object thatean Pe passing 1) public Statement ereateStatement(s crea" asta Dee. ised to execute SQL queries | et Ios pablie Statement ereate Statement Gant result Set Type, int result Set 1-Sta Coneurreney): Creates a Statement object that ‘will generate Result Set objects wit! 2 the given type and concurrency. Exam (3) public void setAutoCommit(boolean status): is used to set the commit ae status, By default, itis true fe im (4) public void commit(: saves the changes made since the previous commit/ a rollback is permanent. a (5) public void rollback(): Drops all changes made since the previous commit/ 3. pu rollback. 4. Cla (6) public void close(): closes the connection and Releases a JDBC resources 5. Co! immediately ost: 1521 Lots see the simple example of Statement interface to insert, update and delete | 6. Sta the record resultSet 1. import java.sql.*; 7. Res 2. class FetchRecordl 8. lige 5. puble state void main(String argsfDthrows Exception| 9.rs.a 4, Class forName(“oracle jdbe.driver. OracleDriver”); 10. Sy 5, Connection con=Dri hee Ce eo ee iverManager.getConnection(“jdbc:oracle:thin@ 11. co: : : Q 12, 6, Statement stmt=con.createStatement(); oH ; Exam st KECK (iy Fi 8, stmt executeUpdate(“insert into emp765 values(33,"Irfan’, : oie 9.//int result=stmt.executeUpdate(“updat fa ,"Irfan’,50000)”); 1. crea late emp765 s ; where id=33" 765 set name="Vimal’salary=10000 Now ir 10. int result=stmtexes c i 0 {mt executeUpdate(“delete from emp765 where id=33” Limp 11, System.out.printIn(result+” records affected”): ere id=33"); 2. clas 12, con.closel); g 3. pub 13.) 4. try| Working a Resultet: When a data base query 5. Clas rereturned as 4 table of data ani: ery is nett Bot interface meade Fdata organized aecordin en ee rece ote 531 Com esultSet i : ess tothe table data, = *? FOWS and columns. THT: Xe” Prep 8. stmt fp“Ips to t, and lement saction al), ete, S. t can be sult Set ects with, e commit . commit! commit/ esources d delete e:thin:@ =10000 one ee —— = LP. University- 18 teen 2023-35 intially the rao th, Positioned before the fl s on ing theBetXXKO methods, the XXX fe eheaess the data from the Resultset sean aii datatype o The object of ResultSet m, cursor points to before the of the parameter such as String, ‘aintains a cursop first an “UFSOr pointing to a row of a table. By default, ResultSet object Peas vet can be moved forward only and it is not But we can make this object to posing either TYPE SCROLL, ty createStatement(int,int) method as 1. Statement stmt Initially move for ‘SENSITIVE, wellas we rward and backward direction by or TYPE SCROLL SENSITIVE in can make this object as updatable by. con create Statement Result Set. TYPE_SCROLL. IN 2 ResultSet CONCUR_UPDATABLE), Example of Scrollable ResultSet Let's see the simple example of Results 1. import java.sql.*; 2. class FetchRecord{ 5. public static void main(String args[))throws Exception( 4. Class.forName(“oracle jdbe driver. OracleDriver”): 5. Connection con = Driver Ma: nager.get Connection (“jdbc : oracle : thin : @local est: 1521 : xe”,"system”,"oracle”); 6.Statement stmt = con.create Stat sultSet. CONCUR_UPDATABLE); - ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery(“select * from emp765"); 8. getting the record of 3rd row 9. rs.absolute(3); 10. System.out printIn(rs.getString(1)+” “+rs.getString(2)+” “trs.getString(3)): 11. con.close(); 12.}) Example of PreparedStatement interface that inserts the record First of all create table as given below: 1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(50)); Now insert records in this table by the code given below: tement (Result Set.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE. 1. import java.sql.*; 2. class InsertPrepared( 4. public static void main(String args)){ 4. try| . 5. Class.forName(“oracle,jdbe.driver.OracleDriver”); a 6. Connection con = Driver Manager.get Connection (“jdbe : oracle : thin :@localhost ction con = 1: 0 oracle”); ; _ 1 Prepared = ‘stmt=con.prepareStatement(“insert into Emp values(?,?)"; redStatement stmt= ‘hee 8. stmt.setint(1,101)//1 specifies the first parameter in the query36-2023 9, stmt.setString?, Updates execute! » records inse! 10. int i=stmt sted’ 11, System.out.printInG+ 12. con.closel)s On 13 Jeateh(Fxception e)t System-out printl M4 15.1 6.) rd ae of PreparedStatement interface that updates the bane 1. PreparedStatement stmt=con. prepareStatement( ‘update emp id=?"); 2. stmt. setString(1,"Son00")//1 spec 3. stmt.setInt(2,101); 4. int i=stmt.executeUpdate(); 5, System.out.printIn(i+” records updated”); Example of PreparedStatement interfac 1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement( 2. stmt.setInt(1,101); 3. 4, int iestmt executeUpdate); 5, System.out.printIn(i+” records deleted”); Example of PreparedStatement interface that retrieve the records ¢ table 1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement(“select * from emp”); 2, ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery(); 3, while(rs.next)){ 4, System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+” “+rs.getString(2)); et name=? Why cifies the first parameter in the query ie. na .e that deletes the record “delete from emp where id= Example of Pre} i : oe to insert records until user press n 2. import java.io.*; 3. class RS{ 4. publie static voi main(String args{))thro am ratio ve ws Excepti 5, Class forName(“oracle jdbe.driver.OracleDriver”) “me 6. Connection eon = Driver Manager. get Connection ( host:1521:xe”,”system”,"oracle”); ~onnection (“idbe : oracle : thin 7. PreparedStatement ps=con, ‘=con-prepareStatement(“insert; ’, 8, BufferedReader br=new BufferedReaden(n, Tones noms valu ' ew InputStreamReader(Syste” 10. dol system.out.printin enter id”);2 13. 14 15, 16. 7. 18, 19. 20. 21 22. 23. 24. 25. 26, 21. 28, 29. 30. 31 EP. University-1B techy Ber-parselnt(br.readLine()) System.out.printin(“enter name." String name=br.read] Akash Books int id=Intey LineQ); System.out.printin(enter sal, lary:”); float sal; ‘ary=Float.parseFloat(br.readLine(); ps.setInt(1,id); ps.setString(2,name); ps.setFloat(3,salary); int i=ps.executeUpdate(); System.out.printIn(i+” records affected”); System.out.printin(“Do you want to continue: y/n”), String s=br.readLine(); iffs.startsWith(“n”))| break; ) Iwhile(true); con.close(); v 202:ing wa Programmint sixth Semester, ‘Advanced Java 38-2028 ix 7 unit - 1 : ‘ACE A INTERF: eee wn from the data. ein rene -an get further informatio! im x a morn on an e table like total number of cota Sea Common! [Method public int SQLException public String getColumnName(int index) throws SQLException public String getColumnTypeNametint index)throws SQLException public String getTableName(int index) throws SQLException How to get the object of ResultSetMetaData: The getMetaData() method of ResultSet interface returns the object ResultSetMetaData. Syntax: 1. public ResultSetMetaData getMetaData()throws SQLException Example of ResultSetMetaDatainterface : 1. import java.sql.*; class Rsmd{ public static void main(String args{)){ try! Class.forName(“oracle jdbe.driver. OracleDriver”); Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection( “jdbe:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe”,/"system”,"oracle”); PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement{“select * from emp”) 9. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery(); ° 10. ResultSetMetaData rsmd=rs.getMetaData(); 11. System out printIn(“Total columns: “+rsmd.getColum: 12, System.out.printn(“Column Name of 1st column: “4 18, Systemoutprintin(‘Column Type getColumn TypeName()); 14, con.closel); 15, Jeatch( Exception 16.) 17.4 Output: Total columns: 2 Column Name of Ist column: ID Column Type Name of Ist column: NUMBER used methods of ResultSet Description it returns the total num! the ResultSet object. itreturns the column name of thes column index. it returns the column type name for the specified index. it returns the table name for the specified column index. . per of eolumns in {gotColumnCount(}throws ecified of nCount()); rsmd.getColumnName(1)) Name of 1st column: “4rsmd System.out.printin(e);) g. da Java iris ada 1M 2. It 3. All Illus Asim HW Jaw Wsteu publi pri pul th 1 pul Setter and Prope Litst 2. The 3. The 4. Itst Prope L It sh 2. The we have to 3. The, 4. It sh 5. Jax 6.//get 7. publ 8. pr 9. 10. p uy Ry 13. 14. 165, 16. 17.)2023-39 saw that enca ap a capsulate: jpisa dave class that should follow the fot 1, Must implement Serializable 2. tshould have a public nowarg construc nstructor 3.All properties in java bean m : A ‘an must be priva illustration of Javaliean Cian he with publicge ple example of JavaBean Class Java program to illustrate the y structure of JavaBean class public class TestBean ( Many objects into a single object (the bean) oe lowing conventions: A tters and setter methods : is mentioned below: private String name; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; b public String getName() ( returnname; | 2.2 SETTER AND GETTER METHODS IN JAVA Setter and Getter Methods in Java properties are mentioned below: Properties for setter methods: 1. It should be public in nature. 2. The return type a should be void. 3. The setter method should be prefixed with the set. 4, It should take some argument i.e. it should not be a no-arg method. Properties for getter methods: 1 It should be public in nature. -2, The return type should not be void i.e. according to our requirement, return type wehave to give the return type. 3. The getter method should be prefixed with get. 4. It should not take any argument. 5./ Java program to illustrate the 6. / getName() method on boolean type attribute 1. public classTest { 8. private boolean empty: 9. 10. public boolean getName)! 1. return empty; ana} 13. 14. public boolean isempty0l 15. return empty; 6.) 17.)ming. 1 gava Program? ar, Advanced 40 2028 sixth Semester: M Bxample of JavaBean CHS Hxample 1 awa C18 Fea implementation ofthe! H Fara Program of dawaBBean cls eae serializable | Public clase Student implements l=" io.Seri te int id: private String ® 1 Constructor public Student (} Setter for Id public void setId 11 Getter for Id public int getld0 (return id; } 1 Setter for Name public void setNamel 1/ Getter for Name public String getName) (intid) ( this.id = id) (String name) (this.name = name; | { returnname; } 2.3 CREATION OF JAVABEAN Creation process of a java bean: 1. Create a class in a package as the bean class. 2 Provide the required variables as the properties. 3. Provide setter and getter methods for each of the variables. 44 Store the package folder inside a classes folder. 5. Compile the file as ordinary java file. PROPERTIES OF JAVABEANS AdiavaBean property i named feature that can be accessed by the user of the objec The feature cn be of ny Java data type, containing the classes that you define. JavaBean property may be read, write, read-only, or write-only. JavaB ; aeaoet through two methods in the avaBean's implementation class: ay (a) getPropertyName () For example, if the property name is firstN: lame, getFirstNamel) to read that property. This method is wlan eee sp eaamet (b) setPropertyName () ie Becessor. For example, if the property name is fi ; is firstName, setFirstName() to write that proper ame, the method * property. This method is ealled the mesa ‘TYPES OF JAVA BEANS mutator. yypes of beans in java: 1, Session Beans, it is also sub divid ide into tw i) Statel wion beans . (ii) Stateful Session Beans 2. Entity Beans serve? for the ths gata. infor™ cone’ types © recon! destroy to java servlet Java ¢ such a web ap known Th a class 01 to proc 2. compo of serv init0, s Popula ey within and ot among 4. contain The se; using t 5. configu Ph ea the serLp. Driven Be, Session Bean is, 2023-41 cqor session. The function eo the client. This bean ¢, 1 is only for the is ignal client iis may & SvsteM crash egy TM SAEtional, egy tUlations oF datahase access ia. The stateless Session Beane (out ts object a i8 Not recoverable and due Smal state; only allow paraitey a Sistributed gpa,” MANAKE its own unrelenting ection with informal state, bag Neect which has no connection with cut are called Entity Bean sy eae ateful Session Bean has a “l to the customer. The second. mase the unrelenting data. It is ‘| by entity bean crashes, it will Session bean, except it responds ? and its famen so YeY, mized by a main key, it the soy roy the remote reference Meve, i java miossage Service, os limites 2.4 SERVL ET sunlet architecture refers to the degiey eCHITECTURE jaa classes that dynamically process and na, uucture of such as web browser or mobile devices, Servlets 4 to requ sebapplications and are part of th are'comi | town as Jakarta BE. © Java Enterprise Editi Java Servlets, which are lests made by web clients, imonly used for developing ion (Java EE) platform, now The servlet architecture typically involves the follow ae components ] _ 1 Bervint laens Ts fas dna cian jitters ora in Thin jas or implements the javax.servlet Servlet interface & ein ie bets viet classes contaii ic ‘nprocess client requests and generate responses classes contain the logi 2, Servlet Container: Also known as a servlet engine or servlet runtime, this is a component of the web server or application server responsible for managing the lifecycle rviets. The servlet container loads servlet classes, initializes them, invokes their ‘iti, service(), and destroy() methods as appropriate, and manages their concurrency. Popular servlet containers include Apache Tomcat, Jetty, and IBM WebSphere. 3. Servlet Context: The Servlet Context represents the servlet’s environment rihin the servlet container. It provides access to configuration parameters, resources, sbject. | other servlets within the same web application, The Servlet Context is shared a fine. A | “aga servlets within the same web application. ‘ures are, 4 Servlet Request and Response: These are ohjects provided by ae iner to encapsulate the client's request and the servle's Por ent hue servlet processes the request, generates the response, and sencs \ ‘sing these objects. i Servlets are typically "Deployment Descriptor (neha a ache me ‘“ppings, initialization parameters, and other co AUT Gs servlets directly in ‘annotations (@WebServlet, @WeblnitParam “servlet class. a 6. ing: Servlets are mappet "8 ‘gly, URL Mapping: Servlets tr tons, When a client wr jpr2ment descriptor or via an ‘yest to the appror' ththe servlet container routes the 104 “Shing vould be would *) ogin) in the terns (e.8., Mello, login 0 UR pin sands request to 2 specitic te servlet based on its 2 clients send 4 model, where client ere pnses that are sent ; fc the reqves generate resp0 taro sent waite architecture follows | he est " i pa S to servlets, which proce! aia the cients, This architectU oy ev