Types of encoding

Multiplexing techniques

FDMA CDMA TDMA ROMA

ALOHA ACCESS LONG

SPREAD SPECTRUM

FHSS DSSS

 Analog systems

 Standards

► NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone)

• used in Nordic countries, Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia.

► AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)

• used in the United States,

► TACS (Total Access Communications System)

• Used in the United Kingdom,

► C-450

• in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa,

► Radiocom 2000 in France

► RTMI in Italy.

► In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ-802, and TZ-803

 First fully-automatic cellular phone system

► Started in 1970, in service 1981

 Two standards NMT-450 and NMT-900

► Corresponds to frequency and the later has higher bands.

 Cell size range from 2 km to 30 km.

► Use smaller size in urban areas for better quality and larger in less-populated areas.

 Handsets 1 watt and Car phone uses 6-15 watt

 Automatic switching (dialing) and handover.

  No spec. for voice traffic encryption

► Buy a scanner, tune to the desired channel and intercept.

 NMT also supported a simple data transfer mode called DMS (Data and Messaging Service) or
NMT-Text

 Using DMS, also text messaging was possible between two NMT handsets before SMS service
started in GSM

 but this feature was never commercially available except in Russian and Polish NMT networks.

 NMT Suspended

► In Finland TeliaSonera's NMT on December 31, 2002.

► Norway's last NMT network on December 31, 2004.

► Sweden's TeliaSonera NMT on December 31, 2007.

Amps

 1G cellular phone used in US, which uses FDMA

 Operates in 800 MHz band

► Total of 832 channels;

• 416 in 824–849 MHz for transmissions from mobile to the base

• 416 in 869–894 MHz for transmissions from base to the mobile.

• Each channel is 30 KHz wide

 Require large bandwidth for large base population.

 No protection against eavesdropper

► ESN (Electronic Serial Number) was cloned in 1990s to make free calls from different
cells.

 Replaced with D-AMPS, GSM and CDMA for better security and capacity

Gsm

 2.27 billion subscribers across more than 212 countries, 81% of the global mobile market

 Its ubiquity provides international roaming very common

 8-slots TDMA with 200 KHz radio channel, with frame duration of 4.615 ms

 The channel data rate is 270.833 kbit/s

 Operates in four different bands

 ► Mostly 900 MHz or 1800 MHz

► US and Canada use 850 MHz and 1900 MHz

► 25 MHz bandwidth of each subdivided into 124 channels

► E.g. in 900 MHz, uplink 890-915 MHz, downlink 935-960 MHz

 IS-136 or D-AMPS

► 3-Slot TDMA, used in North and South America, Australia

► Channel bandwidth is 30 KHz.

► Frequency bands (824-849MHz and 869-894 MHz)

 Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)

► Japanese standard similar to IS-136

► 25 KHz channel

► 11.2 kbps at 3-slot and 5.6 kbps at 6-slot

► Operates in 800 MHz downlink 810-888 MHz, uplink 893-958 MHz)

► In 1.5 GHz (downlink 1477-1501 MHz, uplink 1429-1453 MHz)

 IS-95 or cdmaOne

► Supports up to 64 users that are orthogonally coded

► Channel bandwidth is 1.25 MHz

► Widely deployed in N. America, Korea, Japan, China, S. America, Australia

► Channel data rate is 1.2288 Mchips/s (Mega Chips)

Wlan

 Use the unlicensed Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band

 ISM bands in US

► 900 MHz (902-928 MHz)

► 2.4 GHz (2400-2483.5 MHz)

► 5.7 GHz (5725-5850 MHz)
 The most widely adopted standard

 A family of standards define Phy and MAC

 IEEE 802.11:

► Infrared (IR)

► 2.4Ghz ISM band with 1 or 2 Mbps

 IEEE 802.11b: 11 Mbps in 2.4 GHz

 IEEE 802.11a: 54 Mbps in 5.7 GHz

 IEEE 802.11g: 54 MHz in 2.4 GHz

 IEEE 802.11i: Security

 IEEE 802.11e: QoS

 IEEE 802.11f: Inter-access point protocol

 WiMAX

► aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways,

• from point-to-point links

• full mobile cellular type access.

► Based on IEEE 802.16, also called wireless MAN

► last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL

 IEEE802.15

► IEEE 802.15.1 or Bluetooth

• Moderate data range up to 720 kbps

• Operates in ISM band

• 10 m to 100 m range

► IEEE 802.15.2

• Co-existence issues of IEEE 802.11 and 802.15

► IEEE 802.15.3 high rate
 • Low power high data rate up to 20 Mbps

• Designed for multimedia applications over low power devices

► IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee

• Low power with range of 100m

• Low rate about 20 kbps