COMPUTER NETWORKS AND DATA COMMUNICATION. INTRODUCTION We are living in a connected world. Information is being produced, exchanged, and traced across the globe in real time. I's possible as almost everyone and everything in the digital world is interconnected through one way or the other. ‘A group of two or more similar things or people interconnected with each other is called network. Some of the examples of network in our everyday life includes: +Social network -Mobile network + Network of computers Ai ines, railway, banks, hospitals networks Whatis Computer Network? AComputer networkis an interconnection among two or more computers or computing devices. Such interconnection allows computers to share data and resources among each other Resources such as files, applications, printers and software are common information shared in networking The advantage of networking is + Resource Sharing * Collaborative Interaction + Cost Saving + Increased storage + Time Saving Evolution of Network:(ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) + Itcame into existence in 1960s * Aproject for interconnecting, US department of defense with academic and research organization across different places for scientific collaboration. (NSFNET (National Science Foundation Networks) * Itcame into existence in 1986 © Itwas the first large-scale implementation of Internet technologies in a complex environment of many independently operated networks (UI) INTRA NET + Itisalocal or restricted communication system + Itis managed bya person or organization + Intranet users can avail services from internet but Internet user cannot access intranet directly (UI) INTER NET + Itcame into existence in 1960s + Itis known as Network of Networks + Aglobal computer network providing variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES DATA Data means information in digital form which is stored processed and exchanged between digital devices like computer, mobile phones or laptop. Data can be text, image, audio, video or multimedia files.Computers stores raw data and process these data into meaningful information. Hence, we can define Information as processed data COMMUNICATION The exchange of information between two or more networked or interconnected devices is called communication. These devices must be capable of sending /receiving data over a communication medium. COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION The five main components of data communication are as follows: SENDER: Sender is a device which is capable of sending data over a communication network. In data communication Sender is also called Source. RECEIVER: Receiver is a device which is capable of receiving data over a communication network. In data communication Receiver is also called Destination. MESSAGE: messageis the information being exchanged betweena sender anda receiver over a communication network. COMMUNICATION MEDIUM: Communication medium is the path or channel through which the information is moved from the sender to the receiver. A communication medium can be either wired/guided or wireless/unguided. PROTOCOLS: The set of standard rules which are followed in data communication are known as Data Communication Protocols. All the communicating devices like sender receiver and other connected devices in the network should follow these protocols. Why Protocols are needed? The communicating devices may be in different geographical areas, The speed of these devices may be different. Also, the data transfer rates of different networks may be different. ‘These complexities make it necessary to have a common set of rules to ensure the secure communication of data Examples of some commonly used Protocols in data communication are given below: «Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) «Internet Protocol (IP)File Transfer Protocol (FTP) «Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) + Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) MEASURING CAPACITY OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA Capacity of a communication channel means the maximum quantity of signals that a communication channel can carry. The capacity of a communication medium is measured by its bandwidth and data transfer rate. BANDWIDTH Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies a transmission media can carry. ‘The unit of bandwidth is Hertz, DATA TRANSFER RATES Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted through a channel per unit of time, Data transfer rate is measured in bits per second (bps). Itis also measured in Kilobits per second (Kbps), Megabits per second (Mbps) or Gigabits per second (Gbps). IP ADDRESS IP address or Internet Protocol address is a unique numeric address assigned to every device connected to a network. It uniquely identifies every node connected to a local network or internet. An IP address allows computers to send and receive data over the internet. They can also be used to track down a user's physical location. There are two versions for IP address |PV4 and IPV6.IP addresses are binarynumbers but are typically expressed in decimal form (IPv4) or hexadecimal form (IPv6) to make reading and using them easily. The commonly used IP address is IPV4, An IPv4 address consists of four numbers, each of which contains one to three digits, with a single dot (,) separating each set of digits. Each of the four numbers can range from Oto 255. Example IP address: 24171268.170 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES In large networks, there may be more than one paths for transmitting data from sender to receiver. The process of selecting a path of data out of the available paths is called switching, There are two popular switching techniques - circuit switching and packet switching. STUDENT SL1. Circuit Switching In circuit switching, whenever a source end node wants to send a message to the destination end node a physical linkis first established between the source and the destination. Then only the data transmission takes place. After the complete transmission of data this physical link isterminated. Simple example of a circuit switching is telephone network in which a person calls another person. When the call receiving person receives the call, then only the connection is established, Then the message is conveyed and finally the connection is terminated. Advantages: 1. Since a dedicated communication channel is set up before communicating the message, the data transmission is reliable and is suitable for long and continuous communication. 2 Circuit switching uses fixed bandwidth as well as data rates. 3. As the data is communicated continuously, no need of sequencing or re ordering it at the receiving end Disadvantages: 1. time required to setup a physical connection between the sender and the receiver makes delayin communication 2.Since a communication channel is dedicated for a particular transmission, it cannot be utilized for other communication, even if the channelis free. 3. More expensive since connection has to be established every time before communication 2. Packet Switching In the packet switching technique, the whole message is split into small packets. Now, these packets are transmitted one by one from sender to the receiver through the intermediatory switches in the network. The packets will take shortest path as possible. Every packet will have a sequence number in order to identify their order at the receiving end The packets will also contain information like source address, intermediate node address, destination address etc. Advantages: 1.Packet switching is effective type of data transmission technique asit effectively utilizes the communication channel. Multiple users can share the channel simultaneously utilizing the bandwidth effectively. 2. tis cost effective and easy t plement compared to circuit switching. 3.As the messages are sent as small sized packets, the data transmissions quick and easy. STUDENT SLDisadvantages: 1. In packet switching the movement of packets may not be in correct order. Hence it is not suitable for voice communication, 2. Unorganized movement of packets makes it necessary to implement proper sequencing and reordering techniques. 3. As the packets flow through multiple paths from the source to the destination, complex security protocols are required to ensure reliable communication TRANSMISSION MEDIA ‘* Atransmission medium can be anything that can carry signals or data between the source (transmitter) and destination (receiver). ‘¢ Indata communication, transmission media are the links that carry messages between two or more communicating devices. Transmission can be classified as guided or unguided. In guided transmission, there is a physical link made of wire/cable through which data in terms of signals are propagated between the nodes. These are usually metallic cable, fiber-optic cable, etc. They are also known as wired media * Inunguided transmission, data travels in air in terms of electromagnetic waves using an antenna, They are also known as wireless media. Ceeerecnns Pr Wireless Media (eecuomamete es) (Sas Goamscae)( PES™) [manne |( atone) (mnt Wired Transmission Media ‘* Any physical link that can carry data in the form of signals belongs to the category of wired transmission media * Three commonly used guided/wired media for data transmission are, twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable.These cables are of two types: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and Shielded twisted-pair (STP). (8) Coaxial cable ‘© Twisted-pair and coaxial cable carry the electric signals whereas the optical fiber cable carries the light signals. (A)Iwisted Pair Cable + Atwisted-pair consists of two copper wires twisted like a DNA helical structure. * Both the copper wires are insulated with plastic covers. * Usually, anumber of such pairs are combined together and covered with a protective outer wrapping. ‘Twisted Pair of Cables ‘* The use of twisted configuration minimises the effect of electrical interference from similar pairs close by. Sarit Twisted case Twa i fases shel! Copper condudion Shielded Twisted Unshielded Twisted pair cable pair cable Y Advantages: ¥ tis low-cost, low-weight and flexible cables. ¥_ tis easyto install and maintain and requires RJ-45 Connector. Y Disadvantages: ¥_ Suitable for short distance (up to 100 mt). For long distance Repeateris required. ¥_ Itsupports tow bandwidth and offers up to 100 Mbps speed. * Coaxial cable has a copper wire at the core of the cable which is surrounded with insulating material. The insulator is further surrounded with an outer conductor (usually a copper mesh). This outer conductor is wrapped in a plastic cover.+ The shielded design allows the cable's copper core to transmit data quickly, without interference of environmental factors. + These types of cables are used to carry signals of higher frequencies to a longer distance. + Itis better shielded and has more bandwidth than a twisted pair. Coaxial cable opps, Supernie ¥ Advantages: ¥ Itoffers high bandwidth and carry data fora _long distance (185-500 m) ¥ Suitable for Broadbandtransmission (cable TV) and can be used in shared cable network. V Disadvantages: ¥_ ltis less flexible and expensive compared to Twisted Pair cable. ¥_ Not compatible with modern cables like Twisted pair cable. (©) Optical Fibre The optical fiber cable carries data as light, which travels inside a thin fiber of glass. Optic fiber uses refraction to direct the light through the media Athin transparent strand of glass at the centre is covered with a layer of less dense glass called cladding. This whole arrangement is covered with an outer jacket made of PVC or Teflon These cables are of light weight and have higher bandwidth which means higher data transfer rate. STUDENT SL+ ES Cladding of less dense material ¥ Advantages: ¥ tis free from Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI), since no Electrical signal are carried. ¥ Offers secure and high speed transmission up to a long distance. V Disadvantages: ¥ Expensive and quite fragile (breakable). v¥ Theyare unidirectional ¥ Complicated Installation procedure and difficult to join two broken fiber. ¥_ Notsuitable for domestic purposes due to high maintenance cost. Wireless Transmission Media + Inwireless communication technology, information travels in the form of electromagnetic signals through air. + Electromagnetic spectrum of frequency ranging from 3 KHz to 900 THz is available for wireless communication, + Wireless technologies allow communication between two or more device long distance without requiring any physical media, shortto There are many types of wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax ete. The electromagnetic spectrum range (3KHz to 900TH2) can be divided into 4 categories (Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves and Visible or Light waves) according to their frequency ranges. 3 1 300 400 900 KHz Guz GHz THz THe Radio Microwaves Infrared Light Waves Waves Waves, STUDENT SLClassification of transmission waves and their properties Transmission Waves Properties Radio Waves Waves of frequency range 3 KHz-1GHz Omni-directional, these waves can move in all directions Radio waves of frequency 300KHz-30MHz can travel long distance .. Susceptible to interference Radio waves of frequency 3-300KHz can penetrate walls ‘These waves are used in AM and FM radio, television, cordless phones. Microwaves Electromagnetic waves of frequency range IGHz - 300GHz Unidirectional, can move in only one direction. Cannot penetrate solid objects such as walls, hills or mountains. Needs line-of-sight propagation ie. both communicating antenna must be in the direction of each other. . Used in point-to-point communication or unicast communication such as radar and satellite Provide very large information -carrying capacity. Infrared waves |. Used for short-distance point-to-point communication such as mobile-to Electromagnetic waves of frequency range 300GHz - 400THz Very high frequency waves. Cannot penetrate solid objects such as walls. mobile, mobile-to-printer, remote-control-to-TV, and Bluetooth-enabled devices to other devices like mouse, keyboards etc. Radio wave transmisBluetooth 6? > = oo 8 = om * Bluetooth is used to establish a small network across handheld devices like a cell phone and Bluetooth enabled Computer. + Ituses 2, Bluetooth is a wireless technology for creating personal networks operating within a range of 10 meters. * 4GHz unlicensed band. * Bluetooth is a communications protocol standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range. Satellite link oa The satellite transmission is also a kind of line of sight transmission that is used to transmit signals throughout the world. Y Advantages: Y Area coveredis quite large. ¥ Noline of sight restrictions such as natural mountains, tall building, towers etc. ¥ Earth station which receives the signals can be fixed position or relatively mobile. ¥ Disadvantages: Very expensive as compared to other transmission mediums. Y Installation is extremely complex. Signals sent to the stations can be tampered by external interference. ‘Antenna,Network Devices To communicate data through different transmission media and to configure networks with different functionality, we require different devices like Modem, Hub, Switch, Repeater, Router, Gateway. etc. Modem ie moinonns —_Metten <_beseteties inn + Modem stands for ‘MOdulator DEModulator’. + Itrefers toa device used for conversion between analog signals and digital bits. + Itis used to transmit data from a sender to a receiver, or while browsing the internet, digital data are converted to an analog signal and the medium (be it free-space or a physical media) carries the signal to the receiver. + There are modems connected to both the source and destination nodes. + The modem at the sender's end acts as a modulator that converts the digital data into analog signals. + The modem at the receiver's end acts as a demodulator that converts the analog signals into digital data for the destination node to understand. Ethernet Card + Ethernet card, also known as Network Interface Card (NIC) is a network adapter used to setup a wired network. + Itacts as an interface between computer and the network. + Itis a circuit board mounted on the motherboard of a computer + The Ethernet cable connects the computer to the network through NIC. + Ethernet cards can support data transfer between 10 Mbps and 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).+ Each NIC has a MAC address, which helps in uniquely identifying the computer on the network. RJ45, + RJ 45 or Registered Jack-45 is an eight-pin connector + Itis used exclusively with Ethernet cables for networking + Itisa standard networking interface that can be seen at the end of all network cables. + Itis a small plastic plug that fits into RJ-45 jacks of the Ethernet cards present in various, computing devices. Repeater * Dataare carried in the form of signals over the cable. + These signals can travel a specified distance (usually about 100m). * Signals lose their strength beyond this limit and become weak. * Insuch conditions, the weakened signal appearing on the cable is regenerated and put back on the cable by a repeater.ir l= I | '@ @ deo ayo age oP I PP ces oneinede forwarded to all the connected CZ t nodes | = oe eee + AnEthernet hub is a network device used to connect different devices through wires * Data arriving on any of the lines are sent out on all the others. + The limitation of Hub is that if data from two devices come at the same time, they will collide. ‘Switch SWITCH + Like a hub, anetwork switch is used to connect multiple computers or communicating devices. + When data arrives, the switch extracts the destination address from the data packet and looks it up in a table to see where to send the packet * Itsends signals to only selected devices instead of sending to all. + Itcan forward multiple packets at the same time, + Aswitch doesnot forward the signals which are noisy or corrupted. It drops such signals and asks the sender to resend it. + Ethernet switches are common in homes/offices to connect multiple devices thus creating LANs or to access the Internet.Router + Arouteris anetwork device that can receive the data, analyse it, decide/alter how itis packaged and transmit t to other networks. + Arouter connects a local area network to the internet. + For example, data has been divided into packets of a certain size. Suppose these packets are to be carried over a different type of network which cannot handle bigger packets. In such a case, the data isto be repackaged as smaller packets and then sent over the network by a router. + Arouter can be wired or wireless. + Awireless router can provide Wi-Fi access to smartphones and other devices. + Nowadays, home Wi-Firouters perform the dual task of a router and amodem/switch, Gateway Gateway’ is a key access point that acts as a “gate” between an organisation's network and the outside world of the Internet ‘+ Gateway serves as the entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or going out of anetwork must first pass through the gateway in order to use routing paths. ‘+ Ifa node from one network wants to communicate with a node of a foreign network, it will pass the data packet to the gateway, which then routes it to the destination using the best possible route.+ For simple Internet connectivity at homes, the gateway is usually the Internet Service Provider that provides access to the entire Internet. * Generally, arouter is configured to work as a gateway device in computer networks. * Agateway can be implemented completely in software, hardware, or a combination of both + Since a network gateways placed at the edge of a network, the firewall is usually integrated with it. WiFi card + AWi-Ficard connects to your laptop either in your USB port or a wider card slot. + The Wi-Ficard acts as both a receiver and transmitter. + Itreceives the wireless signal and communicates with the wireless network, enabling you to access the Web with your laptop. Computer Network Types A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and applications. ‘A computer network can be categorized by their size, comple Acomputer network is mainly of four types: and geographical spread. ‘Types Of Computer: LAN (Local Area Network) © PAN (Personal Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) o WAN (Wide Area Network)PAN (Personal Area Network) © Personal Area Network is a network of information technology devices (laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations) arranged within the range of an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters /covers an area of 30 feet. © Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network. LAN (Local Area Network) Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as a building, office through a communication medium such as twisted pair. coaxial cable, etc to share resources. Shared resources can be data, information, programs, printers, hard-disks, modem etc. The datais transferred at an extremely faster rate, and provides higher security © Itis less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and Ethernet cables. = LAN 2 7 = = MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) © A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area that is spread over an area as big as a city by interconnecting different LAN to form a larger network through a telephone exchange line. © Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries. © The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, ete.Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network: MANisusedin communication between the banks in a city. © Itcanbe used in an Airline Reservation. © Itcanbe used inacollege acity, © Itcanalso be used for communication in the military. WAN (Wide Area Network). © AWide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or satellite links. © The internets one of the biggest WAN in the world. AWide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education. Advantages Of Wide Area Network: Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network: © Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large geographical area. Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different city then we can connect with them through WAN. The internet provides a leased line through which we can connect with another branch. © Centralized data: In case of WAN network, datais centralized. Therefore, we donot need to buy the emails. files or back up servers.© Get updated files:Software companies work on the live server. Therefore, the programmers get the updated files within seconds. Exchange messages: in a WAN network, messages are transmitted fast. The web application like Facebook, WhatsApp. Skype allows you to communicate with friends. Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share the software and other resources like a hard drive, RAM. © Global business: We can do the business over the internet globally. o High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then this gives the high bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the data transfer rate which inturnincreases the productivity of our company. Disadvantages of Wide Area Network: Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as compared to LAN and MAN network as all the technologies are combined together that creates the security problem Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on the internet which can be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be used, Some people can inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to protect from such a virus. © High Setup cost:An installation cost of the WAN network is high as it involves the purchasing of routers, switches © Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so fixing the problem is difficult. Network Topology: Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to each other. In other words, itis the pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network. There are two types of topology: physical and logical topology. Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in anetwork. Sea utd eg Bus TopologyBUS a verwork i 1 BACKBONE = a The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable. Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly connected to the backbone cable. When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over the network. All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not. The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks. The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies. Advantages of Bus topology: Low-cost cable: In bus topology. nodes are directly connected to the cable without passing through a hub, Therefore, the initial cost of installation is low. Short Cable Length and Simple wiring Layout : As there is a single common data path connecting all nodes, the linear topology allows a very short cable length to be used. Easy to extend: Additional nodes can be connected to an existing bus network at any point alongits length. Repeaters can be used. ifrequired. Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in bus-based networks that support up to 10 Mbps. Familiar technology:Bus topology is a familiar technology as the installation and troubleshooting techniques are well known, and hardware components are easily available, Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on other nodes. Disadvantages of Bus topology: Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the communication for all the nodes. Faultisolationis difficult: Ifa node is faulty on the bus, it mustbe rectified at the point where the node is connected to the network. Nodes must be intelligent: Each node on the network is directly connected to the central bus. This means, some way of deciding, who can use the networkat any given time must be performed in each node.© Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages simultaneously, then the signals of both the nodes collide with each other. Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow down the network. When Bus type network has its backbone extended using repeaters, reconfiguration may be necessary. © Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to communication issues. Repeaters are used to regenerate the signal. StarTopology © Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer bya single path, © The central computer is known as aserver, and the peripheral devices attached to the server are known as clients. © Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers. © Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical star topology. Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation, Advantages of Star topology © Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new stations can be added to the open ports onthe hub: © Limited failure: As each station is connected to the central hub with its own cable, therefore failure in one cable will not affect the entire network. © Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite efficientin a star topology as compared to bus topology. In a bus topology. the manager has to inspect the kilometers of cable. Ina star topology, all the stations are connected to the centralized network. Therefore, the network administrator has to go to the single station to troubleshoot the problem. Network control: Complex network control features can be easily implemented in the star topology. Any changes made in the star topology are automatically accommodated. © Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar technology asits tools are cost-effective. © Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cableHigh data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of approx. 100Mbps. Ethernet 100BaseT is one of the most popular Star topology networks. Disadvantages of Star topology A Central point of failure:If the central hub or switch goes down, then all the connected nodes will not be able to communicate with each other. Long Cable length: As each node is directly connected to the center, it increases the cable length, if new node is far away from central node. Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a significant amount of routing is required. Tree topology Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star topology. A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are connected with each other in hierarchical fashion The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node. There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data transmission. Thus, it forms parent-child hierarchy. Advantages of Tree topology ‘Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology is mainly used to provide broadband transmission, .e., signals are sent over long distances without being attenuated. Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing network, Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily expandable. Easily manageable: In tree topology. the whole networks divided into segments known as star networks which can be easily managed and maintained. Error detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy ina tree topology. Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire network. Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments. Disadvantages of Tree topology© Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the node, then it becomes difficult to troubleshoot the problem. © High cost: Devices required for broadband transmission are very costly. © Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and failure in main bus cable will damage the overall network. Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added, then it becomes difficult to reconfigure. NETWORK PROTOCOL: A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network. Protocols defines standardized formats for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting errors etc. TcP/IP + TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ internet Protocol + Itisa set of standardized rules that uses a client-server model of communication in which a user or machine (a client) requests a service by a server in the network. + ThelP protocol ensures that each computer or node connected to the Internet is assigned anIP address, which is used to identify each node independently. + TCP ensures that the message or datais broken into smaller chunks, called IP packets. Each of these packets are routed (transmitted) through the Internet, along a path from one router to the next, until it reaches the specified destination. TCP guarantees the delivery of packets on the designated IP address. Itis also responsible for ordering the packets so that they are delivered in sequence. FTP © FTP stands for File transfer protocol. It is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files from one host to another. It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet. Itis also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers Objectives of FTP © Itprovides the sharing of files. © Itis used to encourage the use of remote computers. © Ittransfers the data more reliably and efficiently. SMTPPPP SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an electronic mailover the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail addresses. It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or different computers, andit also supports: © Itcan senda single message to one or more recipients. © Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics. © Itcanalso send the messages on networks outside the internet. The main purpose of SMTP is used to set up communication rules between servers. They also have a way of handling the errors such as incorrect email address. For example, ifthe recipient address is wrong, then receiving server reply with an error message of some kind. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is protocol that is used to connect one computer system to another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the Internet. ‘APPP connection exists when two systems physically connect through a telephone line. You can use PPP to connect one system to another. For example, an established PPP connection between abranch office and a central office allows either office to transfer data to the other through the network. POP3 Protocol Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a remote server toa local email client, POP3 allows you to download email messages on your local computer and read them even when you are offline, How is mail transmitted?Telnet © The main task of the internet is to provide services to users, For example, users want to run different application programs at the remote site and transfers a result to the local site. This requires a client-server program such as FTP, SMTP. But this would not allow us tocreatea specific program for each demand © The better solution is to provide a general client-server program that lets the user access any application program ona remote computer. Therefore, a program that allows a user to log on to aremote computer. A popular client-server program Telnet is used to meet such demands. Telnet is an abbreviation for Terminal Network. © Telnet provides a connection to the remote computer in such a way that a local terminal appears to be at the remote side. There are two types of login Local Login © When auser logs into a local computer, then itis knowns local login. Remote login © When the user wants to access an application program on aremote computer, then the user must perform remote login. VoIP: VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It is also referred to as IP telephony, internet telephony, or internet calling. It's an alternative to a public switched telephone network (PSTN).