COMPUTER NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION

We are living in a connected world. Information is being produced, exchanged, and

traced across the globe in real time. It's possible as almost everyone and everything in
the digital world is interconnected through one way or the other.

A group of two or more similar things or people interconnected with each other is
called network. Some of the examples of network in our everyday life includes: •
Social network

• Mobile network
• Network of computers
• Airlines, railway, banks, hospitals networks What is Computer Network?

A Computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers or

computing devices. Such interconnection allows computers to share data and
resources among each other Resources such as files, applications, printers and
software are common information shared in a networking.

The advantage of networking is

• Resource Sharing
• Collaborative Interaction
 • Cost Saving
• Increased storage
• Time Saving
Evolution of Network:

(I)ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)

• It came into existence in 1960s
• A project for interconnecting, US department of defense with academic and research
organization across different places for scientific collaboration.

(II)NSFNET (National Science Foundation Networks)

• It came into existence in 1986
• It was the first large-scale implementation of Internet technologies in a complex environment
of many independently operated networks (III) INTRANET

• It is a local or restricted communication system

• It is managed by a person or organization.
• Intranet users can avail services from internet but Internet user cannot access intranet directly
(III) INTERNET

• It came into existence in 1960s

• It is known as Network of Networks
  A global computer network providing variety of information and
communication facilities consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.

DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES

DATA

Data means information in digital form which is stored processed and exchanged between
digital devices like computer, mobile phones or laptop.
Data can be text, image, audio, video or multimedia files.
Computers stores raw data and process these data into meaningful information. Hence,
we can define Information as processed data.

Raw Data Information

COMMUNICATION

The exchange of information between two or more networked or interconnected

devices is called communication. These devices must be capable of sending
/receiving data over a communication medium.

COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

The five main components of data communication are as follows:

SENDER: Sender is a device which is capable of sending data over a communication
network. In data communication Sender is also called Source.

RECEIVER: Receiver is a device which is capable of receiving data over a communication

network. In data communication Receiver is also called Destination.

MESSAGE: message is the information being exchanged between a sender and a receiver
over a communication network.

COMMUNICATION MEDIUM: Communication medium is the path or channel

through which the information is moved from the sender to the receiver. A
communication medium can be either wired/guided or wireless/unguided .
 PROTOCOLS: The set of standard rules which are followed in data communication
are known as Data Communication Protocols. All the communicating devices like
sender receiver and other connected devices in the network should follow these
protocols.

Why Protocols are needed?

The communicating devices may be in different geographical areas. The speed of
these devices may be different. Also, the data transfer rates of different networks may
be different. These complexities make it necessary to have a common set of rules to
ensure the secure communication of data.
Examples of some commonly used Protocols in data communication are given below:
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

MEASURING CAPACITY OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA

Capacity of a communication channel means the maximum quantity of signals that a
communication channel can carry. The capacity of a communication medium is
measured by its bandwidth and data transfer rate.

BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies a transmission
media can carry.
The unit of bandwidth is Hertz.

DATA TRANSFER RATES

Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted through a channel per unit of time.
Data transfer rate is measured in bits per second (bps). It is also measured in Kilobits
per second (Kbps), Megabits per second (Mbps) or Gigabits per second (Gbps).

IP ADDRESS

IP address or Internet Protocol address is a unique numeric address assigned to every

device connected to a network. It uniquely identifies every node connected to a local
network or internet.
An IP address allows computers to send and receive data over the internet. They can
also be used to track down a user's physical location.There are two versions for IP
address IPV4 and IPV6. IP addresses are binary numbers but are typically expressed
in decimal form (IPv4) or hexadecimal form (IPv6) to make reading and using them
easily.

The commonly used IP address is IPV4. An IPv4 address consists of four numbers,
each of which contains one to three digits, with a single dot (.) separating each set of
digits. Each of the four numbers can range from 0 to 255.

Example IP address: 24.171.248.170

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
In large networks, there may be more than one paths for transmitting data from
sender to receiver. The process of selecting a path of data out of the available paths is
called switching. There are two popular switching techniques – circuit switching and
packet switching.

1. Circuit Switching

In circuit switching, whenever a source end node wants to send a message to the
destination end node a physical link is first established between the source and the
destination. Then only the data transmission takes place. After the complete
transmission of data this physical link is terminated.
Simple example of a circuit switching is telephone network in which a person calls
another person. When the call receiving person receives the call, then only the
connection is established. Then the message is conveyed and finally the connection is
terminated.

Advantages:
1. Since a dedicated communication channel is set up before communicating the
message, the data transmission is reliable and is suitable for long and continuous
communication.
2 Circuit switching uses fixed bandwidth as well as data rates.
3. As the data is communicated continuously, no need of sequencing or re ordering it at
the receiving end.
 Disadvantages:
1. Time required to setup a physical connection between the sender and the receiver makes
delay in communication
2. Since a communication channel is dedicated for a particular transmission, it cannot be
utilized for other communication, even if the channel is free.
3. More expensive since connection has to be established every time before communication.

2. Packet Switching
In the packet switching technique, the whole message is split into small packets.
Now, these packets are transmitted one by one from sender to the receiver through the
intermediary switches in the network. The packets will take shortest path as possible.
Every packet will have a sequence number in order to identify their order at the
receiving end. The packets will also contain information like source address,
intermediate node address, destination address etc.
Advantages:
1. Packet switching is effective type of data transmission technique as it effectively utilizes the
communication channel. Multiple users can share the channel simultaneously utilizing the
bandwidth effectively.
2. It is cost effective and easy to implement compared to circuit switching.
3. As the messages are sent as small sized packets, the data transmission is quick and easy.
Disadvantages:
1. In packet switching the movement of packets may not be in correct order. Hence
it is not suitable for voice communication.
2. Unorganized movement of packets makes it necessary to implement proper
sequencing and reordering techniques.
3. As the packets flow through multiple paths from the source to the destination,
complex security protocols are required to ensure reliable communication.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
● A transmission medium can be anything that can carry signals or data between
the source (transmitter) and destination (receiver). In data communication,
transmission media are the links that carry messages between two or more
communicating devices.
● Transmission can be classified as guided or unguided.
● In guided transmission, there is a physical link made of wire/cable through
which data in terms of signals are propagated between the nodes. These are usually
metallic cable, fiber-optic cable, etc. They are also known as wired media.
 ● In unguided transmission, data travels in air in terms of electromagnetic waves
using an antenna. They are also known as wireless media.

Wired Transmission Media

● Any physical link that can carry data in the form of signals belongs to the category
of wired transmission media.
● Three commonly used guided/wired media for data transmission are, twisted pair,
coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable.
● Twisted-pair and coaxial cable carry the electric signals whereas the optical fiber
cable carries the light signals.

(A) Twisted Pair Cable

• A twisted-pair consists of two copper wires twisted like a DNA helical structure.
• Both the copper wires are insulated with plastic covers.
• Usually, a number of such pairs are combined together and covered with a protective outer
wrapping.

• The use of twisted configuration minimises the effect of electrical interference from similar
pairs close by.
These cables are of two types: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and Shielded twisted-pair
(STP).
 Advantages:
• It is low-cost, low-weight and flexible cables.
• It is easy to install and maintain and requires RJ-45 Connector. Disadvantages:
• Suitable for short distance (up to 100 mt.). For long distance Repeater is required.
• It supports low bandwidth and offers up to 100 Mbps speed.

(B) Coaxial cable

• Coaxial cable has a copper wire at the core of the cable which is surrounded with insulating
material. The insulator is further surrounded with an outer conductor (usually a copper mesh). This
outer conductor is wrapped in a plastic cover.
• The shielded design allows the cable's copper core to transmit data quickly, without
interference of environmental factors.
• These types of cables are used to carry signals of higher frequencies to a longer distance.
• It is better shielded and has more bandwidth than a twisted pair.

Advantages:
• It offers high bandwidth and carry data for a long distance (185-500 m)
• Suitable for Broadband transmission (cable TV) and can be used in shared cable network.
Disadvantages:
• It is less flexible and expensive compared to Twisted Pair cable.
• Not compatible with modern cables like Twisted pair cable.
(C) Optical Fibre
• The optical fiber cable carries data as light, which travels inside a thin fiber of
glass.  Optic fiber uses refraction to direct the light through the media.
• A thin transparent strand of glass at the center is covered with a layer of less
dense glass called cladding. This whole arrangement is covered with an outer jacket
made of PVC or Teflon.
• These cables are of light weight and have higher bandwidth which means higher
data transfer rate.

Advantages:
• It is free from Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI), since no Electrical signal are
carried.
• Offers secure and high speed transmission up to a long distance.
Disadvantages:
• Expensive and quite fragile (breakable).
• They are unidirectional
• Complicated Installation procedure and difficult to join two broken fiber.
• Not suitable for domestic purposes due to high maintenance cost.

Wireless Transmission Media

• In wireless communication technology, information travels in the form of
electromagnetic signals through air.
• Electromagnetic spectrum of frequency ranging from 3 KHz to 900 THz is available
 for wireless communication.
• Wireless technologies allow communication between two or more devices in short to
long distance without requiring any physical media.

There are many types of wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi,
WiMax etc.

The electromagnetic spectrum range (3KHz to 900THz) can be divided into 4

categories ( Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves and Visible or Light waves)
according to their frequency ranges.

Classification of transmission waves and their properties

Transmission Properties
Waves
Radio Waves 1. Waves of frequency range 3 KHz - 1 GHz
2. Omni-directional, these waves can move in all directions
3. Radio waves of frequency 300KHz-30MHz can travel long distance
4. Susceptible to interference
5. Radio waves of frequency 3-300KHz can penetrate walls
6. These waves are used in AM and FM radio, television, cordless phones.
Microwaves 1. Electromagnetic waves of frequency range 1GHz - 300GHz.
2. Unidirectional, can move in only one direction.
3. Cannot penetrate solid objects such as walls, hills or mountains.
4. Needs line-of-sight propagation i.e. both communicating antenna must be
in the direction of each other.
5. Used in point-to-point communication or unicast communication such as
radar and satellite.
6. Provide very large information-carrying capacity.
Infrared waves 1. Electromagnetic waves of frequency range 300GHz - 400THz.
2. Very high frequency waves.
3. Cannot penetrate solid objects such as walls.
4. Used for short-distance point-to-point communication such as mobile-
tomobile, mobile-to-printer, remote-control-to-TV, and Bluetooth-enabled
 devices to other devices like mouse, keyboards etc.
Radiowave transmission

Microwave transmission Infrared transmission

Network Devices
To communicate data through different transmission media and to configure networks
with different functionality, we require different devices like Modem, Hub, Switch,
Repeater, Router, Gateway, etc.

Modem

• Modem stands for ‘MOdulator DEModulator’.

• It refers to a device used for conversion between analog signals and digital bits.  It
is used to transmit data from a sender to a receiver, or while browsing the internet, digital
data are converted to an analog signal and the medium (be it free-space or a physical media)
carries the signal to the receiver.
 • There are modems connected to both the source and destination nodes.
• The modem at the sender’s end acts as a modulator that converts the digital data into
analog signals.
• The modem at the receiver’s end acts as a demodulator that converts the analog
signals into digital data for the destination node to understand.

Ethernet Card

• Ethernet card, also known as Network Interface Card (NIC) is a network adapter used
to set up a wired network. It acts as an interface between computer and the network.
• It is a circuit board mounted on the motherboard of a computer
• The Ethernet cable connects the computer to the network through NIC.
• Ethernet cards can support data transfer between 10 Mbps and 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).
Each NIC has a MAC address, which helps in uniquely identifying the computer on the
network.

RJ45

• RJ 45 or Registered Jack-45 is an eight-pin connector

• It is used exclusively with Ethernet cables for networking.
• It is a standard networking interface that can be seen at the end of all network cables.
• It is a small plastic plug that fits into RJ-45 jacks of the Ethernet cards present in various
computing devices.

Repeater
• A repeater is a device that amplifies a signal being transmitted on the network.
• Data are carried in the form of signals over the cable.
• These signals can travel a specified distance (usually about 100 m).
• Signals lose their strength beyond this limit and become weak.
• In such conditions, the weakened signal appearing on the cable is regenerated and put back
on the cable by a repeater.

Hub

• An Ethernet hub is a network device used to connect different devices through wires. Data
arriving on any of the lines are sent out on all the others. The limitation of Hub is that if data from
two devices come at the same time, they will collide.
Switch

• Like a hub, a network switch is used to connect multiple computers or communicating

devices.
• When data arrives, the switch extracts the destination address from the data packet and looks
it up in a table to see where to send the packet.
• It sends signals to only selected devices instead of sending to all.
• It can forward multiple packets at the same time.
• A switch does not forward the signals which are noisy or corrupted. It drops such signals and
asks the sender to resend it.
• Ethernet switches are common in homes/offices to connect multiple devices thus creating
LANs or to access the Internet.

Router
• A router is a network device that can receive the data, analyses it, decide/alter how it is
packaged and transmit it to other networks.
• A router connects a local area network to the internet.
• For example, data has been divided into packets of a certain size. Suppose these packets are
to be carried over a different type of network which cannot handle bigger packets. In such a case,
the data is to be repackaged as smaller packets and then sent over the network by a router.

• A router can be wired or wireless.

• A wireless router can provide Wi-Fi access to smartphones and other devices.
• Nowadays, home Wi-Fi routers perform the dual task of a router and a modem/ switch.

Gateway
• “Gateway” is a key access point that acts as a “gate” between an organisation's
network and the outside world of the Internet.
• Gateway serves as the entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or
going out of a network must first pass through the gateway in order to use routing
paths.
• If a node from one network wants to communicate with a node of a foreign network,
it will pass the data packet to the gateway, which then routes it to the destination
using the best possible route.
 • For simple Internet connectivity at homes, the gateway is usually the Internet Service
Provider that provides access to the entire Internet.
• Generally, a router is configured to work as a gateway device in computer networks.
• A gateway can be implemented completely in software, hardware, or a combination
of both.
• Since a network gateway is placed at the edge of a network, the firewall is usually
integrated with it.

WiFi card

• A Wi-Fi card connects to your laptop either in your USB port or a wider card slot.
• The Wi-Fi card acts as both a receiver and transmitter.
 It receives the wireless signal and communicates with the wireless network, enabling
you to access the Web with your laptop.

Computer Network Types

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the
computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and
applications.
A computer network can be categorized by their size, complexity and geographical
spread. A computer network is mainly of four types:
 • LAN (Local Area Network)
• PAN (Personal Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network)
• Personal Area Network is a network of information technology devices (laptop,
mobile phones, media player and play stations) arranged within the range of an
individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters / covers an area of 30 feet.
• Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal
Area Network.

LAN (Local Area Network)

• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such
as a building, office through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial
cable, etc to share resources. Shared resources can be data, information,
programs, printers, hard-disks, modem etc. The data is transferred at an extremely
faster rate, and provides higher security
• It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters,
and Ethernet cables.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area that is
spread over an area as big as a city by interconnecting different LAN to form a larger
network through a telephone exchange line.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN,
OC3, ADSL, etc.

Uses of Metropolitan Area Network:

• MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.

• It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
• It can be used in a college within a city.
• It can also be used for communication in the military.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such
as states or countries through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or satellite links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.
Advantages of Wide Area Network:

Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network:

• Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large geographical area.
Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different city then we can connect with
them through WAN. The internet provides a leased line through which we can
connect with another branch.
• Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized. Therefore, we do
not need to buy the emails, files or back up servers.
• Get updated files: Software companies work on the live server. Therefore, the
programmers get the updated files within seconds.
• Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted fast. The web
application like Facebook, WhatsApp, Skype allows you to communicate with
friends.
• Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share the software
and other resources like a hard drive, RAM.
• Global business: We can do the business over the internet globally.
• High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then this gives the
high bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the data transfer rate which in turn
increases the productivity of our company.

Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

• Security issue: A WAN network has many security issues as compared to LAN and
MAN network as all the technologies are combined together that creates the security
problem.
• Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on the internet which
can be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be used. Some
people can inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to protect from such a
virus.
 • High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN network is high as it involves the
purchasing of routers, switches.
• Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so fixing the problem is difficult.

NETWORK PROTOCOL:

A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network. Protocols defines standardized
formats for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting errors etc.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

• It is a set of standardized rules that uses a client-server model of

communication in which a user or machine (a client) requests a service by a server in
the network.  The IP protocol ensures that each computer or node connected to the
Internet is assigned an IP address, which is used to identify each node independently.
• TCP ensures that the message or data is broken into smaller chunks, called IP
packets. Each of these packets are routed (transmitted) through the Internet, along a
path from one router to the next, until it reaches the specified destination. TCP
guarantees the delivery of packets on the designated IP address. It is also responsible
for ordering the packets so that they are delivered in sequence. FTP (File Transfer
Protocol)

• It is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the

files from one host to another. It is mainly used for transferring the web page files
from their creator to the computer that acts as a server for other computers on the
internet. It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.
Objectives of FTP
• It provides the sharing of files.
• It is used to encourage the use of remote computers.
• It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.)

• SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an

electronic mail over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e-
mail addresses.It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or different
computers, and it also supports:
I. It can send a single message to one or more recipients.
II. Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics.
III. It can also send the messages on networks outside the internet.
 The main purpose of SMTP is used to set up communication rules between servers.
They also have a way of handling the errors such as incorrect email address. For
example, if the recipient address is wrong, then receiving server reply with an error
message of some kind.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is protocol that is used to connect one computer system
to another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the
Internet. A PPP connection exists when two systems physically connect through a
telephone line. You can use PPP to connect one system to another. For example, an
established PPP connection between a branch office and a central office allows either
office to transfer data to the other through the network.

POP3 Protocol
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive
emails from a remote server to a local email client. POP3 allows you to download
email messages on your local computer and read them even when you are offline.
How is mail transmitted?

twen
J, and JVM

Telnet

• The main task of the internet is to provide services to users. For example, users
want to run different application programs at the remote site and transfers a result to the
local site. This requires a client-server program such as FTP, SMTP. But this would not
allow us to create a specific program for each demand.
• The better solution is to provide a general client-server program that lets the user
access any application program on a remote computer. Therefore, a program that allows
a user to log on to a remote computer. A popular client-server program Telnet is used to
meet such demands. Telnet is an abbreviation for Terminal Network.
• Telnet provides a connection to the remote computer in such a way that a local
terminal appears to be at the remote side.
There are two types of login:
Local Login- When a user logs into a local computer, then it is known as local login.
Remote logi- When the user wants to access an application program on a remote computer,
then the user must perform remote login.
VoIP :

VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It is also referred to as IP telephony,
internet telephony, or internet calling. It's an alternative to a public switched
telephone network (PSTN).
Introduction to Web Services

Everyone is using internet irrespective of their background & interest. The

types of services available on internet are as diverse as the interest of the people. Web
Services means the services provided by World Wide Web. The World Wide Web
provides services like chatting, emailing, video conferencing, e-learning, e-shopping,
e-reservation, egroups and social networking. These services may mean different
things to different people but in simple words, they are the ways to communicate and
here the communication takes place between two electronic devices.

World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web is an interconnected
system of public webpages accessible through the Internet.
The Web is not the same as the Internet: the Web is one of many applications built on
top of the Internet.It’s invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. Since that time, the Web
has changed the world. It has perhaps become the most powerful communication
medium the world has ever known.
Major components of WWW are,
1. Web Server – It is a computer that stores website resources (web pages, images,
videos, etc.).
2. Web Browser (Client) - A software application used to access the web resources.
3. Webpage - Hypertext documents formatted in Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML)
and displayed in a web browser.
4. Website - A website is a collection of inter-linked web pages that is identified by a
common domain name (website name) and stored on a web server.
5. HTTP Protocol - It governs data (web page) transfer between a server and a client.
6. HTML- A mark-up language used to specify the structure of a webpage.
7. URL- Address used to identify documents and other web resources on the internet.
 Web Architecture
Web is working based on a client-server architecture.

Client: It is a computer capable of requesting, receiving & displaying information in

the form of web pages or using a particular service from the service providers
(Servers). It’s also called as web browsers.
Servers: It is a remote computer which provides/transfers information to the client (in the
form of web pages) or access to particular services.

So, it’s basically the Client requesting web pages and the Server serving it as long as
the requested content is available in the server. i.e. a request-response model.
Difference between Internet and WWW
Internet World Wide Web(WWW)
Internet stands for Interconnected
WWW stands for World wide Web
Networks
Internet is a means of connecting a World Wide Web which is a collection of
computer to any other computer anywhere information which is accessed via the
in the world. Internet.

Internet is infrastructure. WWW is service on

top of that infrastructure.

WWW is more software-oriented as

Internet is primarily hardware-based.
compared to the Internet.
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol. WWW uses HTTP Protocol.

HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language)

• It is not a programming language. It is a mark-up language that tells web browsers

how to structure the web pages you visit.
• HTML is language the helps in creating and designing web content.
• It has a variety of tags and attributes for defining the layout and structure of the web
document.
• It is designed to display the data in formatted manner.
• A HTML document has the extension .htm or .html.
• Hypertext is a text which is linked to another document.

HTML Code As Rendered in the Browser

<html>
<head>
<title>
Welcome to KVS RO Ekm
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Web Services</h1>
<b>Hyper Text Mark-up Language</b>
<br>
<i>Used for creating web pages</i>
</body>
</html>
XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language)

• XML is a mark-up language like HTML.

• It is designed to transport or store data.
• In contrast to HTML, it’s used to transport the data and not for displaying the data.
• Unlike HTML, it does not have predefined tags.
 • It is possible to define new tags in XML.
• It allows the programmer to use customized tags.
• XML is case sensitive.
• A XML document has the extension .xml.

HTML v/s XML

HTML XML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up XML stands for eXtensible Mark-
Language up
Language
HTML is a case insensitive. XML is case sensitive.
Predefined tags (commands). User defined tags (commands).
It is used for presentation of the Data. It is used for transportation of the Data.
Small errors can be ignored. Errors not allowed.
Closing tags are optional. Compulsory to use closing tags.

HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

 HTTP is used to transfer data across the web. HTTP specifies how to transfer hypertext
(linked web documents) between two computers.
 It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web pages.
 When accessing any web page entering http:// in front of the address tells the browser to
communicate over HTTP.
 A Protocol is a set of rules for communication between two computers. HTTP is a
textual, stateless protocol.

 Clients (web browsers) send requests through request object of http to web servers for
web pages, resources etc.
 Web server respond accordingly through response object of http.
 After this cycle (request – response), the connection between client and server across the
 Internet is disconnected.
 A new connection must be made for each request (means for each web page).
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the HTTP.
 It is used for secure communication over a computer network.
 In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security
(TLS).
 HTTPS provides,
1) Encryption: Encrypting the exchanged data to keep it secure from eavesdroppers.
2) Data integrity: Data cannot be modified or corrupted during transfer.
3) Authentication: Proves that your users communicate with the intended website.

Domain Names

 The Internet is a vast ocean where information is available in the form of millions of
websites.
 Each website is stored on a server which is connected to the Internet, which means each
server has an IP address. Every device connected to the Internet has an IP address.
 To access a website, we need to enter its IP address on our web browser.
 But it is very difficult to remember the IP addresses of different websites as they are
in terms of numbers or strings.
 However, it is easier to remember names, and therefore, each computer server
hosting a website or web resource is given a name against its IP address. These
names are called the Domain names or hostnames corresponding to unique IP
addresses assigned to each server.
 For easy understanding, it can be considered as the phonebook where instead of
remembering each person’s phone number, we assign names to their numbers.
For example, IP addresses and domain names of some websites are as follows:
Domain Name IP Address
ncert.nic.in 164.100.60.233
cbse.nic.in 164.100.107.32
kvsangathan.nic.in 164.100.166.91
DNS look-up table
wikipedia.org 198.35.26.96
 The process of converting a hostname
(such as www.google.com) into the corresponding IP address (such as
172.217.14.196) is called domain name resolution.
 Specialized DNS servers are used for domain name resolution (DNS resolution), so
whenever you type some web address (domain name) on the address bar of a web
 browser, it will be translated into an equivalent IP address with the help of one or
more DNS servers including local DNS cache.

URL-Uniform Resource Locator

 Every web page that is displayed on the Internet has a specific address associated
with it, this address is known as the URL.
 Like postal address is required to reach a letter to a person staying anywhere on
earth.
The URL consists of four basic parts, namely, server type, hostname, folder name
and the filename. Each one of these has a specific function.
1) The “server type” indicates the type of Internet server (Protocol) being accessed.
The server type is always followed by “://” and the host name.
2) The host name/domain name is the Internet address of a remote computer on
which the files reside.
3) The folder name indicates the name of the directory in which the files are located.
4) The filename specifies the name of the specific document to be displayed in the
browser. The filename itself consists of two pieces of information, the name of the
file to be displayed and the file extension, which specifies the file type (.htm for
HTML file, .txt for a text file, .bmp for a bitmap image, etc.)

The structure of a URL can be represented as follows:

Server type://hostname/directory/sub-directory/.../filename
directory
A URL is illustrated in below figure.

http://in.reddif.com/news/index.html

protocolA Hostname or
filename
Websites domain name

 A website is a collection of linked web pages (plus their associated resources) that share
a unique domain name.
 Thus, a Web site is a collection of related Web pages.
 Each web page of a given website provides explicit links, most of the time in the form of
clickable portion of text, that allow the user to move from one page of the website to
 another.
 Each Web site is owned and updated by an individual, company, or an organization.
 Web is a dynamically moving and changing entity, today web sites generally change on a
daily or even hourly basis.
 To access a website, type its domain name in your browser address bar, and the browser
will display the website's main web page, or homepage (casually referred as "the home")

Web page
 Web page is an electronic document designed using HTML.
 It displays information in textual or graphical form.
 It may also contain downloadable data files, audio files or video files.
 Traversal from one webpage to another web page is possible through hyperlinks.
Difference between Webpage and Website
A web page is one single page of information, while a website is made up of a number of
related web pages inter-connected by links known as hyperlinks.

Web Browser
• Web browser is software program to navigate the web pages on the internet.
• A bowser interprets the coding language of the web page and displays it in graphic form.
• A web browser allows anyone to access the web without even knowing commands used
in software languages to design a web page.
• Internet works on client -server model.
• A web browser is a client which requests the information from the web server.
• The web server sends the information back to the client.
• The web address of the webpage written on the address bar tells the web browser
which page to access.
• The most popular web browsers are: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet
Explorer, Safari, Opera, Netscape and UC Browser.
What is a cookie?

• A cookie is information stored on your computer by a website you visit.

• Cookies often store your settings for a website, such as your preferred language or
location.
• When you return to the site, browser sends back the cookies that belong to the site.
• This allows the site to present you with information customized to fit your needs.
• Cookies can store a wide range of information, including personally identifiable
information (such as your name, home address, email address, or telephone number).
 • However, this information can only be stored if you provide it - websites cannot gain
access to information you didn't provide to them, and they can't access other files on
your computer.

Web Server
• A web server is a computer or a group of computers hosting one or more websites.
• "Hosting" means that all the web pages and their supporting files are available on that
computer.
• The web server will send any web page from the website it is hosting to any user's
browser, per user request.
• More importantly, since a web server can host multiple websites, the term web server
is never used to designate a website, as it could cause great confusion.
• It works on client/server model.
• It delivers the requested web page to web browser.
• Web servers use special programs such as Apache or IIS to deliver web pages over
the http Protocol

Web Hosting
 Web hosting is the process of uploading/saving the web content on a web server to
make it available on WWW.
 In case an individual or a company wants to make its website available on the
internet, it should be hosted on a web server.
 A good way to think about this is if the domain name is the address of our house,
then web hosting is the actual house that address points to. All websites on the
internet, need web hosting.
 Domain names and web hosting are two different services. However, they work
together to make websites possible. It is possible with the system known as DNS .
 Model Questions

I. Multiple Choice Questions

1.Which one of the following devices will you suggest for connecting all the computers
within each block of a building?

a. Switch/Hub b. Modem
c. Telephone d. Repeateri
2. XYZ company is planning to link its head office situated in New Delhi with the
offices in hilly areas. Suggest a way to connect it economically:

a. Micro waves b. Coaxial cable

c. Fibre optic d. Radio waves
3. Which of the following is/are not communication media?
a. Microwaves b. Optical Fiber cable
c. Node d. Radio waves
4 . The ____________ is over which the messages are sent.
a. Signal b. Channel c. Protocol d. Sender
5. Which of the following is not a unit of data transfer rate?
a. Abps b. Bps c. Kbps d. Gbps
6. The number of bits transmitted per second is called _________.
a. Bit rate b. Baud rate c. Data rate d. Transfer rate
7. The messages sent over a network is divided into small pieces called _________.
a. Units b. Chunks c. Packets d. Bits
8. A _______________ is established in circuit switching before actual communication.
a. Switch b. Link c. Protocol d. Hub
9. The ____________ is the difference between upper and lower frequencies of a
communication medium.

a. Bandwidth b. Data rate c. Latency d. communication speed

10. The unit of Bandwidth is?
a. Khz b. Hz c. Watt d. KW
11. For every device connected to a network, there will be a unique ______________.
a. Name b. ID c. IP Address d. IC
12. Raw data is processed to get ______________.
a. File b. Information c. Communication d. Message
13. Which of the following is/are true regarding packet switching?
1. The packets of data are sent simultaneously through different paths.
2. The free communication channel is utilized properly.
3. Protocols are used for the reliable receipt of data at the receiver end.
4. Sequence numbers are assigned to the data packets.

a. Only 1 b. Both 1 & 4 c. Both 2 & 4 d. All of the above.

14. _______________ is applicable in the case of long voice data communication.
a. Protocols b. Circuit Switching c. Packet Switching d. None of these.
15. Which of the following is/are true in the case of IP address?
1. IP address can be used to trace the actual physical location of a device in the network.
2. A printer connected to a network will also have an IP Address.
3. Two devices can have same IP Address.
4. The IP Address can be formed of any number.
a. Only 1 is true b. Only 1 & 2 are true c. Options 1, 2 and 4 are true. d.
All the options are true.
16. Selecting a communication path among multiple available paths is termed as:
a. Transmission b. Reception c. Switching d. multiplexing
17. The other name for communication medium is:
a. Channel b. Source c. Hub d. Switch

18. Establishing a Communication Terminating

Connection Connection
 The above procedure occurs in the case of _______________.
a. Packet Switching b. Circuit Switching
c. Both a and b d. None of these.
19. What are the three common types of computer networks?
a. ROM, MAN, LAN b. RAM, WAN, LAN
c. MAN, LAN, WAN d. None of the above
20. What is the acronym for LAN?
a. Local Area Network b. Local Access Network
c. Line And Networking d. Line-less Networking
21. Define what a LAN is?
a. Connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a
small geographic area
b. Normally find within a business and school
c. These are computers that share resources over a large area
d. None of the above
22. Mr. John is a small businessman who runs Hardware. He has been experiencing
problems with his small accounting department, which he depends on to provide
sales reports. Mr. John wants to share information between his 7 computer stations
and have one central printing area. What type of network would you recommend to
Mr.

John?
a. MAN b. LAN
c. WAN d. SAN
23. WAN covers a larger geographical area than MAN?
a. True b. False
24. A network that consists of both LANs and MANs is called a Wide area network?
a. True b. False
25. Arrange the Following Types of Networks according to their size, from largest to
smallest?
 a. LAN, WAN, MAN b. WAN, LAN, MAN
c. MAN, LAN, WAN d. WAN, MAN, LAN
26. You are a member of a club that deals with computer networks. The club has to take a project
to build a MAN. Where would this project likely take place?

a. A small building/organization b. University or college

c. Home d. None of the above
27. What is the acronym MAN stand for?
a. Magnetic Access Network b. Metropolitan Area Network
c. Multi-Area Network d.. Multi-Access net
28. In your school there is a library, and you can use the internet to do research, this library will
most likely be a WAN network?

a. True b. False
29. Types of Networks are Categories by their Geographical Area cover?
a. True b. False
30. Metropolitan Area Network Normally Require an Internet connection?
a. True b. False
31. What’s a web browser?
a. A kind of spider
b. A computer that store www files
c. A person who likes to look at websites
d. A software program that allows you to access sites on the World Wide Web 32. A
_____ is a document commonly written and is accessible through the internet or other network
using a browser?

a) Accounts b) Data
c) Web page d) Search engine
33. Which of the following is used to read HTML code and to render Webpage?
a) Web Server b) Web Browser
c) Web Matrix d) Weboni
 34. Which of these tech company owns Firefox web browser?
a) Lenovo b) IBM
c) Apple d) Mozilla
35. Which of the following browsers were/are available for the Macintosh?
a) Opera b) Safari
c) Netscape d) All of these
36. What is the name of the browser developed and released by Google?
a) Chrome b) Googly
c) Heetson d) Titanium

37. Which of the following is a Web Browser?

a) MS-office b) Notepad c) Firefox d) Word 2007
38. Which of the following is not a web browser?
a) Chrome b) Microsoft Edge c) Safari d) Ubuntu
39.URL stands for
(a) Uniform Research Limited (b) Uniform Resource Locator
(c) Uniform Resource Labs (d) Uniform Research Locator
40. LinkedIn is an example for _____________________ website.
(a) E-learning (b) E-commerce
(c) Video conferencing (d) Social networking
41. Which of the following is not a web service?
(a) Distance Learning (b) E-mailing
(c) Video conferencing (d) Social networking
42. Web browsers are also called as _______________
(a) Web Servers (b) Web Clients (c) Web Hosting (d) Web Designing
43. Working of WWW based on ___________________ architecture.
(a) Peer-To-Peer architecture (b) Client-Client architecture
(c) Client-Server architecture (d) Server-Server architecture
44. ________________ is a computer software capable of requesting, receiving & displaying
information in the form of webpages.

(a) Web Servers (b) Web Browsers

(c) Web Designers (d) Web Camera
45. A ____________ is a program or automated script which browses the World Wide Web in a
methodical, automated manner.
(a) Web Servers (b) Web Browsers
(c) Web Designers (d) Web Crawler
46________________ is a mark-up language that helps in developing web pages.
(a) HTTP (b) HTML (c) XML (d) C++
47 ________________ is a language used to transport data over internet.
(a) HTTP (b) HTML (c) XML (d) C++
48.___________ is a set of rules for communication between two computers over a network.

(a) Modem (b) Protocol

(c) Switch (d) IP address
49.In web services, the communication takes place between
(a) Two electronic devices (b) Two human beings
(c) Two spiders (d) None of the above
50.Web services means services provided by ________________________
(a) Microsoft (b) Google
(c) BSNL (d) World Wide Web

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions(1-mark)

1. Give examples for Wired media and Wireless media.
2. Name the device which connects multiple nodes to form a network. It redirects the received
information only to the intended node(s).

3. Identify odd one out of the following:

Optical Fiber/Coaxial Cable/ Bluetooth/Twisted Pair Cable. Give reason for your answer.
4. Ms. Emily is planning to connect 20 computers in her computer lab to form a local area
network. Suggest an intelligent network device to connect all the computers.

5. Which communication channel is/are suitable in each of the following situations?

(i) Transfer of data from one mobile to another.
(ii) Communication in a hilly area.
6. Tagore Consultancy is planning to link its head office at Kolkata with the offices at
Ernakulam. Suggest an economic way to set up a connection between these offices. The company is
ready to compromise on the speed of the connectivity.
7. Mr. Roy, General Manager of Infopark Solutions discovered that the communication between
his company’s main office and HR office is extremely slow and signals drop quite frequently. These
offices are 150 meters away from each other and connected by an Ethernet cable. Suggest him a
device which can be installed between the offices for smooth communication.

8. Name The transmission media best suitable for connecting to hilly areas.
9. How many pair of wires are there in twisted pair cable (Ethernet)?
10. Name a device that forwards data packets along networks.
11. What is the full form of WWW?
12. What is the full form of Internet?
13. Who invented the WWW in 1989?
14. Special software’s that is used to view webpages are ____________
15. ________ are used to store webpages, so whenever a request, it will serve the request.
16.____________ are programs /computers used to store information’s in the form of webpages.

17. Web pages that are linked to each other via __________
18. ____________ protocol is used to transfer web pages over internet.
19. Full form of HTTP?
20._____________ is a massive collection of digital pages to access information over the
Internet

21. Write any 2 differences between HTML & XML?

22.___________ is a real-time communication between two or more users via computer.
23.___________ helps us to learn anywhere using Internet.
24.___________ allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure
 Website. 25. Internet can be used to get reservation of trains and air planes through
_______ service.

26. ___________ helps to create and maintain social relationship over web.
27. Expand the following abbreviations:
a. HTTP
b. XML
c. HTTPS
d. HTML
e. VoIP
28. Name any two common web browsers.
29. Full form of Email is ______________________
30.What out of the following, you will use to have an audio visual chat with an expert
sitting in a faraway place to fix-up technical issues?

(i) E-mail (ii) VoIP (iii) FTP

31. Match the following
Web Services Description
A Video conferencing P Without ever having to go booking office
Self-paced learning modules allow students to
B E-Shopping Q
work at their own speed
Each of the end user has a camera as well as
C E-mail R microphone to capture video and audio in real
time and it will be transmitted over internet
Purchasing products through computers/mobile
D E-reservation S
devices
Messages normally reaches a recipients account
E E-learning T
within seconds

32. Match the following

Web Services Applications
A Video conferencing P IRCTC
B E-Shopping Q Diksha App
C E-mail R GEM
D E-reservation S Gmail
E E-learning T Instagram
F Social Networking U VConSol

III.Short Answer Type (Theory with Answers)

1. Your friend wishes to install a wireless network in his office. Explain him the difference
between guided and unguided media.
Guided media uses cables to connect computers, whereas unguided media uses
waves

2. What are Protocols? Name the protocol used to transfer a file from one device to the
other.
Protocols are set of rules that are followed while transmitting data through a
computer network. Protocols determines how to data can be moved securely from a
source device to a destination device. The protocol used for transferring a file from
one device to another is the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

3. Define communication channel.

A communication channel is the medium through which data is moved from
the source to destination. The communication channel can be either wired or wireless.
Wired communication channel is also called guided medium while wireless
communication channel is also called unguided medium.

4. What do you mean by an IP Address? Give an example for IP Address.

An IP Address is a numerical address that uniquely identifies every device
connected to a network or internet. The user’s physical location can be tracked by
using an IP Address. IP V4 (IP Version 4) is a popular version of IP Address. IP
Address (in IP V4) consists of four set of numbers separated by a dot. These numbers
can range from 0 to 255. An example IP Address format is given below:
192.158.12.38
5. Differentiate between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching.
In Circuit Switching a physical connection between the sender and the receiver
is set up first. Then, through that physical link, the complete message is
communicated continuously. After completion of the transmission, the physical
connection is terminated.
In Packet Switching, the message is split into small units called packets. Then
these packets are passed from source to destination simultaneously through different
routes in the network. As the flow of packets are asynchronous, sequence numbers
are assigned to each packet to facilitate re-ordering of packets at the destination.

6. Define the following: a. Bandwidth b. Data rate

Bandwidth: It is the range of frequencies that can be carried through a communication
channel. The bandwidth of a channel determines its capacity. It is the difference
between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be carried through the channel.
The unit of Bandwidth is Hertz (Hz).
Data transfer rate: It is the amount of data moved through a communication channel
per unit time. The units of Data transfer rate are Bits per second (Bps), Kilobits per
second (Kbps) , Megabits per second (Mbps) or Gigabits per second (Gbps).

7. Explain the components of data communication.

The components of data communication are: Sender, Receiver, Message, Communication
Medium and Protocols.
Sender: The device which sends data through a network is called sender or source.
Receiver: The device which receives data through a network is called receiver or
destination.
Message: The data that is communicated between the source and the destination is called
message.
Communication channel: The medium through which the data is carried from the source to
destination is called a communication medium.
Protocols: The set of rules followed while communicating data over a network are called
Protocols.

8. What are the advantages of Packet switching over Circuit switching.

In Packet Switching the communication channel is utilized completely whenever it is
free. Where as in Circuit Switching, once the connection is assigned for a particular
communication, the entire channel cannot be used for other data transmissions even if
the channel is free.
Data packets moves simultaneously through different paths in a Packet Switched
network, making the transmission quick and easy. But in the case of Circuit Switched
network, there is a delay in setting up a physical connection between the source and
destination before communicating the actual message.
Packet Switching is cost effective compared to Circuit Switching as there is no need
to set up a connection between the communicating parties every time before the
actual communication.
9. Explain why Circuit Switching is not cost effective compared to Packet Switching?
The Circuit Switching is not cost effective like Packet Switching because, in Circuit
Switching, every time there is a need to set up a connection between the sender and
the receiver before communicating the message.

10. Explain how an IP Address become helpful in investigating cyber-crimes.

IP address can be used to trace the physical location of a user connected to a network.
By this many cyber crime can be investigated and traced out efficiently tracking the
exact location from where the cybercrime is carried out.

11. Why Protocols are needed in the case of Data Communication?

The communicating devices may be in different geographical areas. The speed of these
devices may be different. Also, the data transfer rates of different networks may be
different. These complexities make it necessary to have a common set of rules i.e.,
Protocols to ensure the secure communication of data

12. What is the difference between World Wide Web & Internet?
Internet means interconnected networks that spread all over the world (i.e. the
physical infrastructure), while WWW means the information’s (available in the form
of webpages) that can be accessed through internet.

13. What is a protocol, give some examples?

Protocols are set of rules that are followed while transmitting data through a
computer network. Protocols determines how to data can be moved securely from a
source device to a destination device. The protocol used for transferring a file from
one device to another is the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

14. What is the difference between E-mail and chat?

In order to chat, you need to have an account on the same service as the person
you are chatting with. e.g. on the other hand, in case of E-mail, it is not necessary, i.e.
you can have an account from any provider and you can establish your own.

15. What are cookies?

Cookies are files stored temporarily on www browser’s computer, which allow the
www server to store persistent information associated with browsing user on user’s
system.
 16. What is the difference between domain name and IP address?
IP addresses look like this: 192.168.12.134.
Domain names look like this: “www.google.com”
Domain names are easier for us to remember and use, while computers are quite
handy with numbers. Thus, we use DNS (Domain Naming System) to translate
domain names into the IP addresses.
IP address is a unique identifier for a computer or device on internet. A domain name
(website name) is a name that identifies one or more IP addresses (when hosted at
different servers for load balancing).

17. Give one suitable example of each URL and domain name?
URL: https://kvsangathan.nic.in/hq-gyan-kosh
Domain name: kvsangathan.nic.in

18. Differentiate between XML and HTML.

XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is.
HTML was designed to display data and to focus on how data looks.
HTML is about displaying information while XML is about describing information.

19. Distinguish between website and web browser.

Website:- It is a collection of inter-linked web pages stored in a server.
Web Browser:- It is a software application for retrieving, presenting and
traversing through information resources in the form of web pages available
on the World Wide Web.

20. Differentiate between the terms Domain Name and URL in context of web services.
Also write one example of each to illustrate the difference.
Domain Name URL
A domain name or website name URL is a string that represents the complete web
is a human-friendly text form of address of any web page. It’s used to locate a
the IP address. webpage.
It is the part of the URL that is It is the string that represents a complete web
more human friendly. address that contains the domain name.
Example: kvsangathan.nic.in Example: https://kvsangathan.nic.in/contact-us

22.Differentiate between communication using Optical Fiber and Ethernet Cable in context
of wired medium of communication technologies.
Optical Fibre - Very Fast - Expensive - Immune to electromagnetic interference
 Ethernet Cable - - Slower as compared to Optical Fiber - Less Expensive as
compared to Optical Fiber - prone to electromagnetic interference

IV. Previous CBSE Board Questions

1) Ravi was trying to log-in to his internet-banking account. He noticed that the URL of
the net banking starts with 'https'. The 's' in 'https' stands for _______
(i) Simple 0(ii) Smart (iii) Secure (iv) Strength

2) What is mean by the homepage of a website?

3) What is the significance of the URL?

4) Which of the following is not a network protocol? (i) HTML (ii) HTTP (iii)
SMTP (iv) FTP

5) Which of the following internet protocols provides secure data transmission between
server and browser with the help of encryption.
a) HTTP b) HTTPS c) TELNET d) ARPANET

6) Devanand, a student of Class XII, is not able to understand the difference between
web client and web-server. Help him in understanding the same by explaining their
role and giving suitable example of each.

7) Write the full form of Cc and Bcc (used in email communication). Explain the
difference between them.

8) Define Internet and write its two uses in our daily life. How is it different from the
World Wide Web (WWW).

9) Web _________ is a software used to view web pages.

10) In a network, _____________ is a computer that provides data and resources to other
computers.

11) How is a website and a webpage related?

12) Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari are examples for __________________

13) What is the use of a server in a computer network?

14) Among the following service available on the World Wide Web are?
i) Email ii) HTML iii) XML iv) Video conferencing
a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) None of the above
15) HTML and XML are _______________
a) Programming Languages (b) Scripting Languages
(c) Mark-up Languages (d) None of the above
16) XML uses _____________
a) User defined tags (b) Predefined Tags
(c) Both user defined and predefined tags (d) None of the above

17) XML was not designed to ____________________

(a) store the data (b) present the data
(c) carry the data (d) both a & c
18) Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face to face
communication between the people in the Regional Office Ernakulum and Delhi
Headquarter?
(a) Cable TV (b) Email
(c) Text chat (d) Video Conferencing
19) What kind of data gets stored in cookies and how is it useful?

20) What do the following top level domains signify?

(a) .com
(b) .org

21) “With XML you invent your own tags”, Explain this statement with the help of
example.
22) Define Domain Name Resolution?

23) ____________ tags are case sensitive and _____________ tags are not case
sensitive.
(a) HTML, XML (b) HTTP, XML
(c) XML, HTTP (d) XML,HTML

24) Which of the following is not a web browser ?

(a) Google Chrome (b) Internet Explorer (c) Mozilla Firefox (d) Photoshop
25) Which protocol helps us to browse through web pages using internet browsers?

26) Name any one internet browser.

27) XML stands for

(A)Xtra Markup Language
(B) Extensible Markup Language
(C) Extensible Marking Language
(D)Extensive Marked Language
28) We can upload a file to a web server using a protocol called __________.
(A) FPT (B) IP (C) TCP
(D) FTP
29) _____________ delivers the requested web page to web browser.

30) . MyPace University is setting up its academic blocks at Naya Raipur and is
planning to set up a network. The University has 3 academic blocks and one
Human Resource Center as shown in the diagram below: Study the following
structure and answer questions (a) to (e)

Center to Center distances between various blocks/center is as follows:

Law Block to business Block 40m
Law block to Technology Block 80m
Law Block to HR center 105m
Business Block to technology Block 30m
Business Block to HR Center 35m
Technology block to HR center 15m

Number of computers in each of the blocks/Center is as follows:

Law Block 15
Technology Block 40
HR center 115
Business Block 25
a) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., Block/Center) to install the server of this University
with a suitable reason.
b) Suggest an ideal layout for connecting these blocks/centers for a wired connectivity.
c) Which device will you suggest to be placed/installed in each of these
blocks/centers to efficiently connect all the computers within these blocks/centers?
d) Suggest the placement of a Repeater in the network with justification.
e) The university is planning to connect its admission office in Delhi, which is more than
1250km from university. Which type of network out of LAN, MAN, or WAN will be formed?
Justify your answer.

Test Your Self : PART I

1 Write any 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of Bus topology.

2. What happens to the Network with Star topology if the following happens:
(i) One of the computers on the network fails?
(ii) The central hub or switch to which all computers are connected, fails?

3. Two doctors have connected their mobile phones to transfer a picture file of a
person suffering from a skin disease. What type of network is formed?

4. SunRise Pvt. Ltd. is setting up the network in the Ahmadabad. There are four
departments named as MrktDept, FunDept, LegalDept, SalesDept.

Distance between various buildings is given as follows:

MrktDept to FunDept 80 m
MrktDept to LegalDept 180 m
MrktDept to SalesDept 100 m
LegalDept to SalesDept 150 m
LegalDept to FunDept 100 m
FunDept to SalesDept 50 m

Number of Computers in the buildings

MrktDept 20
LegalDept 10
FunDept 8
SalesDept 42

i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the Departments and specify

topology. ii) Suggest the most suitable building to place the server with a
suitable reason.
iii) Suggest the placement of i) modem ii) Hub /Switch in the network.
iv) The organization is planning to link its sale counter situated in various part of
the same city/ which type of network out of LAN, WAN, MAN will be formed?
Justify.

5. Name the protocol Used to transfer voice using packet switched network.
6. What is HTTP?
7. Write the purpose of the following devices:
(i). Network Interface Card
(ii). Repeater

Test Your Self : PART II

1. The ‘Grand Plaza ’ Mall has a computer network. The network is in one building.
Name this type of network( out of LAN/MAN/WAN).

2. Identify the type of topology on the basis of the following:

a. Since every node is directly connected to the server, a large amount of cable is needed
which increases the installation cost of the network.
b. It has a single common data path connecting all the nodes

3. The following is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal values, each
representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal points.
192.158.1.38

What is it? What is its importance?

4. Dinsey has to share the data among various computers of his two offices branches situated in
the same city. Name the network (out of LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN) which is being formed in
this process.

5. . Global Pvt. Ltd. is setting up the network in the Bangalore . There are four departments

Distances between various buildings are as follows:

Accounts to Research Lab 55 m
Accounts to Store 150 m
Store to Packaging Unit 160 m
Packaging Unit to Research Lab 60 m
Accounts to Packaging Unit 125 m
Store to Research Lab 180 m

Number of Computers
Accounts 25
Research Lab 100
Store 15
Packaging Unit 60

i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the buildings.

 ii) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. buildings) to house the server of this
organization.
iii)Suggest the placement of the following device with justification:
a) Repeater b) Hub/Switch

6. Write one example each of URL and IP address.

ANSWER KEY
I. Multiple Choice Questions(MCQ)

1. a 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a

6. a 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. b

11. c 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. c

16. c 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. a

21. a 22. b 23. a 24. a 25. d

26. d 27. b 28. a 29. a 30. a

31. d 32. c 33. b 34. d 35. b

36. a 37. c 38. d 39. b 40. d

41. a 42. b 43. c 44. b 45. d

46. b 47. c 48. b 49. a 50. d

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions(1-mark)

1. Wired media: Optical Fiber cable
Wireless media: Microwaves, Radio waves
2. Switch
3. Odd one: Bluetooth(Reason: Bluetooth is a wireless/unguided communication media while
others are wired/guided communication media)

4. Switch
5. (i) Bluetooth (ii). Radio waves
6. Satellite
7. Repeater
8. Microwave / Radio wave
9. Two insulated copper wires
10. Router
11. World Wide Web
12. Interconnected Networks
13. Tim Berners-Lee
14. Web browsers
15. Web servers
16. Web servers
17. hyperlinks
18. HTTP- HyperText Transfer Protocol
19. HyperText Transfer Protocol
20. World Wide Web(WWW) or Web
21. Refer comparison table
22. Chat
23. E-learning
24. Internet banking
25. E-reservation
26. Social networking websites
 27.
a. HTTP- HyperText Transfer Protocol
b. XML – eXtensible Mark-up Language
c. HTTPS - HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
d. HTML - HyperText Mark-up Language
e. VoIP-Voice over Internet Protocol
28. Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox
29. Electronic mail
30. Ii.VoIP
31.

A Video conferencing P Each of the end user has a camera as well as

microphone to capture video and audio in real time
and it will be transmitted over internet
B E-Shopping Q Purchasing products through
computers/mobile devices
C E-mail R Messages normally reaches a recipients account within
seconds
D E-reservation S Without ever having to go booking office
E E-learning T Self-paced learning modules allow students to work at
their own speed
32.
Web Services Applications
A Video conferencing P VConSol
B E-Shopping Q GEM
C E-mail R Gmail
D E-reservation S IRCTC
E E-learning T Diksha App
F Social Networking U Instagram

IV.Previous CBSE Board Questions - Answers

1. (iii) Secure
2. The default (first) page of a website is called a Homepage.
3. URL specifies unique address of each document on the internet.
4. (i) HTML
Internet Protocols for communication over the Internet, the communicating devices must
follow certain rules. These rules are called Internet protocols.

For email communication, we use SMTP and POP.

For communication between browser and server HTTP and HTTPS protocols are used.
We can use TELNET to access services available on a remote computer.
5. b) HTTPS
6. Web-Client: An application that requests for services from a webserver. Example: Web
Browsers, Chatting Applications

Web-Server: Web-server is a software (or any dedicated computer running this software)
that serves the request made by web-clients. Example: Apache Server.

7. Cc : Carbon Copy: every recipient can check who else has received the mail.
Bcc : Blind Carbon Copy: no recipient can check who else has received the mail.
8. The Internet is a worldwide network that links many smaller computer-networks.
Uses of the Internet 1. E-learning 2. E-
commerce The difference between the internet
and www:

Internet means interconnected networks that spread all over the world (i.e. the
physical infrastructure), while WWW means the information’s (available in the form
of webpages) that can be accessed through internet.

9. Web Browser
10. Server
11. A website is a collection of interlinked webpages.
12. Web Browsers
13. Role of server is to serve various clients (sharing data or resources among multiple clients)

14. (b) (i) and (iv)

15. (c) Mark-up Languages
16. (a) User defined tags
17. (b) present the data
18. (d) Video Conferencing
19. Cookies can store a wide range of information, including personally identifiable information
(such as your name, home address, email address, or telephone number). Cookies often store your
settings for a website, such as your preferred language or location. When you return to the site,
browser sends back the cookies that belong to the site. This allows the site to present you with
information customized to fit your needs. 20. (a) .com - commercial

(b) .org - organization

21. XML tags are created by the user as there are no standard tags.
Ex : <name>Nayana<name>
22. The process of converting domain names (website names) into corresponding IP address with
the help of DNS servers is called domain name resolution.

23. (d) XML,HTML

24. (d) Photoshop
25. HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
26. Google Chrome or any other valid browser name
27. (B) Extensible Markup Language
28. (D) FTP
29. Web Server
30 a. Most suitable place to install the server is HR center, as this center has maximum
number of computers.
b.

c. Switch
 d. Repeater may be placed when the distance between 2 buildings is more than 70 meter.
e. WAN, as the given distance is more than the range of LAN and MAN.

Test Yourself: PART I

1. Advantage: Since there is a single common data path connecting all the nodes, the bus
topology uses a very short cable length which considerably reduces the installation cost.
Disadvantage: Fault detection and isolation is difficult. This is because control of the
network is not centralized in any particular node. If a node is faulty on the bus,
detection of fault may have to be performed at many points on the network. The
faulty node has then to be rectified at that connection point.

2. (i). failure in one cable will not affect the entire network
(ii). If the central hub or switch goes down, then all the connected nodes will not be
able to communicate with each other.

3. PAN

4. i. Star Topology should be used.

ii) As per 80 – 20 rule, SalesDept because it has maximum no. of computers.

iii)Each building should have hub/switch and Modem in case Internet connection is
required.
iv)MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

5. VoIP

6. HTTP is a protocol that is used for transferring hypertext(i.e. text, graphic, image,
sound, video, etc,) between 2 computers and is particularly used on the World Wide
Web
(WWW)
7.
(i) Network Interface Card (NIC) is a network adapter used to set up a wired
network. It acts as an interface between computer and the network.
(ii) A repeater is a device that amplifies a signal being transmitted on the network.

Test Yourself: PART II

1. LAN
2.
a. Star Topology
b. Bus Topology
3. It is an IP Address. It is used to identify the computers on a
network 4. MAN

5. (i)

(ii)The most suitable place/ building to house the server of this organization would
be building Research Lab, as this building contains the maximum number of
computers (iii). a)Repeater : distance between Store to Research Lab is quite large,
so a repeater would ideally be placed.

b)Hub/Switch : Each would be needed in all the buildings to interconnect the group of
cables from the different computers in each building.
6. IP address 192.168.1.1
URL : https://www.apple.com/