What we covured in Electronics - 4 D> Abstrack — From —Semi-Condu chan — Physics > Diodes > b63T and bgt D> mos Device — Physics D Single stage MOS Amplifiog ¥ Common Source Stage + CS Stage with diode ¥ Source Follower * Common Wake Stage Amplify with swogtve food Gnnectd fea , Sure degeneration abso What We will study Hue '- > Operationl Amplifion Basics > Advanced — Cincwit Topodagies X Cascode Stuuctute # Current = Miss 034 + Giffountial rut > Speed Limitatiory + fiequency PD Feedback Cincwits HB PONEUnit-41 $ Opexational Amplifier Gasics D> Was inverded fo povfenm — mathe mabical operations (stevibeally Aitewnkal — equation) — eayily Gare —Aintlone in shy exrenien es variouy fuer mailed in differen hol equation. To simulale thue emahed envationgh fei soy aed. TE salve avithmalic and sritus calady operon owelicn towed 0) optralional Arrvliien DH we can visualize a Comeler drannitox ciew't a Cr Amy thin analy) becomy — €aiow 44 OP-Amp Basics '- our = (Wig Vig ) Ao hoe Ag is oFen teor out fsa = Id Ving = Sto vp yes ma Vous = AN, Ving = aie Tah ahy it 1) called Now inverting terminal 15 Vig =@ ard Ving = Some value thn, Vow = Tove tin us nyo f Irving lenrinal J faroredens oF OP-PImP = Gata ope) Wel 0p Ane vad 9 loo ain(e) eo 100,000 Se-too Inpul Imp. Sound oa Sever Oulpul Tmpednce — 9 < toon Sever Ka Seed (Banduith) 4:5) ny Seoral Uily our dissipalion 0 Go mbt stom Gxt o <$1 oS fue 0) if Or- Amp deat then Yo ae yy AS trom Basie of 0p fine (in = Vin) My = Vou Ard Vx = Re Vow Tk, oe assure thal cared ined ke ep-Ang terminal = 0, Breau ef very yh Av= 1+ &, PA Non Snvorbing —Mmliln {= Fynh | erty 9 green a Mena tog Vous Toeuk Moidline of Of- fer = rain depends only B aghig. Stree a tune chong 2 tly Ri munky ned % Av rt he Yhen abo mee iets Z| tency fave almet see Muchos on a Mi Find bain of bavin holagy ! taivin ve ne OE se wey wrt Tet Op- fine “ne 7 Voed > porilive tominal Fdboee TT 2 with Vow after MS: Bul in aclu ily nuotive fiedbocg because me inves Yat | ey tanman ante sage GF whch nah = Med and cuir = Vie ; feaune of Teal = Ame 2) Fe bach Thon Vu = Vin Virkwh — goundSide note wt Ly A Tovotting —Amplifioe |- alt Fi See Basie oF Op - Amp Lt nay aia a Se tara D Gu Hi, indejraten — doxs a woh in lat bene of offil. on =) Vm = tVew = all. & “ pltonriator &. ied Sra it Mig = ge a tt Sa Wt 2 Be (tah Pow Vout fod Vo qs Vin z ~ ene ‘Y 2 vm z = GS 7 i magnitude and plo (fey. Rapere) of Tabyrabr 2 diHoren halon Wy > vow. * le +e + ruhi) Ef) 1s a L Via PRR, Co) \ 8 magn of _| Mk feveoer yy imply acibe fave req ueaey CO ffevadiakn serbhy, Frquircy, 30 wwe taney Skye ail Fete kadar To mest ey fe A Fe Ayn Ff poz oe ~ ae)” ce at Tategraton high i reached feplicalan WE We Tateyraben tt Non- linea Fanckon unit Op- Amp Toverhny Con figurabain eos: hes > 4) Sims wlther _& Precision Rech Nee Yoon 2 Foamy > ; ghee Ras =) Pole vol ak outer aA % potas al ay z << Bub supe oe want de eck 0 Signal hth hove Arplikife Felom —Foemv and dindy will orvew Te fo very hugh” Siluikon 50 Te Vin Stuclwry im Op Arp Such NOs < offi voltae Surely ell 4, 8 shewdd be portelly thd) bd due a 4 ‘Sere ronuctochuniny deleds its net Me Cow so Ihave ty ollie. > Vos is random in 50 DR tin te placed in seriy with ther inact Ab Effect of Offset on’ Amplifion -- g “At pe ee ) Wid'= (vine is)(1* Vin % 2) (18 Sepor-pesion) 8) Effect of offset on Integra i= Alig Mme Meason Thal nlyvora rl cot worked in Jat. werent — diebl Vin =0, Vos a sf JOD a So etm D> Vow = Vast Vs ¢ ReBS if we choose R= R, How abo inleyraden sakura Hed — conedled , aouring then Bom Tp fleck Tay D> Vos is inkegraled fy Capacitor and with Hime dr sorely volase of op- Art. 50 Vin & Sahel) bp ti te inkegraten fails aa va oH : _“ : 1s, > Ta, ba Wy wil be mt drable Solution To fix the Cincuit for 0 remit duuble Vip and Muaut Ty tm pill diklomee Gn sahule oF Aer Heck ob Vo uo , Heo: be tig a dees dan Min paral with Cy will be Jiliabh — seludion apres Pebity What we expel Geyuency oF Speed Lierilyhuns' jun ® Vu = /4+@,) y ‘05. AL steady shale 4, C> orn prelos te Mou 2 Gurret Yos te hy Saher - enpede hon (2 Banhsidd) Bo ow madd of es Baby 2 l-—+F- 6 of- Are His)= fo iy Han Aru Cy. Vin (Ras #4) R true only gh tour t i" Freyuencin. cea wt head ewe FIA over trod fore hs « Teal = integrate Torsten fincbion 2 4 fuga = fe Sa = fe So To te good integrals , the” er cincest yeep uisres Ho 1 z ImGsly>4 > & Sulbicieally high Fuequyncio , ts & 0 Fo alk devivationy — Tory Non=invordiy Anpdetion Herlte Po be be. good. indesrabsh iy theck 9 i reads (= L that we Win yt Te moment wt Sie Vin, oodruh #) Tnewt Big Cuscrends 7 Slew rate eae fy « BJT tyre Op-Are have ae Sime Bias current Gecasse in Tg to in OT EXC Ox, . Bw = the effect of Bios In joy Curerc Integrator Toga _Biey_Guowrts = an ust date Vin.bY peel ; el v _ . ¥ Bd in atte. a gan 4 “ Fadl st onder f uation 40, Ning 7 Ying ? Ying Bid if Vin is very High shin Me ft ane, sot ible and Sling Sneha at irorove Have $0 rusimam allowed rale of danse Hiri bedions Stews sale i) Bosicalty is “a! sae =) Wy ve ant den very tab _ Here not howe FEY NTaOL tnt fe tle Min fot dang in ental Vin = OPR=0> Fint deh iy Kee al node i2 ? tay Moutsf : = Unit ; 2 Advanced Cincuit ‘Topo legis sit Fed = (144 Moy) oy + Hey . Fi My, Sem, Hog 77 4 +4 Totucduction '- Montel wonky a current source in 2 Salura lion —seyian, — DC Fo channch ery F Seti medulakon i ool tevfeed curren — Sowree and tb Guy hal i magically iby dW, deuthed tub Ty same, why thee "> amsoceated output Hrrsbance Hy ~ aera a sine Dy Teal —Garvent source Internal suivhance 2 ij ela PH worty — a —Tnteunall seyintance hut TE samchoun We fd tn, = incnea iy cura gun's Fam ce (weX ay internal Haislonce) ' doy then own current — source wilh ge baler a Source wilh nee i wed fim Has pete Gi fad. Rao in Way opodegy + 4 ee ous ts a as polor Cascode Curent Sowce = SI the save dew Gea Rout = (2+ 44) Rs + Ho vn degeneration stage 4 mvdlene op hecoen rend S000 My Raut = (14 gmtiy) (@-tthe) 0% cerns ara Tn Caneode conection we bavically “BY 4 (H+ doy) (Rete) ful 0 Ty? 2) dup accom Ref bn Le a BIT in place of Re fe Te device may be tw of Saluralion , 80 we ned a n 4 devite tn place HR tahich doy not follow ohm’s 4 ; , : & ? H lo Hoe pe ide WE introduce 67’, ox Masters in hy i L fe, Ret (44 9y%y) (ep ny) +My plow 6f Ry, And Hoe devices ane called Cascede Cowrent ae r= phy Source 4 M05 and Birelan type loxedes Hk Caycode Current Sounce | — Canest nud Jo be same in rE i avn Hey = Hog 5 Bin. Henkin arab deme butor current Sowtee A sahara MK a "4 Yeyfln slain Hn ow Gcutec? an a om ne 1 3 7 D Sime Vig = 8 50) Fe 2 (496g ) He 24 Hy foul = re Since (0s: Gm < BIT i {(treveaiy) +H Fal Hoy 7% Hog titty, So TH bale Gurvod seore will depend Hay devie ellos gut Sle waybonte in SahveabenTt — new whak we oe (Higher vlogs N= Eyee Currend Source Ne type Cureen sounees Upp (Hight el tn) studied — ae node Caring a0) Petre Current Sune [@ dis we ae pebyte Hei] Te Rod = Mn fe Tx ‘a a Aad = Suite Ty Forming of p-bpe Gascodes Von ue we hove Je degencale ann © 4 uM so Renken > “ > j wil Gene Here -I £ A Vey zo > dane os calewlad ia men = “tn (vm) 7 0 0, a 4 byencealized Concert oF —Transconduclance HE MOS Cuncode _Amplifien_‘- fa) Von Ui) Galalalen of bun 0f Gneuit = yh dm at Nout Hal > fut we runt new that — clk ras Mt vane) = tout [-— Vout in Satunalien — Aegion. Via v Si >for In eoledolion , mae Are Shenk ‘cinaut i, my anal fl i te vin i ssn a ne shi ; fou bale canenit we va | Grat ican its) shes Vier on op Ae shewt 20%, abe ye ida (um SAW Gy owweed fen BYU BROS Teves Shedd aod = intiral — Taratanduthanc wee 5 st Velloy Wain Caleulaticn new Strle How seme omeut of and fy =~ biol) Thevieinowncd peat Calculation of Rout she geo te Jeg hgh abs Vv mou Tout Now all Me inderendend very lax. 307 vallose gown cls) ave shorted. JmVin = Tout Ac shont and current souney ane of en, Pod 2 Tie Eby = bin al tal fs ff se event gy tits be fared #0 fr bin qi 2 Aleaohn * Ts car type covadt sown ow hich Roe abel in é caledided 5 Pan}, Bp Mme cure 9 hie 28 so eG" Rae = (24 Gogh) He * HoH he ahaa SL's, bam = IoVin = Gm - 5 Mo = Ay =~ benRout " Mie i i ve he vin pNigiooy Beate Siew Oe leis a at 5 lok hb exe tt, ates). oN Terleml ra visten fh in innd ge it tin Same aonb I See huSurree we use A Restrdence Mave then Ire wee fh Shak haere All awe td in Saluro tien Jnyion Von ebm of Gaal SKY same Ay = Ory toe rete 11 tog % but : we a Bout = Reseags WA : % Gy beau —whily ealtalotiny Rout, % and Cayok NOS Stuure will Vin Sa Gee in port. a cr a a ex meme dou became forall Meow (vain bedaced. Sump ut un Gree Arelihye with Carodr lead Hn 30/0 wih — cin mote ih Vg Ay = fm, [: Resets Reverse} Rocaate = (184% Je, + Now Suppye CEN type mS in lace of yo 5 Hoe 5 5 he ts ¢ “5 Reaseds = (1904 1) ag 5 3 pele | county rot ill iy have sete txeranisn hb in dg 7 if fave To 05, Hintenogh = © firste valut so Jefe care of Mat ue hove givin Tnrud Siral Fo oneded galt Hor cudnt —Muislance at Bern “touminal. hi hal fobirg seal signah ed toy ha Tedd wl about Aye are Mee tity tea =v in dn =f A, Thy 5 Hioied in sahurotin suirn se Bovically ory Los Ca ae ine Per eee ocel Siynah edly fax Overall — bam ealeubian d Ve. © HK will Hedy, — U0. Fearn New — Sikealion 1) eBe =~ Moe lee ot wand Curcind source i" se Pe tN Car reed F sede sew ai be bab Hee ‘Assuminy choad any malin in my ° be My e ae et tan ye Petree 10 in Seluredicn. nd of we use Vins voltae of Mest ¥ flomgd pores thn twill gh AYER rent gain Vin 8 pelyiny KLVin = Vis + Tout fgg 2 IyVig = Tout 2) Vin = Tout 4 Tout Pog am 1 =) Vin= Tor [1 + My, =) Tue a y [a] 2 Fe aoe, any 2 A toy eam a 1 Gino, © The vellege germ fre — sale of He cancnde device owlnd iy very bow’? # M05 Cascode Amplifier with p-tyre Tard - Veo Leeretninattinn - Yat mn, Aw =~ din, Row % wher Rout = (14 Sing Hoy ) toy + M, 0 ay Cort) oul Hal ut an we OT petite Guede How # Curent Sounces - We eed curcerd — sourey hose ate nthe Hive from wollog — acvoy ft and also can 80 provide — Same current in vast temperature — anges Problem ia Mag Cureent — Souney, 2 Jo = ZtnGr (4-Ve) Tssuo! (yay is demecvadun degendenl (Vem iy teerabure depen dind GM iy gemeaded wing usher bia ard Mal is abe lemecraline dep cadet Woldea# — Careent Soure Using — Conde neal (Bayerd My cours) we rmofe gered seunce Phat provides Tuteunee Cored Such ak i carpdd in vas Han se of of wallaye cere and Lemecrabo varia lon > Sarre use need many Gaerend rune then HT mw oe ‘seroroke—broldenGevend Source —ewenryeokore thn iL wid be very costly ge we need Gteut whith can cor turcerd ard thye ane called — Cuynenl — Minn Gincuit of Cunent —Mipsion Cismuit | = if my som (Vovm) , # o And T= Santen ¥- vn) ts. ri a 2) Dirde Connected device Supplied by Current Source {= v my in Salura Hem. This Curent — Fonciliy ay mos in Sakvabon Mm 1-0; mes in Cabell ALT= 08; 0S in Sabuabin ins andy v ‘ 1 Ve aT VFetoxr +My c (8) Coreen — ives uc ™. Suerae Vth of Both mos i a ~ on M88 Sam 411% i Ri a , % Mos 2 Tous tate (2) tv] Thu = roster-22 we alway choose ty by 5 . Te = (tye : folan Cureent Mirrons : Vi and wow ow dyign Lt % (%) focarcten 4 He 1 baal ‘belay Gri wen, Ty 2 Ine fom ggts how some Nhe Tour = Ma Tue Wt Beth 6175 axe. Blond yt four A Cincwit includy strc lle wer Bond at toon wean pe and hae 0 Hefowence current of Se rode 2 4 Tn mos Careenl —mmisvrany —nabe Garren = 0 Voy - Mof < swe Alhue bul hore Bore sequisy @ LHe — cursor ia hase is Bo Wut = Tey t Tay Toy Tou = Jeena & Ad Both By By ave Same Tidewnah consent 200 WH Same B S a ze M) 4, Jey = Bly > Oe LH bok ate robbed cS , f Tags dn Ty Ts, Ja > ph > ble “fw? AML rmsrery ome idenkeal Find Tout ; _ # = . = Tat? Jae Since all (ut) Ome eqeel Jey = Ty a en : é 2 Aree Trg = 0194276 a Yh Toa = Tit Pee a sue # 19(059) bc aes . Tap = ex (642) And Tez beeing hd 41 Propo" Seobng = Always choose the same L, only seale U. ao eo Gown Wines lanmen Sune stage Myson @ had curend source ah Bye s — Jo io du ue hae selonnce Gareak Source teak b foouh Uy pty pe Current minnonte Dae os, camink mings. gat > Troe iy aothiy special in Pete a we petype dicde anced devia and pd Tue ok OPN le rhoee. eeme Tous 24 - ee epee 4 aB 5 temnan Sousce Stage 5 ueHour do un generak dilforntal Signads: nw w 4 bud aie i val shed nok obi yi Ne. ifFenential Fain = » a 5 Yoo he i : Ve Vn, > 4 Fin ion ° % al Iss aie me BT UMlonnbal fain TF Prctleo of Noise Coupling °~ Thon is ddrcicity in Ta Indin ik have frequency of SOME Heal woydd example fy understand this cu Jk wy He Clectroaudogeren (Cet) Srsten Z > ax bedy how 6 signah ven dor Bet / =, eonelude 42 an ey wn have toh tat ond owrrls fy fon hyvthvr Proconing Anslibred snlen-} “ 2 talinet 9 hombal tion ras 9islnatiat Pring Or a a att ne 3 At Review of CE Stages Me wh aah. te ee Vo = Ap x (dillenon of sinah) while Mow noise nok have foie 4 Cimsnaled Gince — Bolh Signed Me Yorn = (4M yoy fe > ce th wey te probe pun need dillorentiak — feelin 4 Diffesentiol Signals ‘- (©) thy wor brawl and smote amounts, (H) Thy hove the some average (de) vole Vern, Lininald) foals of Bi-polar Di “Sent fare of be BIT aod cently a 96 Aiseal and alte bity beth tarvtlony in fedive — Hagions ~ Intuitive (i) Cox I [the rn melded) trorth! fox tent Sime Yoey = Vey oo Ig = Ty Te Ye ond by KEL Tyee > Tee op 4 Mow Fey Fey = FEE (due Ie Semmens Obyenve lion fof Arplitude ake to-teak fotblude voltox deer acre Re = Tee Re Observe tron WE Me Teh Dp a etn, ce, Me Fee Vy vay" WF Va - Fee Re ELam Bioiny BITS Bar al diffownt volley: i Vie = Weav 7 Mec fe Yoo Maing ues Ural & 3 ys in five ye py Nog = oxy (te pedi) Fe agen Wm agin) = 1-8 vett Moo Veg = We 80 Tk iy cuteath. Het Teg =? Ty = Tee Te Bi way Vet Ye - Ree We Vee Serve Ving W809 biand. ad Kier village — Han Fey #2 % Vm = Vee Vy = Me- Re Jer te — follwing Va- My = Fi D> Mlting Vay th analysis we can observe ~ Win) ape be Ving Baxd on [5 My», Ning Vi > Plotting Now wilh cat to Ng Ving Ree Tee Non- Lin eave Choro clon shy ~PeTee Boxd on wikk find exact New we Vm-Vy ov a fanchion of Ving “Ying 2 (Articole — fr fonge , serall bor ~ be tause He Mee Nole: > beth ave — Vor, = Vr tol 4/1) S, . Ving ~ Vio, = Win) > ty Ke at Ale Ty 1%, = Tee > ct +n, Jer > I, = Te / Sinilonty Te ey Mnf, Teg Tee DF etm ing/ vy intuitive study S- Vin Ving qualion FH Tey , Tey, Va, 0d aye whined exact) mated Torviskn 7B vay high oo 2Te Mp Ving Vin, Vee, Mi . . = Naty ~ Voc, We fosw fo Trarvsbon Te ee a epee ie vr &(*¢/x,) Tie hye Voc, = Vs tn (24) Te fe BMA \ 45 sameNhe Yee Vee Tyke = Me = a Red one > bban— Anbiend emperadunt deers Gnsidvrobdy. We KE ow WY 4 Spe WSR values WF Ve “Fe = % ke SLY Same SO Ny Vy = Woe - RT _ rer) Prete] = -Re Tee took [on - =) (on ee avr Th lan hypusitelic — undlion iy aif Ta Hay hancgy Canvey akeres a ym linen loohas RI Purrie one > Wan tie fe om Tee dade) A Summany of Dillorntial Fain Fyoportios ‘- 4) 1 Wing Ming] is lange, OL of te bast concent is “Stand” one side, Aso cabled" Curvent - steessing” Cincuils, ling and vellyy do not chonge a iepha 3) Wing - Ving] << 2Vr ond Nem,in goa up and cree the curred GEREN REE Bye fae mayen, ed ain (ow) Ta Mis Megion curve 5 alrwst Lineyy — 2¥T fan this Comcedt Amplify © oa SNe =~ ReTee (cms ® 3} Jd Ving, Vin ome put Min diffombal signals and tay Vin ge Ul by OV an’, Ving oP dwn by av. = =) dubnt = Gaye P Th shape ton Small signa & The crock use on a YY 8 <= Fhe if av iy vor ns wary = | -ReTeg) 20 " Re Teg | 2p fy my the 71 Men if Gn anti Viy- iy My : . Reta’ ey IT (A with BIT is Biod In? 2h 2 % ay VrSmall Signal __Behoviews Ot_Vittovential_Amslition - TE Ving Gnd Ving Chorge ty (qual ond oprmile omeerts ord the donge iy Small, Ban thr tail’ ode voltase dots 0 chonge Wek Ve - Take WF Ve ~ The Mec ----% Assumed B of goth Trorsinten very igh Fay t he, = Tee ----dy, & From — uabion Hy BUY | ae dive Gnterd dren 9% = Tee (14 wv tn Goren rade vation zz Vr God rad same HOM Heme fm Ving, Vin "oly = Tee. oY Re hey 2 NT $m = ole ad gm = He ——_ a Yee * tee 4 bNoe = oh M4 i Im ’Vege = 4v Fat Vin pou by av Fem a HY Srall change 1 wed odguitd in Yoe nd Tash rode voltage corslort. oy few AC analysis AL Grocitny > Shonted Vella Source 2 Shended Ceylard vibdase cid > Wroneded (# Gind seu 2 ern ah on fe AC onalsin and rei Ps « oe 2 Tce “ Haye poit so rE ay ae conv be Toe Gren boi Ac ground. 38 oun gtfewnkioh — Arelifior gmt Steve ue altudy Brow train fon 6" Slase So Vy = bn Re Ving Myo = 8m Re Ving ey F “ante (vin -Ynx) a TG bitlinmiol Say = Gk cod mn = Bity ceed Ce) vr Ay = ~ReTee = Teh ar ve To the way aby WE OH gelling Seeme asin,Numesticals on 9ffueabial pain and also some special Ws > 0 og ya Aeeocralion — Slast whey gel Roa ly is gun by ke usd Tgp = ima, Re = IKR , Ty = 2x1" A %Afe Both transiy nC malthed, Assume Standard derek ‘ oe # ys -& ye Pain, * % ity , a) Dulornine the biay andilior oF Ay and Gy zit B) Gonytrack the innal -oukred charachents tics Naw €) Voltaye gain 4 ae oe =k - a) Bia» Gndbhiony Tey = yy = Tee = 0-5mA “Ving, 4 tRe 2 we Brew, fe bwin fy teduad by fadon 4 ne Vee = Ve taf Se. -\ ts Reg ¢ Meey = Nae, = 4 (oa *) 2 8646450 * corte = 71923 pie a (salt) re we astly a diffunnbioh Be a @ Hoe Ned) A ard P both aely o hang, wth EE al u me ground coop 2 SOK ign wl ; aed Pacts oy ron, Hall Gineait Guivalerd * Cu CU. Av= “o(ter ts) 2 ~Relee T & ithe Re > Gwitlor dugenecalion — ineneens te Lineaity Mig Mh bn i = frabit og nae 3 = gov = av 26 7 hep! aersy (hk 203 TE mean rede Pl vilbase Hine 5) 0 Mom ib dttoental Change at ined fe atome te RB hg pends, Se Thee ae we indepiedied rma eston 5 Jose,se whal iy geflewence Kelme — Given figure and Gund al i Both ate — Some fest Ss smatk — gignal ridel 1 but eye OO wot / Cai Biay condi ions ave e Jee dithered becaue of AY wea if we anume — early vellaye of BIT thea cutrad uyiydance at BUT) Gomes in pichuie and tht iy Same way dealed in Same way Mh. wh PTS A= Gn (Ke 1%) aan Ge H MOS Differential Pain |- > both malded and Born Biased in Salura Kon Jn Sauralion — yey Drain Gorrenl given by 1a > tat (Yr) mos ate ane Yoon J a A Mes or, = ow d cane vellaye 2 hin — = the dibteunial gain 1s in Prd in equilibrium Tye Ty, = Tu # “MAF 3s MN > sovrese —cooreron wade vellage changes Mt wha changer ig Cut ¢ 2 ME honye inn adgusted in node vallage Vp, ond nothing changin cincest — Wewine Vig 6; depended an Te ond Ky * task of (Ge) Yong “Vin yw Ca hots Since Ty Fellows square -laae dilalion 8% Thy funedie eo eee ot gery de bon sean : if ° Lowy in GOT Stain = Rots Ayorbelic o io Oy =~ —-_ aa D Ving Ving x Minsomo vale of Ving Ving at which one Hor bramnisters tums off 2 Frum FY! Ving = Vngy 2 Mig > Yong > Ving Ving = Visy ~ Voy erent Ty beats Tar roe They 000, go Te me | eee , fo cabeolk Negien and at Hak aus ik 8 momeal Vis, = Vr ro ah oh he Ts gey in My ge Ty Sine py = ss bs 9 H Ing = Is Ta Ks war 2 fats +n = (vn) Kn Viye Ving = peer Kn masthead Trarvisterg that's am, = 2 [2 *2, eae [a y+ aia Ko KnBy Ke al Node Ty t My which Iy- Tp, = of Tho fy re seh value. > (ie, Vin)” ee eee ae Advay hal barry : ? me Ky wn yy # & th He in Iles We fens mel e ide dyivd Mae Ve Voy ~ 10,80 209, tad oF Hesion. wide : \ f 7 's in Sebsrahen Hon, \ W = Voy~ To, Ro ae poet od equoliny — by assuming — Both A sebirahy 1 - To, be, = -R)(J9,-t,) tqualien of Ty, Ty, is valid andy fon Both S Goon sans og TR ap kn Ka > Int ye Way value of Ke ka fe be in sahadinn's a Ty se Hs 9 glut, = Tes - ee (Moai) et 4 alwars 1 AT Tog = 3652 4 Kn? 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