SKP Engineering College

Thiruvannamalai – 606 611

MA3251

STATISTICS
AND
NUMERICAL METHODS
QUESTION BANK

UNIT I TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

UNIT II DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND

UNIT III
EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL
UNIT IV DIFFERENTIATION AND NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY
UNIT V
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

BY

S. DHANASEKAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
SKP ENGINEERING COLLEGE
THIRUVANNAMALAI 606 611.
 MA3251 STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS

UNIT I - TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS

PART A
1. Define Population, Sample and Sample Size.
Population:
The group of individuals under study is called population. The population may be finite or
infinite.
Sample:
A finite subset of statistical individuals in a population is called Sample.
Sample Size:
The number of individuals in a sample is called Sample Size (n).
2. Define Parameters and Statistics, Standard Error and Random Sampling.
(April/May 2018)
Parameter:
The statistical constants in population namely mean µ and variance  2 which are called
parameters.
Statistic:
Statistical measures computed from sample observations alone, i.e. mean x and variance s2
are known as statistics.
Standard Error:
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is known as standard error.
Random Sampling:
Random Sampling is one in which each unit of the population has an equal chance of being
included in it.
3. Define Sampling of distribution.
Answer:
The probability distribution of a sample statistic is called the sampling distribution.
4. Explain Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis:
For applying the tests of significance, we first set up a hypothesis which is a definite
statement about the population parameter. Usually, such a hypothesis is a hypothesis of no
difference and it is denoted by H 0 .
Alternate Hypothesis:
Any hypothesis which is complementary to the null hypothesis is called an alternative
hypothesis, denoted by H 1 .
5. What are type I and type II errors? (April/May 2019) (Nov/Dec 2015, 2017)
Type I error: Reject Null hypothesis when it is true.
Example:
A test that shows a patient to have a disease when in fact the patient does not have the
disease.
Type II error: Accept Null hypothesis when it is wrong.
Example:
A blood test failing to detect the disease it was designed to detect, in a patient who
really has the disease.

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 1
6. What do you mean by critical region and acceptance region? (Nov/Dec 2017)
Critical region:
A region corresponding to a statistic, in the sample space S which amounts to rejection of
null hypothesis is called as critical region or region of rejection.
Acceptance region:
The region of the sample space S which amounts to the acceptance of null hypothesis is
called acceptance region.
7. Define Level of Significance.

The probability that the value of the statistic lies in the critical region is called the level of
significance. It is denoted by α .

8. Define one - tailed and two - tailed test.

One-tailed test:
A hypothesis test in which there is only one rejection region (either left or right side) is
called one – tailed test.
Two-tailed test:
A hypothesis test involving two rejection region is called two – tailed test.
9. For the following cases, specify which probability distribution to use in a hypothesis test
a) H 0 :   27, H1 :   27, X  20.1,   5, n  12
(April/May 2018)
b) H 0 :   98.6, H1 :   98.6, X  65, s  12, n  42

a) student t-distribution b) Normal distribution

10. Find the standard error of sample mean from the following data n  14 ,   18.5,
x  17.85,
S  1.955
S 1.955
Standard Error=   0.54
n 1 14  1
11. Write down the formula to test statistic ‘t’ to test the significance of difference between
the means of large samples. (Nov/Dec 2016) (April/May 2015)
x1  x2
Test the significance of difference between the means of large samples z 
s12 s22

n1 n2
Where x1 ,x2  Sample means
s12 ,s22  Sample Variances
n1 ,n2  Sample sizes
12. What are the assumptions of t-test?
 Parent populations, from which the samples have been drawn, are normally
distributed.
 The population variances are equal and unknown.
 The two samples are random and independent of each other.

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 2
13. What are the uses of t – test?

 To test the significance of difference between mean of a random sample and the mean
of the population.
 To test the significance of the difference between two sample means.

14. Write 95% confidence interval of the population mean.

S S
95% confidence interval of the population mean is x  t0.05    x  t0.05
n 1 n 1
15. Write down test statistic for paired t – test.
Test Statistic for paired t – Test is d
t Where d  x  y.
S2
n

16. What are the assumptions of F-test?

 Normality: The values in each group should be normally distributed.
 Independence of error: The variations of each value around its own group mean.
(i.e.) error should be independent of each value.
 Homogeneity: The variances within each group should be equal for all groups.

17. What are the uses of F – test?

 To test the equality of two sample variances.

 To test more than two population mean.
 To test the sample observation coming from normal population.
18. State the assumptions of Chi-square test.
 The sample observations should be independent.
 Constraints on the cell frequencies, if any, must be linear.
 The total frequency, should be at least 50
 No theoretical cell frequency should be less than 5

19. State any two applications of  2 test. (Nov/Dec 2016 & 2017) (April/May 2019)
 To test the homogeneity of independent estimates of the population variances.
 To test the goodness of fit.
 To test for independence of attributes.

20. Write down the expected frequencies of 2 2 contingency table.

a b
c d
(May/June 2016) (April/May 2015, 2017)

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 3
 Expected frequency table:
(a  b)(a  c) (a  b)(b  d )
N N
(a  c)(c  d ) (c  d )(b  d )
N N
where N  a  b  c  d

PART B
1. In a random of 1000 people from city A, 400 are found to be consumers of rice. In a
sample of 800 from city B, 400 are found to be consumers of rice. Does this data give a
significant difference between the two cities as far as the proportion of rice consumers is
concerned? (Nov/Dec 2017)
Solution:
Given
n1 1000 n2  800
400 400
p1   0.4 p2   0.5
1000 800
1. H 0 : p1  p2
2. H1 : p1  p2
3.   5% table value is 1.96
4.The test statistic
p1  p2
z
1 1 
pq   
 n1 n2 
400 400
1000   800 
n p n p 1000 800  4  0.444
where p  1 1 2 2 
n1  n2 1000  800 9
q  1  0.444  0.556
0.4  0.5 9
z   4.24
 1 1  2.1213
0.444  0.556   
 1000 800 
z  4.24
i.e., z  4.24  1.96
So, H0 is rejected.
Therefore there is significant difference between the consumers of rice in the two cities A and
B.
2. The manufacturer of a medicine claimed that it was 90% effective in relieving an allergy
for a period of 8 hours. In a sample of 200 people who had the allergy, the medicine
provided relief for 160 people. Determine whether the manufacturer’s claim is
legitimate at 1% level of significance (April/May 2019)
Solution:

H0: p = 0.9 and the claim is correct.

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 4
 H1: p = < 0.9, the claim is false where p: Probability of obtaining relief.

The claim is not legitimate if z is < -2.33 in which case we reject H0; Otherwise it is legitimate.

If H0 is true,
  np  200  0.9  180,
  npq  200  0.9  0.1  4.23
160  180
z  4.78
4.23
Which is much less than -2.33. Thus we conclude that the claim is not legitimate.

3. A test of the breaking strengths of 6 ropes manufactured by a company showed a mean

breaking strength of 3515 kg and a standard deviations of 60 kg, whereas the
manufacturer claimed a mean breaking strength of 3630 kg. Can we support the
manufacturer’s claim at a level of significance of 0.05? (April/May 2019)
Solution:

Given: n = 6, sample mean = x =3515, population mean =   3630

H0 :   3630 Kg and the manufacturer’s claim is justified.

H1 :   3630 Kg and his claim is not justified.
A one tail test is required.
x- 3515-3630
Under H 0 : t =   3.90
s 60
n-1 6-1
Calculated value of t = |t| = 3.9
Degrees of freedom = n – 1 = 5

Table value of t at 5% level of significance for 5 degrees of freedom in one tailed test = 2.01
Calculated t > Tabulated t
Hence we reject H0;

4. In the past the standard deviation of weights of certain 1135 gm. Packages filled by a
machine was 7.1 grams. A random sample of 20 packages showed a standard deviation
of 9.1 grams. Is the apparent increase in variability significant at 0.05 level of
significance? (April/May 2019)
Solution:

Given: Sample size = n = 20, Sample S.D. = s = 9.1, Population S. D. =   7.1

H 0 :   7.1 gm ; Observed result is due to chance.

H1 :   7.1: Variability has increased.
ns 2 20(9.1)2
2    32.86
2 (7.1)2
Calculated value of  2 is 32.86
Table value of  2 at 5% level of significance for 19 degrees of freedom is 30.14
Calculated  2 > Tabulated  2
Thus we would reject H0 at 5% level of significance.
S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 5
5. A random sample of 100 bulbs from a company P shows a mean life 1300 hours and
standard deviation of 82 hours. Another random sample of 100 bulbs from company Q
showed a mean life 1248 hours and standard deviation of 93 hours. Are the bulbs of
company P superior to bulbs of company Q at 5% level of significance?
(Nov/Dec 2017)
Solution:
Given : n1 100 x1 1300 s1  82
n2 100 x2 1248 s2  93
1. H 0 : 1  2
2. H1 : 1  2 (Use one-tailed right)
3.   5%
4.The test statistic
x1  x 2 1300  1248
Z= 
2 2
s s (82) 2 (93) 2
1
 2 
n 1 n2 100 100
52
  4.19
67.24  86.49
5. Conclusion:
If Z<Zα , then we accept H 0 ;otherwise, we reject H 0 .
Here, 4.19 >1.645
So, we reject H 0 .
6. The sales manager of a large company conducted a sample survey in states A and B
taking 400 samples in each case. The results were (April/ May 2017)
State A State B
Average Sales Rs. 2,500 Rs. 2,200
S.D. Rs. 400 Rs. 550
Test whether the average sales is the same in the 2 states at 1% level of significance.
Solution:
Given : n1  400 x1  2500 s1  400
n2  400 x2  2200 s2  550
1. H 0 : 1  2
2. H1 : 1  2 (Use two-tailed test)
3.  1%
4.The test statistic
x1  x 2 2500  2200
Z= 
2 2
s s (400) 2 (550) 2
1
 2 
n 1 n2 400 400
300
  8.82
400  756.25
5. Conclusion:
If  Z /2 < Z < Z  /2 , then we accept H 0 ;otherwise, we reject H0 .
Here,8.82  2.58
So, we reject H 0 .
S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 6
7. A random sample of 10 boys has the following I. Q’s: 70, 120, 110, 101, 88, 83, 95, 98,
107 and 100. Do these data support the assumption of a population mean I.Q of 100 at
5% level of significance? (May/June 2016) & (Nov/Dec 2017)
Solution:
H 0 :   100 & H1 :  100
Level of Significance :
  0.05
Test Statistic :
x x
2
x
2

t s2  
 n 
, where
S n  
n 1
Analysis:
X X2
70 4900
120 14400
110 12100
101 10201
88 7744
83 6889
95 9025
98 9604
107 11449
100 10000
 x = 972  x 2 = 96312

x   x  96312  972 
2 2 2

s2         9631.2  9447.84  183.36  S  13.54

n  n  10  10 

x x
2
x 97.2  100 2.8
2

t , where s 2
      0.62
S n  n  13.54 4.513
 
n 1 9

Table value :
t ,n1  t5%,101  t0.05,9  2.262
Conclusion:
The table value is greater than the calculated value; hence we accept the null hypothesis and
conclude that the data are consistent with the assumption of mean I.Q of 100 in the population.
8. The nicotine content in milligrams of 2 samples of tobacco were found to be as follows
Sample A 24 27 26 21 25 (April/May 2018)
Sample B 27 30 28 31 22 36
Can it be send that 2 samples come from normal population with the same mean.
Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0 : 1  2 . There is no significance difference between sample mean and
population mean
Alternative Hypothesis H1 : 1  2 . There is asignificance difference between sample
mean and population mean.

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 7
 x xx
 x  x y  y  y  y  y
2 2

24 -.6 0.36 27 -2 4
27 2.4 5.76 30 1 1
26 1.4 1.96 28 -1 1
21 -3.6 12.96 31 2 4
25 .4 0.16 22 -7 49
36 7 49
123 0 21.2 174 0 108

123 174
X  24.6 y  29
5 6
  x  x  y  y
2 2
 21.2  108
1
 
( x  x   y  y ) 
2 2
s2 
n1  n2  2
1
 (21.2  108)
562
s  3.78
x y 24.6  29
The test statistic is t    1.92
1 1 1 1
s  3.78 
n1 n1 5 6
Calculated t=1.92
Calculated t < tabulated t
 H 0 is accepted.
9. A group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on diet B recorded the
following increase in weight
Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8
Does it show superiority of diet A over diet B.
Solution:
Given n1  10, n2  8
Null Hypothesis H0: 1  2
Alternative Hypothesis H1: 1  2 (One tailed test right)
To find S12 and S 22
Sample I Sample II
X1 X12 X2 X 22
5 25 2 4
6 36 3 9
8 64 6 36
1 1 8 64
12 144 10 100
4 16 1 1
3 9 2 4
9 81 8 64
6 36
10 100

64 512 40 282

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 8
 x x
2
n1  10, n2  8, 1  64, 1  512

x x
2
2  40, 2  282

x1  x 1

64
 6.4, x2  x 2

40
5
n1 10 n2 8

s12  x x  2
1
1
2

512
  6.4   10.24,
2

n 1 10

s22  x x  2
2
2
2

282
  5   10.25
2

n 2 8
n s  n2 s22 10(10.24)  8(10.25)
2
S2  1 1
  11.525
n1  n2  2 10  8  2
x1  x 2 6.4  5 1.4
t=  
 0.869
1  1 1  1 1  1.6103
11.525   
2 
 
S  n 1 n2   10 8 
Conclusion:
Since the calculated value of t = 0.869 < the table value of t =1.75 , H 0 is accepted at 5%
level of significance. Hence, the difference is not significant, so we cannot conclude the diet A is
superior to diet B.
10. Two independent samples of sizes 9 and 7 from a normal population had the following
values of the variables. Do the estimates of the population variance differ significantly
at 5% level of significance? (Apr/May 2017)
Sample I : 18 13 12 15 12 14 16 14 15
Sample II : 16 19 13 16 18 13 15

Solution:
Given n1  9, n2  7
Null Hypothesis H0:  12   22 (Variances are equal)
Alternative Hypothesis H1:  12   22 (Variances are not equal)
To find S12 and S 22

Sample I Sample II
X1 X12 X2 X22
18 324 16 256
13 169 19 361
12 144 13 169
15 225 16 256
12 144 18 324
14 196 13 169
16 256 15 225
14 196
15 225

129 1879 110 1760

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 9
  x  129,  x  1879
2
n1  9, n2  7, 1 1

 x  110,  x  1760
2
2 2

x 
 x  129  14.3333, x   x  110  15.7143
1 2
1 2
n1 9 n2 7

s12 
x 2
1
 x1  2

1879
 14.3333  3.3342,
2

n1 9

s 2

x 2
2
 x2  2

1760
 15.7143  4.4894
2
2
n2 7
n1 s12 9  3.3342 n2 s 22 7  4.4894
S12    3.7510 , S 22    5.2376
n1  1 8 n2  1 6
S 22 5.2376
Since S 22  S12 , the test statistic is F    1.3963
S12 3.7510
Number of degrees of freedom (v1 , v2 )  (n2  1, n1  1)  (6,8)
For (v1 , v2 ) =(6,8), the table value of F at 5% level is F0.05  3.58
 F  F0.05
Conclusion: Since the calculated value of F < the table value of F, H 0 is accepted at
5%
level of significance. The two samples are drawn from populations with same
variances.
11. Time taken by workers in performing a job is given below:
Method I : 20 16 26 27 23 22
Method II : 27 33 42 35 34 38
Test whether there is any significant difference between the variances of the time
distribution at 5% level of significance. (Nov/Dec 2017)
Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0: (Variances are equal)
Alternative Hypothesis H1: (Variances are not equal)
n1 =6, n 2 =6,
n1s12 n1s 22
S12 = and S22 = ,n1 =n 2 =6, where
n1 -1 n 2 -1

d   d1 
2 2

=13.56, where d1 =x1 -22,  d1 =2, d12 =82

1
-
 n 
2
s =
1
n1  1 
d
  d2 2 2

 =22.28, where d 2 =x 2 -35,  d 2 =-3, d 2 =136

2
s = 2
- 2

n 2  n 2 
2

 S12 =16.27 and S22 = 26.7

S22
Test Statistic of Fis F= =1.64,sinceS22 > S12
S12
Table value of Fat 5% Los for (5,5) d.f = 5.05
since1.64 <5.05 H 0 is accepted.
 there is no significant difference between the two time distribution.

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 10
12. It is believed that the precision of an instrument is no more than 0.16. Write down the
null and alternative hypotheses for testing this belief. Carry out the test at 1% level of
significance, given 11 measurements of the same subject on the instrument. 2.5, 2.3, 2.4,
2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.5, 2.6, 2.6, 2.7, 2.5. (April / May 2017)
Solution:
Given :  2  0.16

X=
 x  27.6  2.51
n 11

X  X
2
X XX

2.5 -0.01 0.0001

2.3 -0.21 0.0441
2.4 -0.11 0.0121
2.3 -0.21 0.0441
2.5 -0.01 0.0001
2.7 0.19 0.0361
2.5 -0.01 0.0001
2.6 0.09 0.0081
2.6 0.09 0.0081
2.7 0.19 0.0361
2.5 -0.01 0.0001
0.1891
1. H 0 :   0.16
2

2. H1 :  2  0.16
3.  1% , d.f = n-1=11-1=10
4.Table value χ 2  23.2
5.The test statistic


ns 2  X  X 
2

χ2 = 2 
σ σ2
0.1891
  1.182
0.16
6. Conclusion:
If χ 2 < table χ 2 , then we accept H 0 ;otherwise, we reject H 0 .
Here,1.182  23.2
So, we accept H 0 .
We conclude that the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the precision of the instrument is
0.16.
13. Fit a binomial distribution for the following data and also test the goodness of fit.
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
f(x) : 5 18 28 12 7 6 4 80

Solution:
Null Hypothesis H0: Binomial fit is a good to the data.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
f 5 18 28 12 7 6 4 80
f*x 0 18 56 36 28 30 24 192

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 11
 x
 fx  192  2.4
 f 80
x  np  2.4
6 p  2.4 ( n  6)
p  0.4
q  1  p  1  0.4  0.6
N   f  80
Expected frequencies are given by ( for r successes)
N (r ) n cr p r q nr  N
N (0) 6 c0 (0.4) 0 (0.6) 60  80  3.73  4
N (1) 6 c1 (0.4)1 (0.6) 61  80  14.93  15
N (2) 6 c2 (0.4) 2 (0.6) 62  80  24.88  25
N (3) 6 c3 (0.4) 3 (0.6) 63  80  22.12  22
N 4) 6 c4 (0.4) 4 (0.6) 64  80  11.06  11
N (5) 6 c5 (0.4) 5 (0.6) 65  80  2.95  3
N (6) 6 c6 (0.4) 6 (0.6) 66  80  0.13  0
oi : 5 18 28 12 7 6 4
Ei : 4 15 25 22 11 3 0
Since the first two frequencies and last three frequencies are small, we pool them together

oi : 23 28 12 17
Ei : 19 25 22 14
(Oi  Ei ) 2
2  
Ei
(23  19) 2 (28  25) 2 (12  22) 2 (17  14) 2
   
19 25 22 14
  6.39
2

for n  2 ,  0.05  5.59

2
from table
    0.05
2 2

Hence reject the binomial fit.

14. Using the data given in the following table to test at 1% level of significance whether a
person’s ability in Mathematics is independent of his/her interest in Statistics.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
Interest in Ability in Mathematics
Statistics Low Average High
Low 63 42 15
Average 58 61 31
High 14 47 29

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 12
 Solution:
The expected frequencies are

Ability in
Low Average High Total
Mathematics
Interest
in Statistics
135  120 120  150 120  75
Low  45  50  25 120
360 360 360
135  150 150  150 75  150
 56.25  62.5  31.25
Average 360 360 360 150

135  90 150  90 90  75
High  33.75  37.5  18.75 90
360 360 360
Total 135 150 75 360
1. H 0 : Abilityin Mathematicsandinterest inStatisticsare independent
2. H1 : Abilityin Mathematicsandinterest inStatistics are not independent
(Oi  Ei ) 2
2    32.14
i Ei
Table valueof χ 2 at1% Los for 4 d.f =13.277
Since32.14>13.2777, H 0 is rejected.
Therefore there is a relationship between a person’s ability in Mathematics and his/her interest in
Statistics.
UNIT – II - DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
PART A
1. What is the aim of the design of experiment? (Nov/Dec2017) (April/May2019)
Aim is to control the extraneous variables so that the result could be attributed only to the
experimental variables.
2. What are the three essential steps to plan Design of experiment?
To plan an experiment, the following three are essential
 A Statement of the objective. Statement should clearly mention the hypothesis to be
tested
 A description of the experiment. Description should include the type of experimental
material, size of the experiment and the number of replications.
 The outline of the method of analysis. The outline of the method consists of analysis of
variance
3. What are the basic principles of design of experiments? (April/May2017, 2018)
Basic Principle of Design of Experiments are
(i) Randomization (ii) Replication (iii) Local Control
4. Define Experimental error. ( Nov /Dec 2016)
Factors beyond the control of the experiment are known as experimental error
5. Define Analysis of Variance. (Nov /Dec 2016)
Analysis of Variance is a statistical method used to test the difference between 2 or more
means.
S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 13
6. What are uses of ANOVA (April/ May2017)

 To test the homogeneity of several mean

 It is now frequently used in testing the linearity of the fitted regression line or in the
significance of the correlation ratio

7. What are the assumptions of analysis of variance? (April/ May2014)

 The sample observations are independent

 The environmental effects are additive in nature
 Sample observation are coming from normal distribution/population
8. Define completely randomized design. (Nov/Dec2017)
,

In Completely randomized design the treatments are given to the experimental units by a
procedure of random allocation. It is used when the units are homogeneous.

9. What are the advantages of Completely Randomized Block Design?

The advantages of Completely Randomized Experimental Design as follows:
(a) Easy to lay out. (b) Allow flexibility (c) Simple Statistical Analysis
(d) Lots of information due to missing data is smaller than with any other design
10. Find A, B, C, D from the ANOVA table
S. V D.F S. S M.S. S F cal
Treatments 2 A 3 1.66
Error B C 5 -
Total 9 D - -

A=2 x 3 =6 , B= Total SS – Total D.F = 9-2 =7 , C= 7 x 5 =35, D = A+C = 6+35 =41

11. Find A, B, C, D from the ANOVA table
S. V D.F S. S M. S. S F cal
Treatment 4 A 5 1.25
Error B C 4 -
Total 12 D - -

A = 4 x 5 =20 , B = Total SS – Total D.F = 12 - 4 = 8 ,

C= 8 x 4 = 32, D = A + C = 20 + 32 = 52.
12. Explain the situation in which RBD is considered an improvement over CRD.

RBD CRD
It is flexible and so any number of treatments There is complete flexibility as the number
and any number of replications may be used of replications is not fixed
The analysis of design is simple as it
The analysis of design is simple as it results in a
results in a one-way classification analysis
two-way classification analysis of variance
of variance
13. What do you mean by two-way classification in ANOVA.

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 14
 When data are classified according to two factors one classification is taken column wise and
the other row wise. Such a classification is called two-way classification
14. Find A, B, C, D from the ANOVA table
S. V D.F S.S M.S.S F cal
Treatment 4 A 40 5
Block B C 115 14.375
Error D 96 8 -
Total 199 601 - -

A = 4 x 40 =160, D = 96 / 8 = 12, B = 3, C = 115 x 3 = 435

15. Write the advantages of Latin Square Design.

 With the Two-way stratification, Latin square controls more of the variation than the
CRD or RBD
 The analysis is simple it is only slightly more complicated than that of the randomized
complete block design.
16. Compare RBD, LSD, CRD.

CRD RBD LSD

To influence one factor To influence two factors To influence more than two factors
The number of replications of each
No restriction No restriction on treatment &
treatment is equal to the number of
further treatments replications
treatments
Use only rectangular or
- Use only Square field
Square field

17. Construct 4x4 Latin Square Design.

Answer: Each Treatments appears only once in each row and each column
( 4 X 4 LSD)
A B C D
B C D A
C D A B
D A B C

18. Find A,B,C from LSD ANOVA.

S.V D.F S.S M.S.S F cal

Treatment 4 A 8 -
Row 4 16 4 -
Column 4 92 C
Error B 36 3 -
Total 24 - -

A= 4 x 8 =32 , B = 24 -4- 4- 4 = 12, C = 92 / 4 = 23

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 15
19. Why a 2 x 2 Latin Square is not possible? Explain. (Nov/Dec2015) (May/June2016)
Consider a n x n Latin square design,
The degrees of freedom for SSE  (n 2  1)  (n  1)  (n  1)  (n  1)
 n 2  1  3n  3
 n 2  3n  2
 (n  1)(n  2)
For n = 2, d.f. of SSE = 0 and hence MSE is not defined.
Comparisons are not possible.
Hence a 2 x 2 Latin Square Design is not possible.

20. Write the main effect and interaction effect of 22 factorial design.

Answer: Main Effect of A =

1
(a )  (ab)  (b)  (1)
2n
Main Effect of B =
1
(b)  (ab)  (a )  (1)
2n
1
Interaction Effect of A and B = (ab)  (1)  (a)  (b)
2n
PART B
1. As head of the department of a consumer’s research organization you have the
responsibility of testing and comparing life times of 4 brands of electric bulbs. suppose
you test the life time of 3 electric bulbs each of 4 brands, the data is given below, each
entry representing the life time of an electric bulb, measured in hundreds of hours.
(Nov/Dec 2017)
A B C D
20 25 24 23
19 23 20 20
21 21 22 20

Solution:
H0: Here the population means are equal .
H1 : The population mean are not equal.

X1 X2 X3 X4 X12 X22 X32 X42

20 25 24 23 400 625 576 529
19 23 20 20 361 529 400 400
21 21 22 20 441 441 484 400
TOTAL 60 69 66 63 1202 1595 1460 1329

N = Total No of Observations = 12 T= Grand Total = 258

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 16
 (Grand total)2
Correction Factor = = 5547
Total No of Observations
T2
TSS   X 1  X 2  X 3   39
2 2 2

N
 X   X   X 
2 2 2
T2
SSC      15
1 2 3
( N1 = No of element in each column )
N1 N1 N1 N
SSE = TSS – SSC = 39 - 15 = 24
ANOVA TABLE

Source of Sum of Degree of

Mean Square F- Ratio
Variation Squares freedom

Between SSC
SSC=15 C-1=4-1=3 MSC  =5 MSC
Samples C 1 FC 
MSE
Within SSE =1.67
SSE=24 N-C=12-4=8 MSE  =3
Samples NC

Total TSS=39

Cal FC = 1.67 & Tab FC (3,8)=4.07

Conclusion : Cal FC < Tab FC  Hence we accept H0
2. A farmer wishes to test the effects of four different fertilizers A, B, C, D on the yield of
wheat. In order to eliminate sources of error due to variability in soil fertility he uses the
fertilizers in a Latin square arrangement as indicated below where the number indicate
yields in Kilograms per unit area. Perform an analysis of variance to determine if there
is a significant difference between the fertilizers at 0.01 level of significance
(April/May 2019)
A 18 C 21 D 25 B 11
D 22 B 12 A 15 C 19
B 15 A 20 C 23 D 24
C 22 D 21 B 10 A 17
Solution:
Subtract 15 from all the items
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X21 X22 X23 X24
Y1 3 6 10 -4 15 9 36 100 16
Y2 7 -3 0 4 8 49 9 0 16
Y3 0 5 8 9 22 0 25 64 81
Y4 7 6 -5 2 10 49 36 25 4
Total 17 14 13 11 55 107 106 189 117

H0: There is no significant difference between fertilizers and yield.

H1 There is a significant difference between them.

N = 16 T = 55

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 17
 T2
C.F =  189.06
N
T2
TSS   X  X  X  X
1
2
2
2
3
2 2
4 
N
 329.94

 X    X    X    X 
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 T2
SSC    4.69
N1 N1 N1 N1 N

( N1 = No of element in each column )

 Y    Y    Y    Y 
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 T2
SSR    29.19
N2 N2 N2 N2 N

( N 2 = No of element in each row )

SSK

A B C D
3 -4 6 10
0 -3 4 7
5 0 8 9
2 -5 7 6
TOT 10 -12 25 32

10   12   25 32 

2 2 2 2
T2
SSK =      284.19
4 4 4 4 N

SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR – SSK = 329.94 - 4.69 – 29.19 – 284.19 = 11.87

ANOVA TABLE
S.V DF SS MSS F cal F
tab
Between MSC 
SSC
 1.56 FC 
MSE
 1.27
3 SSC=4.69 K 1
8.94
Column MSC

Between MSR 
SSR
 9.73 FR 
MSR
 4.92
4.76
3 SSR=29.19 K 1
Row MSE

Between 4.76
SSK MSK
Treatmen 3 SSK=284.19 MSK   94.73 FK   47.89
K 1 MSE
t
SSE
Error 6 SSE=11.87 MSE   1.978
(K  1)(K  2)

Tot 15 329.94

Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc Accept H 0

Cal FR  Tab FR Reject H 0
Cal FT  Tab FT Reject H 0

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 18
3. Analyze the following RBD and find the conclusion
Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4
B1 12 14 20 22
B2 17 27 19 15

Blocks
B3 15 14 17 12
B4 18 16 22 12
B5 19 15 20 14
Solution
H0: There is no significant difference between blocks and treatment
H1 : There is no significant difference between blocks and treatment
We subtract 15 from the given value
T1 T2 T3 T4 Total=Ti [Ti2]/k Xij2

B1 -3 -1 5 7 8 16 84

B2 2 12 4 0 18 81 164

B3 0 -1 2 -3 -2 1 14

B4 4 0 5 -1 8 16 42

B5 4 0 5 -1 8 16 42

Total=Tj 6 11 23 0 40 130 372

[Tj2]/h 7.2 24.2 105.8 0 137.2

y
2
ij 38 147 119 68 372

N = 20
T=Grand Total = 40 ;
(Grand total )2 (40)2
Correction Factor =   80
Total No of Observations 20
T2
TSS    X ij   292
2

T
2

SSC   C.F  57.2

J

T2
 Y  50 
2
SSR = ij
N
SSE = TSS – SSC – SSR = 184.8

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 19
 ANOVA Table

Source of Sum of Degree of

Mean Square F- Ratio FTab Ratio
Variation Squares freedom
Between
Rows SSR = 50 r - 1= 3 MSR=12.5 FR = 1.232 F5%(12,4) =
(Blocks) 5.91
Between FC= 1.238 F5%(3, 12) =
Columns 3.49
SSC= 57.2 c – 1=4 MSC = 19.07
(Treatmen
ts)
SSE = (h – 1)( k – 1)
Residual MSE = 15.4
184.8 = 12
Total 292

Conclusion : Cal FC < Tab FC and Cal FR < Tab FR  hence the difference between the
blocks and that treatments are not significant
4. The accompanying data results from an experiment comparing the degree of soiling for
fabric co-polymerized with the three different mixtures of methacrcylic acid. Analysis is
the given classification (April /May 2017)
Mixture 1 0.56 1.12 0.90 1.07 0.94
Mixture 2 0.72 0.69 0.87 0.78 0.91
Mixture 3 0.62 1.08 1.07 0.99 0.93

Solution:
H0: The true average degree of soiling is identical for 3 mixtures.
H1 : The true average degree of soiling is not identical for 3 mixtures.
We shift the origin

X1 X2 X3 TOTAL X12 X22 X32

0.56 0.72 0.62 1.9 0.3136 0.5184 0.3844
1.12 0.69 1.08 2.89 1.2544 0.4761 1.1664
Total 0.90 0.87 1.07 2.84 0.8100 0.7569 1.1449
1.07 0.78 0.99 2.84 1.1449 0.6084 0.9801
0.94 0.91 0.93 2.78 0.8836 0.8281 0.8649
4.59 3.97 4.69 13.25 4.4065 3.1879 4.5407

N = Total No of Observations = 15
T= Grand Total = 13.25
(Grand total)2
Correction Factor = = 11.7042
Total No of Observations
T2
TSS   X1  X 2  X 3   0.4309
2 2 2

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 20
  X   X   X 
2 2 2
T2
SSC      0.0608
1 2 3

N1 N1 N1 N
( N1 = No of element in each column )

SSE = TSS – SSC = 0.4309 – 0.0608 = 0.3701

ANOVA TABLE

Source of Sum of Degree of

Mean Square F- Ratio
Variation Squares freedom
SSC
Between MSC  =0.030
Samples
SSC=0.0608 C-1=3-1=2 C 1 MSE
4 FC 
MSC
SSE
Within MSE  =0.30 =10.144
Samples
SSE=0.3701 N-C=15-3=12 NC
84
Cal FC = 10.144 & Tab FC (12,2)=19.41
Conclusion : Cal FC < Tab FC  Hence we accept H0
5. Table below shows the seeds of 4 different types of corns planted in 3 blocks. Test at 0.05
level of significance whether the yields in kilograms per unit area vary significantly with
different types of corns. (April /May 2019)
Types of Corns
I II III IV
A 4.5 6.4 7.2 6.7
Blocks B 8.8 7.8 9.6 7.0
C 5.9 6.8 5.7 5.2

Solution:
H0: There is no significant difference between types of corns and blocks.
H1 There is a significant difference between them.
Solution:

X1 X2 X3 X4 Tota
l
A 4.5 6.4 7.2 6.7 24.8
B 8.8 7.8 9.6 7.0 33.2
C 5.9 6.8 5.7 5.2 23.6
Total 19.2 21 22.5 18.9 81.6

H0 : There is no significant difference between rows, columns & treatments.

H1 : There is significant difference between rows, columns & treatments.

N = 12 T = 81.6
2
T
C.F =  554.88
N

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 21
 T2
TSS   X 12   X 2 2   X 32  X 42 
N
 18.9  40.96  51.84  44.89  77.44  60.84
 92.16  49  34.81  46.24  32.49  27.04  554.88
 21.73

 X    X    X    X 
2 2 2 2
T2
SSC  
1 2 3 4

n n n n N
19.2   21  22.5 18.9 
2 2 2 2

     554.88
3 3 3 3
 2.82

( n = No of element in each column )

  A    B     C 
2 2 2
2
T
SSR  
n n n N
 24.8  33.2   23.6 
2 2 2

    554.88
4 4 4
 13.68

( n = No of element in each row )

SSE = TSS – SSC - SSR = 554.88 – 2.82 – 13.68 = 538.38

ANOVA TABLE
S.V DF SS MSS F cal F
tab
MSE
Between SSC FC   95.46
c-1=3 SSC = 2.82 MSC   0.94 MSC 5.14
Columns d. f
MSE 5.14
Between SSR FR   13.12
r-1=2 SSR = 13.68 MSR   6.84 MSR
Rows d. f

(c-1)(r-1) SSE
Error SSE = 538.38 MSE   89.73
=6 d. f

Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc Reject H 0

Cal FR  Tab FR Reject H 0
We conclude that there is a difference between the corns and blocks

6 The following data represent a certain person to work from Monday to Friday by 4
different roués.
DAYS
MON TUE WED THU FRI
1 22 26 25 25 31
2 25 27 28 26 29
ROUTES
3 26 29 33 30 33
4 26 28 27 30 30

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 22
 Test at 5% level of significance whether the difference among the means obtained for the
different routes are significant and also whether the differences among the means
obtained from the different days of the week are significant. (Nov/ Dec 2017)
Solution:

DAYS
MON TUE WED THU FRI TOT
1 22 26 25 25 31 129
ROUTE 2 25 27 28 26 29 135
S 3 26 29 33 30 33 151
4 26 28 27 30 30 141
TOT 99 110 113 111 123 556

N = 20 T = 556
T2
C.F =  15456.8
N
T2
TSS   X 1  X 2  X 3  X  N  153.2
2 2 2 2
4

  X     X     X     X   T  52.8
2 2 2 2
2
SSC 
1 2 3 4

N1 N1 N1 N1 N
( N1 = No of element in each
column )
 Y    Y    Y    Y    Y 
2 2 2 2 2
T2
SSR   73.2 
1 2 3 4 5

N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N
( N 2 = No of element in each row )
SSE = TSS – SSC-SSR = 37793.75 – 1613.5 – 26234.95 = 27.2

ANOVA TABLE
S.V DF SS MSS F cal F
tab
MSC
Column C-1= 5-1 SSC FC   7.75
SSC=52.8 MSC   17.6 MSE 3.49
treatment =3 C 1
MCR
Between R-1=4- SSR FC   8.06
SSR=73.2 MSR   18.3 MSE 3.26
Row 1=4 R 1
N-c- SSE
Error SSE=27.2 MSE   2.27
R+1=12 12

Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc , Reject H0

Cal FR  Tab FR , Reject H0

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 23
7. A set of data involving four “four tropical feed stuffs A, B, C, D” tried on 20 chicks is
given below. All the twenty chicks are treated alike in all respects except the feeding
treatments and each feeding treatment is given to 5 chicks. Analyze the data
(April/May 2017)

A 55 49 42 21 52
B 61 112 30 89 63
C 42 97 81 95 92
D 169 137 169 85 154

Solution:
H0 : There is no significant difference between column means as well as row means
H1 : There is no significant difference between column means as well as row means

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Total X21 X22 X23 X24 X25

A 5 -1 -8 -29 2 -31 25 1 64 841 4
B 11 62 -20 39 13 105 121 3844 400 1521 169
C -8 47 31 45 42 157 64 2209 961 2025 1764
D 119 87 119 35 104 464 14161 7569 14161 1225 10816
Total 127 195 122 90 161 695 14371 13623 15586 5612 12753

T2
N = 20 T = 695 C.F =  24151.25
N
T2
TSS   X 1  X 2  X 3  X 42   X 52   37793.75
2 2 2

N
 X   X   X   X   X 
2 2 2 2 2
T2
SSC      
 1613.50
1 2 3 4 5

N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N
( N1 = No of element in each column )
 Y   Y   Y   Y   Y 
2 2
T2
2 2 2

SSR       26234.95 
1 2 3 4 5

N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N
( N 2 = No of element in each row )
SSE = TSS – SSC-SSR = 37793.75 – 1613.5 – 26234.95 = =9945.3
ANOVA TABLE
S.V SS DF SS MSS F cal F
tab

Column SSC MSC

SSC=1613. c-1= MSC   403.375FC   2.055
treatmen SSC=1613.5 C 1 MSE 3.26
5 5-1 =4
t

SSR MCR
Between SSR=2623 r-1=4- SSR=26234.9 MSR   8744.98
FC   10.552
Row 4.95 1=3 5 R 1 MSE 3.49

N-c- SSE
SSE=9945. MSE   828.775
Error r+1=1 SSE=9945.3 12
3
2

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 24
 Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc , Accept H0
Cal FR  Tab FR , Reject H0

8. Three varieties of coal were analyzed by 4 chemists and the ash content is given below.
Perform an ANOVA Table (May/June 2016)

Chemists
A B C D
I 8 5 5 7
COAL II 7 6 4 4
III 3 6 5 4

Solution:

Chemists
A B C D TOT
I 8 5 5 7 25
COAL II 7 6 4 4 21
III 3 6 5 4 18
TOT 18 17 14 15 64

N = 12
T = 64
T2
C.F =  341.33
N
T2
TSS   X 1  X 2  X 3 X   24.67
2 2 2 2
4
N
 X    X    X 
2 2 2
T2
SSC    3.34
1 2 3

N1 N1 N1 N
( N1 = No of element in each column )
 Y    Y    Y    Y 
2 2 2 2
T2
SSR   6.17 
1 2 3 4

N2 N2 N2 N2 N
( N 2 = No of element in each row )
SSE = TSS – SSC - SSR = 24.67 – 3.34 – 6.17 = 15.16

ANOVA TABLE
S.V DF SS MSS F cal F
tab
Column C-1= 4-1
MSC 
SSC
 1.11 FC 
MSE
 2.28
=3
SSC=3.34
C 1
3.49
treatment MSC

Between R-1=3-
MSR 
SSR
 3.09 FC 
MCR
 1.22
SSR=6.17 3.26
Row 1=2 R 1 MSE
N-c- SSE
Error SSE=15.16 MSE   2.53
R+1=6 12

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 25
 Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc , Reject H0
Cal FR  Tab FR , Reject H0

9. A company appoints 4 salesmen A, B, C and D and observes their sales in 3 seasons,

summer, winter and monsoon. The figures are given in the following table:

Salesmen A B C D

Summer 45 40 28 37

Season Winter 43 41 45 38

Monsoon 39 39 43 41
Carry out an analysis of variances. (Nov/Dec 2016)

Solution:
H0 : There is no significant difference between salesmen and between seasons.
H1 : There is significant difference between salesmen or between seasons.
Season X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X21 X2 X213 X21
Summer 5 0 -2 -3 0 25 0 4 9
Winter 3 1 5 -2 7 9 1 25 4
Monsoon -1 -1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Total 7 0 4 -4 7 35 2 30 14

N = 12 T = 7
72
C.F =  4.083
12
TSS  52  02   2    3  ...  1  4.083  76.917
2 2 2

72 02 42 42
SSC      4.083  22.917
3 3 3 3
02 7 2 02
SSR     4.083  8.167
4 4 4
SSE  TSS - SSC-SSR
SSE  76.917  22.917  8.167  45.833

ANOVA TABLE
S.V DF SS MSS F cal F tab
salesmen 3 SSC = 22.917 MSC=7 MSE 4.76
FC  1
MSC
.639
seasons 2 SSR = 8.167 MSR=4 MCR 19.33
FC   1.87
MSE
.0835
Error 6 SSE = 45.833 MSE=7
.6388
Total 11 TSS = 76.917

Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc , Accept H0

Cal FR  Tab FR , Accept H0
S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 26
10. The following is the Latin Square of a design when 4 varieties of seed are being tested.
Set up the analysis of variance table and state your conclusion. You can carry out the
suitable change of origin and scale.
(A) 110 (B) 100 (C)130 (D) 120
(C) 120 (D) 130 (A) 110 (B) 110
(D) 120 (C) 100 (B) 110 (A) 120
(B) 100 (A) 140 (D) 100 (C) 120
Solution:
Subtracting 100 and dividing by 10
Total=Ti [Ti*2]/n X*ij2
1 2 3 4
*

1 A1 B0 C3 D2 6 9 14
2 C2 D3 A1 B1 7 12.25 15
3 D2 C0 B1 A2 5 6.25 9
4 B0 A4 D0 C2 6 9 20
Total=T*j 5 7 5 7 24 36.5 58
[T*j2]/n 6.25 12.25 6.25 12.25 37
 yij2 9 25 11 13 58

Letters Total=TK [TK2]/n

A 1 1 2 4 8 16
B 0 1 1 0 2 1
C 3 2 0 2 7 12.25
D 2 3 2 0 7 12.25
Total 24 41.5

T2
TSS    Yij   22
2

N
1 T2
SSR   Ti   0.5
2

n N
1 T2
SSC   j N 1

2
T
n
1 T2
SSK 
n
 K N  5.5
T 2


SSE  TSS  SSC  SSR  SSK  15

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 27
 ANOVA TABLE
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean FTab Ratio
F- Ratio
Variation Squares freedom Square ( 5% level)
Between
SSR = 0.5 3 MSR = 0.167 FR(6,36)=8.94
Rows FR =14.97

Between
SSC = 1 3 MSC = 0.333 Fc(6,3)=8.94
Columns FC =7.508
Between
SSK = 5.5 3 MSK = 1.833 FK(6 ,3)=8.94
Letters
FK =1.364
Residual SSE = 15 6 MSE = 2.5
Total 22 15
Conclusion:
Cal FR  Tab FR , Cal FC  Tab FC , Cal FK  Tab FK There is a significant
difference between rows and no significant difference between column and also
between letters.

11. In a Latin square experiment given below are the yield in quintals per acre on the paddy
crop carried out for testing the effect of five fertilizers A, B, C, D, E. Analyze the data for
variations. (Nov / Dec 2017)

B 25 A 18 E 27 D 30 C 27
A 19 D 31 C 29 E 26 B 23
C 28 B 22 D 33 A 18 E 27
E 28 C 26 A 20 B 25 D 33
D 32 E 25 B 23 C 28 A 20
Solution:
Subtract 20 from all the items
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Total X21 X22 X23 X24 X25
Y1 0 -7 2 5 2 2 0 49 4 25 4
Y2 -6 6 4 1 -2 3 36 36 16 1 4
Y3 3 -3 8 -7 2 3 9 9 64 49 4
Y4 3 1 -5 0 8 7 9 1 25 0 64
Y5 7 0 -2 3 -5 3 49 0 4 9 25
Tota 7 -3 7 2 5 18 103 95 113 84 101
l

H0 : There is no significant difference between rows, columns & treatments.

H1 : There is significant difference between rows, columns & treatments.

N = 25 T = 18
T2
C.F =  12.96
N
S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 28
 T2
TSS   X 1  X 2  X 3  X 42   X 52   483.04
2 2 2

 X   X   X   X   X 
2 2 2 2 2
T2
SSC        14.24
1 2 3 4 5

N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N

( N1 = No of element in each column )

 Y   Y   Y   Y   Y 
2 2 2 2 2
T2
SSR        3.04
1 2 3 4 5

N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N

( N 2 = No of element in each row )

SSK

A B C D E
-7 0 2 5 2
-6 -2 4 6 1
-7 -3 3 8 2
-5 0 1 8 3
-5 -2 3 7 0
TOT -30 -7 13 34 8

SSK =
 302   72  132  342  82 
T2
 454.64
5 5 5 5 5 N

SSE = TSS – SSC - SSR = 483.04 – 14.24 – 3.04 – 454.64 = 11.12

ANOVA TABLE
S.V DF SS MSS F cal F
tab
Column MSC 
SSC
 3.56 FC 
MSC
 3.84
k-1=4 SSC=14.24
K 1
3.26
treatment MSE
Between MSR 
SSR
 0.76 FR 
MSE
 1.22
3.26
k-1=4 SSR=3.04
Row K 1 MSR
MSK 3.26
Between SSK FT   122.61
k-1=4 SSK=11.12 MSK   113.66 MSE
Treatment K 1
SSE
(k-1)(k-2) MSE   0.927
Error SSE=483.04 ( K  1)( K  2)
= 12

Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc Reject H 0

Cal FR  Tab FR Accept H 0
Cal FT  Tab FT Reject H 0

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 29
12 A variable trial was conducted on wheat with 4 varieties in a Latin Square Design. The
plan of the experiment and the per plot yield are given below: (Apr/May 2017)( Dec 2016)

C 25 B 23 A 20 D 20
A 19 D 19 C 21 B 18
B 19 A 14 D 17 C 20
D 17 C 20 B 21 A 15
Solution:
Subtract 20 from all the items
X1 X2 X3 X4 Total X21 X22 X23 X24
Y1 5 3 0 0 8 25 9 0 0
Y2 -1 -1 1 -2 -3 1 1 1 4
Y3 -1 -6 -3 0 10 1 36 9 0
Y4 -3 0 1 -5 -7 9 0 1 25
Total 0 -4 -1 -7 -12 36 46 11 29

H0 : There is no significant difference between rows, columns & treatments.

H1 : There is significant difference between rows, columns & treatments.

N = 16 T = -12
T2 T2
9 TSS   X 1  X 2  X 3 X   X 52   113
2 2 2 2
C.F = 4
N N

 X   X   X   X   X 
2 2 2 2
T2
2

SSC      
 7.5
1 2 3 4 5

N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N
( N1 = No of element in each column )
 Y   Y   Y   Y   Y 
2 2 2 2 2
T2
SSR        46.5
1 2 3 4 5

N2 N2 N2 N2 N2 N

( N 2 = No of element in each row )

SSK

T
A 0 -1 -6 -5 -12
B 3 -2 -1 1 1
C 5 1 0 0 6
D 0 -1 -3 -3 -7

SSK =
 122  12  62   72 
T2
 48.5
4 4 4 4 N

SSE = TSS – SSC - SSR = 113-7.5-46.5-48.5 = 10.5

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 30
 ANOVA TABLE
S.V DF SS MSS F cal F
tab
Column MSC 
SSC
 2.5 FC 
MSC
 1.43
k-1=3 SSC=7.5
K 1
4.76
treatment MSE
MCR
Between SSR FR   8.86
k-1=3 SSR=46.5 MSR   15.5 MSE 4.76
Row K 1
Between FT 
MSK
 9.24
SSK
Treatmen k-1=3 SSK=48.5 MSK   16.17 MSE 4.76
K 1
t
(k-1)(k-
Error 2) = 6
SSE=10.5

Conclusion: Cal Fc  Tab Fc

Cal FR  Tab FR
Cal FT  Tab FT
There is significant difference between treatment and rows but there is no significant difference
between columns.
13. Given the following observation for the 2 factors A & B at two levels, Compute (i) the
main effect (ii) make an analysis of variance.
Treatment Replication Replication Replication
Combination I II III
(1) 10 14 9
A 21 19 23
B 17 15 16
AB 20 24 25

Solution:
H0 : No difference in the Mean effect.
H1 :There is a difference in the Mean effect.
We code the data by subtracting 20

Treatment Replication Total X21 X22 X23

(l) -10 -6 -11 -27 100 36 121

(a) 1 -1 3 3 1 1 9
(b) -3 -5 -4 -12 9 25 16
(ab) 0 4 5 9 0 16 25
Total -27 110 78 171
T= Grand Total = -27 N =12
(Grand total )2 (27)2
Correction Factor =   60.75
Total No of Observations 12
A Contract = a + ab – b – (1) = 3+9+-(12)-(-27) = 51
B Contract = b + ab – a – (1) = -12+9-3-(-27) = 21
A Contract = (1) + ab – a – b = - 27+9-3-(-12) = -9
(i) Main effects of A = A Contract / 2n = 51/6 = 8.5
Main effects of B = B Contract / 2n = 21/6 = 3.5
S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 31
 Main effects of AB = AB Contract / 2n = -9 / 6 = -1.5

T2
TSS   X1  X 2  X 3   110  78  171  60.75  298.25
2 2 2

N
( A contract) 2  51
2

SSA    216.75
4n 12
( B contract) 2  21
2

SSB    36.75
4n 12
( AB contract) 2  9 
2

SSAB    6.75
4n 12
SSE = TSS – SSA – SSB - SSAB = 298.25 – 216.75 – 36.75 – 6.75 = 38
ANOVA Table
Degree
Source of Sum of Mean
of F- Ratio FTab Ratio
Variation Squares Square
freedom
MSA=216.
A SSA=216.75 1
75
FA = 45.63 F5%(1, 8) = 5.32
MSB=36.7
B SSB=36.75 1
5 FB = 7.74 F5%(1, 8) = 5.32
MSAB=6.7 FAB = 1.42 F5%(1, 8) = 5.32
AB SSAB=6.75 1
5

Error SSE=38 4(n-1)=8 MSE=4.75

Total TSS=298.25 4n-1=11

Conclusion : Cal FA > Tab FA , Reject H0

Cal FB > Tab FB Reject H0
Cal FAB < Tab FAB Accept H0

UNIT – III SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

PART – A
1. Write down the order of convergence and condition for convergence of fixed point
iteration method x = g(x).
The Order of convergence is One and condition for convergence is g '(x)  1 , for x  I where

I is the interval containing the root of x = g(x).

2. Find the interval in which the root lies for x  e  x

S. Dhanasekar - AP/Mathematics 32