Computer
Fundamentals
Learning Outcomes:
- Identify and describe basic concepts about
computers.
- Identify and explain different programming
concepts.
by Abegail Peseral Calixtro preencoded.png
What is a Computer
- A computer is an electronic device that can store,
process, and retrieve information.
- A machine programmed to carry out sequences of
operations automatically.
- It works by executing instructions provided in a
program, enabling a wide range of tasks like
calculations, data manipulation, and communication.
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What is a Computer
Data Processing Storage and Retrieval
Computers process Computers can store
data based on information for later use and
instructions. They retrieve it efficiently. They
manipulate and provide a platform for data
transform raw data management and access.
into meaningful
information.
Communication
Modern computers facilitate communication by
transmitting and receiving data over networks.
They connect people and systems. preencoded.png
Basic Components of a Computer
A computer is made up of several key components that work together to
perform its functions. These components can be broadly categorized into
hardware and software.
Hardware Software
The physical parts of a computer The programs and instructions that tell
that you can touch, such as the the hardware what to do, such as
monitor, keyboard, and mouse. operating systems, applications, and
games.
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Hardware Components
Hardware components are the physical parts of a computer.
They perform various functions to enable the computer to work.
CPU The brain of the computer, responsible for
processing instructions and data.
Memory (RAM) Temporary storage for data and instructions that are
actively being used by the computer.
Storage (Hard Drive or SSD) Long-term storage for data and programs that
are not currently being used.
Input Devices Devices that allow you to enter data into the
computer, such as keyboard, mouse, and scanner.
Output Devices Devices that display or output data from the
computer, such as monitor, printer, and speakers.
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Software
Software is a set of instructions that tells the
hardware how to function. It enables computers
to perform specific tasks.
Operating Systems Applications
The software that Programs that perform
manages the specific tasks, such as
computer's hardware web browsers, word
and provides a user processors, and
interface for games.
interacting with it.
Programming Languages
A set of rules and symbols that are used to
create instructions for computers to follow.
They allow developers to write instructions that
computers can understand and execute. preencoded.png
Binary Numeral System and Data Representation
Computers use the binary numeral system, which uses only two digits (0 and 1)
to represent information.
1 2 3
Bits Bytes Data Representation
The basic unit of A group of 8 bits that Different data types, such as
information in a represent a character, text, numbers, and images,
computer, represented number, or other data are represented using
by a 0 or a 1. element. combinations of bits and
bytes.
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Machine Language, Assembly Language, High-
level Language
Programming languages exist at different levels of abstraction, each designed
for different purposes and complexities.
1 Machine Language 2 Assembly Language 3 High-level Language
The lowest-level A low-level language Languages designed to be
language, consisting of that uses mnemonics to more human-readable
binary code directly represent machine and easier to write, using
understood by the instructions, making it English-like syntax and
computer's CPU. slightly more readable abstractions. Examples
than machine language. include Python, Java, and
C++. preencoded.png
Machine Language
1110100010101 111010101110
10111010110100 10100011110111
Assembly Language
ADD 1001010, 1011010
High-level Language
Computer Program
A collection of instructions that can be
executed by a computer to perform a
specific task.
Source Code Assembler Byte Code Computer
Compiler Executable
Interpreter
What is Programming?
It refers to the process of creating the set
of instructions, or simply the "code",
necessary to tell the computer how to
perform a task or to achieve a goal.
Algorithms
Algorithms are a set of instructions that are used to solve problems.
They provide a step-by-step approach to achieving a desired outcome.
Problem Definition Algorithm Implementation
Clearly define the Write code or use other tools to
problem to be solved. implement the algorithm.
Algorithm Development Testing and Refinement
Create a step-by-step plan Test the algorithm and refine it
to solve the problem. until it produces the desired results.
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Programming Concepts
Programming concepts are the fundamental
building blocks of programming languages. They
provide the tools and rules for creating instructions
for computers.
Variables Data Types
Named containers used Categories of data, such
to store and access as integers, floating-point
data within a program. numbers, and strings.
Operators Control Structures
Symbols that perform Statements that control the
operations on data, such flow of execution, allowing
as such as arithmetic, programs to make decisions,
comparison, or logical repeat actions, or execute
operations. code conditionally.
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Thank You and
God Bless!
