Understanding Logarithms: A Guide
1. Introduction to Logarithms
A logarithm answers the question: "To what power must we raise a base to get a specific number?"
In mathematical terms, if you see something like: log_b(x) = y, this equation is saying:
"The base b raised to the power y equals x" or b^y = x.
For example, log_2(8) = 3 because 2^3 = 8.
2. Key Properties of Logarithms
There are several key properties that make logarithmic calculations simpler:
1. Product Rule: log_b(m * n) = log_b(m) + log_b(n)
2. Quotient Rule: log_b(m / n) = log_b(m) - log_b(n)
3. Power Rule: log_b(m^n) = n * log_b(m)
4. Change of Base Formula: log_b(x) = log_k(x) / log_k(b)
These properties are helpful when solving logarithmic equations or simplifying expressions.
3. Solving Logarithmic Equations
To solve logarithmic equations, apply logarithmic properties to isolate the variable.
Example:
Solve for x: log_2(x) = 5. Rewrite as an exponential form: x = 2^5, so x = 32.
For equations involving more complex logarithmic expressions, use properties like the Product,
Quotient, or Power rules to simplify first.
4. Real-World Applications of Logarithms
Logarithms are widely used in fields like population growth, chemistry, and sound measurement.
Example:
Population Growth: P = P_0 * (1 + r)^t. If P = 2 * P_0, apply logarithms to solve for t.
Radioactive Decay: A = A_0 * (1/2)^(t/T). Here, logarithms are used to determine the time it
takes for the substance to decay to a certain amount.
These applications often require transforming exponential equations using logarithms to solve
for time, rate, or other variables.
5. Practice Questions
1. Evaluate: log_10(1000), log_2(16)
2. Simplify: log_3(27) - log_3(3)
3. Solve for x: log_4(x) + log_4(16) = 3
4. The half-life of a substance is 5 years. If you start with 100 grams, how much remains
after 15 years? Use the formula: A = A_0 * (1/2)^(t/T).
Answers:
1. 3, 4
2. 2
3. x = 4
4. 12.5 grams
