CHAPTER 4:

Repetition Control Structure

Prepared for:
CSC 402 – Programming 1

© Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTER

In this chapter, you will:

 Learn about repetition (looping) control structures
 Explore how to construct and use counter-controlled loop,
sentinel-controlled loop and flag-controlled loop
 Discover how to form and use nested repetition control
structures
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

INTRODUCTION

What is the meaning of

repetition?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

CONTROL STRUCTURES

 A computer program can be executed:

 In sequence
 By Selection (Branch): Making a choice
Control Structures
 By Repetition (Iterative): Looping
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

REPETITION STRUCTURE

Repetition (Looping) Structure:

 Allows a computer program to execute the same sequence of statements
over and over again

BUT this is only possible if the loop condition remains TRUE

 A repetition is also called:

 A loop
 An iteration
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

WHY LOOPING?

Why do you need looping?

Write a program that will display the word

“Hello” 10 times.
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

WHY LOOPING?

Use repetition (looping) to repeat the same statements over and

over again
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

REPETITION STRUCTURE

Repetition (Looping) Structure:

 There are 3 types of repetition structure:
1. Counter-controlled Loop
2. Sentinel-controlled Loop
3. Flag-controlled Loop

 To write a program for each type of repetition structure in C++,

you could use any of these:
1. while loop
2. for loop
3. do... while loop
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

COUNTER-CONTROLLED LOOP
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

 Is used when the number of repetition (n) is known in advance

 The looping will STOP after the segment of code has been
repeated (n) times
 For example:
 Displaying the word “Hello” 10 times
 Getting input from user 5 times
 Repeating a process 3 times
 The steps involved in writing counter-controlled loop:
1) Declare and initialize a CONTROL VARIABLE
(Before entering the loop)
2) Evaluate the CONTROL VARIABLE against the LOOP CONDITION
(To check whether the looping should continue or not)
3) Update the CONTROL VARIABLE at each loop
(By incrementing or decrementing)
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

while LOOP
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

a. Draw a flowchart for the program above

b. What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program above?
c. What is the purpose of the program above?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE
What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program below?

What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program below?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

a. Draw a flowchart for the program above

b. What will be the output displayed on the screen if the numbers entered are
5, 2, 10, 6 and 15 respectively?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

Identify the following components in repetition control structure:

a. Loop control variable
b. Initialization statement
c. Loop continuation condition
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

Correct the following code so that it reads and finds the sum of 30 numbers
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

do.. while LOOP

 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

while LOOP VS do.. while LOOP

The loop condition is evaluated The loop condition is evaluated

at the beginning of loop at the end of loop

The loop can be executed The loop must be executed

0 or more times at least once (1 or more times)
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

a. If count is initialized as 6, what would be the output displayed on the

screen?
b. Transform the program above by using do.. while loop instead of while loop
c. Using the new program, if count is initialized as 6, what would be the
output displayed on the screen?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

a. Draw a flowchart for the program above.

b. What will be the output displayed on the screen if the salary entered are
2000, 1500, 1200, 1000 and 2500 respectively?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

for LOOP
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

while LOOP VS for LOOP

©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

Control information are

spread out in 3 different locations

Control information are all

in one place
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

Transform the program above using a for loop instead of while loop
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

a. Draw a flowchart for the program above.

b. What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program above?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

QUICK TIP!
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

QUICK TIP!
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

SENTINEL-CONTROLLED LOOP
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

 Is used when the number of repetition (n) is NOT known in advance

 The looping does not know when to stop because it doesn’t know
how many repetition it must do
 Therefore, a SENTINEL VALUE is used to end the loop
 For example:
 Repeat a process as long as the user does not input “999”
(If user input 999, the loop will terminate)
 Repeat a process as long as the user input “Y”
(If user input value other than Y, the loop will terminate)
 The steps involved in writing sentinel controlled loop:
1) Declare and initialize a CONTROL VARIABLE
2) Evaluate the CONTROL VARIABLE against the LOOP CONDITION
3) Update the CONTROL VARIABLE at each loop
(By input received from user)
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

EXAMPLE
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
int bil = 0, num;
char ans='n';
while(ans!='Y')
{

bil++;
cout<<"Enter an integer number"<<endl;
cin>>num;
cout<<"To exit enter 'Y'"<<endl;
cin>>ans;
}
cout<< "Number of integers entered is "<<bil<<endl;

return 0;
}
}
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

EXAMPLE
##include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int main(){
double power;
cout<<"Enter a floating point number to compute the power of 2."<<endl;
cout<<"Enter 0 to stop the program"<<endl;
cin>>power;
while(power)
{
cout<<"The "<<power<<"th power of 2 is :"<<pow(2,power)<<endl;
cout<<"Enter a floating point number to compute the power of 2."<<endl;
cout<<"Enter 0 to stop the program"<<endl;
cin>>power;
}

return 0;
}
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

QUICK EXERCISE ©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

- 1;

a. Draw a flowchart for the program above

b. What will be the output displayed on the screen if the numbers entered are
88, 89, 64 and 0 respectively?
c. Transform the program using a do..while loop
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

break STATEMENT

break Statement:
 Causes an immediate exit from the enclosing loop

Exit the loop

 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program above?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

continue STATEMENT

continue Statement:
 Causes the remaining statements in the current loop to be skipped

Then, proceed with the next loop

Go to next loop
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program above?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

What is wrong with this source code? How can you fix this problem.
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

FLAG-CONTROLLED LOOP
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

 Is used when the number of repetition (n) is NOT known in advance

BUT you want to use a Boolean variable to control the loop
 For example:

 The steps involved in writing flag-controlled loop:

1) Declare and initialize a CONTROL VARIABLE
2) Evaluate the CONTROL VARIABLE against the LOOP CONDITION
3) Update the CONTROL VARIABLE at each loop
(By storing TRUE or FALSE value)
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

a. Draw a flowchart for the program above

b. What will be the output displayed on the screen if the numbers entered are
2, 10, 8, 5 and 0 respectively?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

NESTED LOOP

Nested Loop:
 Is used when you want to execute a loop within another loop
 An inner loop will be contained inside an outer loop
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

QUICK EXERCISE

What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program above?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

QUICK EXERCISE
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program above?
 © Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor

QUICK EXERCISE
©Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam

What will be the output displayed on the screen for the program above?