Line Coder

Desirable properties of Line code

1. Transmission Bandwidth should be as small as possible.

2. Transmitted power should be as small as possible
3. Error detection and/or correction capability is present
4. Power spectral density is favorable.
5. The timing signal can be extracted from data bit
6. Code should be transparent ( for every sequence of data, coded signal is received
faithfully)
I . Unipolar Signaling
•Unipolar signaling is also called as On-Off Keying or simply OOK.
•The presence of pulse represents a 1 and the absence of pulse represents a 0.
•There are two variations in Unipolar signaling −
• Non Return to Zero NRZ
• Return to Zero RZ
I. A. Unipolar Non-Return to Zero UPNRZ
• In this type of unipolar signaling, a high in data is represented by a positive pulse
called as Mark, which has a duration T0 equal to the symbol bit duration.
• A Low in data input has no pulse.
Advantages
• A lesser bandwidth is required.
• Error detection (polarity inversion) possible to some extent
•Disadvantages
• Power requirement high
• non favorable PSD
• clock extraction not possible
• Not transparent
I. B. Unipolar Return to Zero UPRZ
•In this type of unipolar signaling, a High data duration T0 is less than the symbol bit
duration.
•Half of the bit duration remains high but it immediately returns to zero and shows the
absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit duration.

Advantages
•Clock extraction possible
• Power requirement low
• Error detection (polarity inversion) possible to some extent

Disadvantages
• Non favorable PSD
• Not transparent
•Occupies twice the bandwidth as unipolar NRZ.
II. Polar Signaling

There are two methods of Polar Signaling. They are −

•Polar NRZ PNRZ
•Polar RZ PRZ

II. A. Polar NRZ

In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse, while a Low
in data is represented by a negative pulse.

Advantages
•Favorable PSD
Disadvantages
•No error detection.
• Power requirement high
• Not transparent
• Clock extraction not possible
II . B. Polar RZ

•In this type of unipolar signaling, a High data duration T0 is less than the symbol bit
duration.
•Half of the bit duration remains high but it immediately returns to zero.
•However, for a Low input, a negative pulse represents the data, and the zero level remains
same for the other half of the bit duration.

Advantages
• Favorable PSD
•Clock extraction possible
• Power requirement low
• Transparent

Disadvantages
•No error detection.
• Occupies twice the bandwidth of Polar NRZ.
III. Bipolar Signaling
•This is an encoding technique which has three voltage levels namely +, - and 0. Such a signal is
called as duo-binary signal.
• Example of this type is Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) and Pseudoternary
 AMI:
For a 1, the voltage level gets a transition from + to – or from – to +, having
alternate 1s to be of equal polarity.
A 0 will have a zero voltage level.
 Pseudoternary
 Pseudoternary is the reverse of AMI

In this method, we have two types.

•Bipolar NRZ
•Bipolar RZ
Advantages
• A single error (polarity inversion) detection capability is present in this.
• Favorable PSD
Disadvantages
• Clock extraction not possible
• Not Transparent
IV. Binary N-zero Substitution (BNZS)

•Basic bipolar code by replacing all strings of N 0’s with a special N-length code containing
several pulses that purposely produce bipolar violations for easy identification of substituted
sequence.
• Code is chosen to include binary 1s.
• High Density Bipolar (HDB) coding is an example of BNZS coding format
• HDB3 coding replaces strings of four 0’s with sequences containing a bipolar violation in the
last bit position. (000V or B00V)
• Since this coding format precludes strings of 0’s greater than three, it is referred to as HDB3
coding.
• 000V and B00V, where B=1 conforms to the bipolar rule and V=1 violates the bipolar rule.

000V

B00V

•Note – Zero non-zero pulses are also even

 110000100000000

111001100011001

•The choice of sequence 000V or B00V is made in such a way that consecutive V pulses
alternate signs in order to maintain the dc null in PSD.
•

•
V. Split Phase / Manchester code

•The encoding of each data bit is either low then high, or high then low, for equal time.
•Manchester code always has a transition at the middle of each bit period
•The direction of the mid-bit transition indicates the data.
•Transitions at the period boundaries do not carry information. They exist only to place
the signal in the correct state to allow the mid-bit transition.
•Manchester code ensures frequent line voltage transitions, directly proportional to the
clock rate; this helps clock recovery.
•Code is Transparent.
•The DC component of the encoded signal is not dependent on the data and therefore
carries no information, hence favorable PSD.
VI. Multi level Coding
•In these schemes we increase the number of data bits per symbol thereby increasing
the bit rate.
•Bandwidth requirement is half of previous scheme
PSD of Line Codes
The PSDof aline codedepends onthe shapesof pulses that correspondto digital values.

The transmitted signal is the sum of weighted, shiftedpulses.

∞
y(t) = Σ akp(t −kTb)
k=−∞
where Tb is pulse period.
 Impulse Train
∞
x(t) = Σ akδ(t −kTb)
k=−∞

PSD of y(t) is Sy( f ) = |P( f )| 2 S x (f ).

P ( f ) depends only on the pulse shape, independent of digital valuesor rate.

PSD depends on pulse shape, rate, and digital values {a k }. We can simplify analysis by
representing {a k } as impulse train.
The time autocorrelation function is
∞
R x (t) = 1 Σ Rnδ(t −nTb)
T
n=−∞

1 N
R n = Nlim
→ ∞ 2N
Σ a k a k−n
k= −N

The power spectral density of impulse train is

∞
F {R x (t)} = S x (f ) = 1 Σ Rne − j n 2π f Tb
Tb
n=−∞

The PSD of the encoded signal is

∞ Σ
1 −j n 2π f Tb
Sy ( f ) = |P( f )|2 Σ Rne
Tb n = − ∞
 PSD of Polar
Signaling

◮1 → +p(t) , 0 → −p(t)
◮ Since ak and a k+n are independent
N N
1 1
R0 = N
lim
→∞ 2N Σ a2k = Nlim
→ ∞ 2N
Σ 1=1
k= −N k= −N
N
1
R n = lim Σ a kak + n = 0
N → ∞ 2N
k= −N

ak ak + n
0 0
|P( f )|2 |P( f )|2 0 1
Sy ( f ) = R0 = 1 0
Tb Tb 1 1
◮ NRZ

p(t) = Π(t/Tb)
P ( f ) = Tb sinc(πT bf )
Tb

|P( f )|2 = T 2 sinc 2(πT b f )

b
◮ RZ half-width: p(t) = Π(t/(Tb/2))
P ( f ) = 1 Tb sinc( 1 πT bf )
2 2
Tb/2 |P( f )| 2 = 1T2 sinc 2 ( 1 πT bf )
4 b
 RZ

NRZ
PSD of Polar Signaling: Half-Width Pulse
.
|P (f )|2 1T2
4 b
sinc2 ( 12 πTbf ) T πTbf
For RZ, Sy ( f ) = = = b sinc2
Tb Tb 4 2

The bandwidth 2Rb

PSD of Alternate Mark Inversion (Bipolar) Signaling

AMI encodes 0 as 0 V and 1 as +V or −V , with alternatingsigns.

 Split Phase (Manchester) Encoding
◮ Use pulses p(t) that have zero average value (split phase, or Manchester

encoding)

p(t)

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1