Paper Code: CIC-211
Subject: Object-Oriented Programming Using C++
Unit01, Lecture 07: Topics Covered: Call by Value and Call by
Reference
Call by Value vs. Call by Reference
1. Call by Value:
o When a function is called by value, a copy of the actual argument is passed to the
function. This means that changes made to the parameter inside the function do not
affect the original argument.
2. Call by Reference:
o When a function is called by reference, a reference (or pointer) to the actual
argument is passed to the function. This means that changes made to the parameter
inside the function directly affect the original argument.
Example Program: Demonstrating Call by Value and Call by Reference
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Number {
private:
int value;
public:
// Method to set the value of the number
void setValue(int val) {
value = val;
}
// Method to get the value of the number
int getValue() {
return value;
}
// Method to demonstrate Call by Value
void callByValue(int val) {
val = val + 10; // Modify the local copy
cout << "Inside callByValue, value is: " << val << endl;
}
// Method to demonstrate Call by Reference
void callByReference(int &val) {
val = val + 10; // Modify the actual variable
cout << "Inside callByReference, value is: " << val << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Number num;
int a;
// Set and display the initial value
cout << "Enter a value: ";
cin >> a;
num.setValue(a);
cout << "Original value before callByValue: " << num.getValue() << endl;
num.callByValue(a); // Call by Value
cout << "Original value after callByValue: " << num.getValue() << endl;
cout << "Original value before callByReference: " << num.getValue() << endl;
num.callByReference(a); // Call by Reference
cout << "Original value after callByReference: " << num.getValue() << endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a value: 5
Original value before callByValue: 5
Inside callByValue, value is: 15
Original value after callByValue: 5
Original value before callByReference: 5
Inside callByReference, value is: 15
Original value after callByReference: 15
void callByReference(int &val) {
val = val + 10; // Modify the actual variable
cout << "Inside callByReference, value is: " <<
val << endl;
}
Example -2: Swap to numbers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Swapper {
public:
// Method to swap numbers using Call by Value
void swapByValue(int a, int b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
cout << "Inside swapByValue - a: " << a << ", b: " << b << endl;
}
// Method to swap numbers using Call by Reference
void swapByReference(int &a, int &b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
cout << "Inside swapByReference - a: " << a << ", b: " << b << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Swapper swapper;
int x, y;
// Get user input for the two numbers
cout << "Enter the first number (x): ";
cin >> x;
cout << "Enter the second number (y): ";
cin >> y;
// Display original values
cout << "Original values - x: " << x << ", y: " << y << endl;
// Call by Value - the swap won't affect the original variables
swapper.swapByValue(x, y);
cout << "After swapByValue - x: " << x << ", y: " << y << endl;
// Call by Reference - the swap will affect the original variables
swapper.swapByReference(x, y);
cout << "After swapByReference - x: " << x << ", y: " << y << endl;
return 0;
}
References:-
Online
1. Tutorialspoint OOP Tutorial: Comprehensive tutorials on OOP concepts with examples. Link
2. GeeksforGeeks OOP Concepts: Articles and examples on OOP principles and applications.
Link
Book
1. "Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications" by Grady Booch: Classic book
covering fundamental OOP concepts and real-world examples.
2. "Object-Oriented Programming in C++" by Robert Lafore: Detailed guide to OOP in C++,
explaining concepts with a practical example
