Basic building blocks
• Built-in types of data
• Conditionals and loops
• Functions objects
• OOP functions
• Data Abstraction
conditionals and loops
text I/O
built-in data types assignment statements
1
Building blocks of
Java
Conditionals and Loops
▪ The if Statement
▪ Loops: the while statement
▪ An alternative: the for loop
▪ Nesting
https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/13flow/
2
Conditionals and Loops
Control flow
• The sequence of statements that are actually executed in a program.
• Conditionals and loops enable us to choreograph control flow.
true boolean 1
statement 1
false
statement 2 statement 1
boolean 2 true statement 2
statement 3
false
statement 4
statement 3
straight-line control flow control flow with conditionals and a loop
[ previous lecture ] [this lecture]
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Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
The if statement
Execute certain statements depending on the values of certain variables.
• Evaluate a Boolean expression.
• If true, execute a statement.
• The else option: If false, execute a different statement.
if (<Boolean expression>) { <statements T> }
else { <statements F> }
Example: if (x < 0) x = -x; Example: if (x > y) max = x;
else max = y;
true x< 0? false true x>y? false
x = -x; max = x; max = y;
Replaces x with the absolute value of x Computes the maximum of x and y 4
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
Example of if statement use:
simulate a coin flip
public class Flip {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//simulate a fair coin flip.
if(Math.random() < 0.5)
System.out.println("Heads");
else System.out.println("Tails");
Heads
}
Heads
}
Tails
Flip
Heads
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne elice>Week 1-2> Simulate a coin flip
Example of if statement use: 2-sort
Q. What does this program do?
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TwoSort {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int a;
int b; 100
a = input.nextInt(); 99
b//implement here.
= input.nextInt(); 99
100
if(b < a) {
a sequence of -20
int temp = a;
a = b; statements 30
b = temp; within the -20
} curly braces. 30
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}
} A. Reads two integers at runtime, then prints them out in ascending order.
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Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne elice>Week 1-2> Sort two integers
Example of if statement use: error checks
import java.util.Scanner;
public class IntOpsCheck {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int a = input.nextInt();
int b = input.nextInt();
int sum = a + b;
int prod = a * b;
System.out.println(a + " + " + b + " = " + sum);
System.out.println(a + " * " + b + " = " + prod);
if(b==0) System.out.print("Division by zero.");
else { 5 0
int quot = a / b; 5 + 0 = 5
int rem = a % b; 5 * 0 = 0
System.out.println(a + " / " + b + " = " + quot); Division by zero.
System.out.println(a + " % " + b + " = " + rem);
System.out.println(a + " = " + quot + " * " + b + " + " + rem);
}
}
}
Good programming practice. Use conditionals to check for and avoid runtime errors. 7
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne elice>Week 1-2> Error check for int operations
if-elseif
The following program assigns a grade based on the value of a test score:
import java.util.Scanner; Testscore Grade
public class LetterGrade {
public static void main(String[] args) { >=90 A
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
Double testscore = input.nextDouble(); >=80 B
char grade;
>=70 C
if (testscore >= 90) >=60 D
grade = 'A';
else if (testscore >= 80) < 60 F
grade = 'B';
//implement here.
else if (testscore >= 70)
grade = 'C';
96
else if (testscore >= 60) Grade = A
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';
System.out.println("Grade = " + grade);
}
} 8
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/if.html
elice>Week 1-2> *Exercise: Test score
Building blocks of
Java
Conditionals and Loops
▪ The if Statement
▪ Loops: the while statement
▪ An alternative: the for loop
▪ Nesting
10
https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/13flow/
The while loop
Execute certain statements repeatedly until certain conditions are met.
• Evaluate a booleanexpression. i = 0;
• If true, execute a sequence of statements.
• Repeat. v = 1;
i <= n ? false
Example:
int i = 0;
int v = 1; true
while (i <= n)
System.out.println(v);
{
System.out.println(v); i
= i + 1; i = i + 1;
v= 2 v;
} v=2 v;
Prints the powers of two from 2 0 to 2 n .
[stay tuned for a trace]
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Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
Computing Powers of 2
Enter an integer of your interest to print a table of the powers of 2:
6
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
5 32
6 64
Print the powers of two from 2 0 to 2 n .
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Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
Example of while loop use:
print powers of two
A trace is a table of variable values after each statement.
Import java.util.*; i power i <= n
public class PowersOfTwo {
0 1 true
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Enter an integer of your 1 2 true
interest to print a table of the powers of 2:
"); 2 4 true
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = input.nextInt(); 3 8 true
int power = 1;
4 16 true
int i=0;
5 32 true
while(i<=n) {
System.out.println(i+" "+power); 6 64 true
power = power * 2; //Compute the next one
i = i+1; //increment the loop control counter. 7 128 false
}
}
n Loop termination value
}
i Loop control counter
power Current power of 2
Prints the powers of two from 2 0 to 2 n .
13
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne elice>Week 1-2> Powers of two
Pop quiz on while loop
Q. Anything wrong with the following code?
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PQWhile {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int n = input.nextInt();
int i = 0;
int v = 1;
while (i <= n)
System.out.println(v);
i = i + 1;
v = 2 * v;
}
}
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Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
while vs. do-while
A do-while loop is almost the same as a while loop except that the
loop-continuation condition is omitted the first time through the loop.
16
The statements
Robert Sedgewick within the do block are always executed at least once.
| Kevin Wayne
Building blocks of
Java
Conditionals and Loops
▪ The if Statement
▪ Loops: the while statement
▪ An alternative: the for loop
▪ Nesting
https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/13flow/
17
The for loop
An alternative repetition structure. Why? Can provide code that is more
• Evaluate an initialization statement. compact and understandable.
• Evaluate a b o o l e a n expression.
• If true, execute a sequence of statements,
then execute an increment statement.
• Repeat.
Every for loop has an equivalent while loop:
int v = 1;
int i = 0;
while ( i <= n; )
{
System.out.println( i + " " + v );
v=2 v;
i++;
}
Prints the powers of two from 2 0 to 2 n 18
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
Examples of for loop use
sum i
int sum = 0; 1 1
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
3 2
sum += i; trace at end of loop for N = 4
6 3
System.out.println(sum);
10 4
Compute sum (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + N)
product i
long product = 1; 1 1
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) 2 2
product = i; 6 3
System.out.println(product); 24 4
Compute N! = 1 * 2 * 3 * . . . * N k
2* Math.PI* k/N
0 0
1 1.57079632...
for (int k = 0; k <= N; k++)
2 3.14159265...
System.out.println(k + " " + 2* Math.PI* k/N);
3 4.71238898...
Print a table of function values 4 6.28318530...
int v = 1; 2
while (v <= N/2) 4
v = 2* v; 8
System.out.println(v); 16 trace at end of loop for N = 2 3
Print largest power of 2 less than or equal to N
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Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
Example of for loop use:
subdivisions of a ruler
Create subdivisions of a ruler to 1/N inches.
• Initialize rulerto one space.
• For each value i from 1 to N:
sandwich i between two copies of ruler.
i ruler
1 " 1"
public class Ruler{ 2 "1 2 1 "
public static void main(String[] args){ 3 "1 2 1 3 1 2 1 "
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); 4 "1 2 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 "
int N = input.nextInt();
End-of-loop trace
String ruler = " ";
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
ruler = ruler + i + ruler; java Ruler 4
System.out.println(ruler); 121312141213121
}
}
100
Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
Note: Small program can produce huge amount of output.
2 1 0 0 − 1 integers in output (!)
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Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne elice>Week 1-2> Ruler using a loop
Building blocks of
Java
Conditionals and Loops
▪ The if Statement
▪ Loops: the while statement
▪ An alternative: the for loop
▪ Nesting
21
https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/13flow/
Nesting conditionals and loops
Nesting
• Any “statement” within a conditional or loop
may itself be a conditional or a loop statement.
• Enables complex control flows.
• Adds to challenge of debugging.
• In particular, we can use one or more of if, 5
while, and for statements in the body of * * * * * 1
another statement to make compound * * * 2
statements. * * 3
• To emphasize the nesting, we use indentation * * * 4
in the program code. * * 5
Write the code that prints an n-by-n table
with an asterisk in row i and column j
if either i divides j or j divides i. 22
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne elice>Week 1-2> *Exercise: Divisor Pattern
Pop Quiz on nested if statements
Goal. Given income, calculate proper tax rate.
Q. Anything wrong with the following code?
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TaxRate {
public static void main(String[] args){
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double income = input.nextDouble(); income rate
double rate = 0.35;
0 – $47,450 22%
if (income < 47450) rate = 0.22; $47,450 – $114,649 25%
if (income < 114650) rate = 0.25;
if (income < 174700) rate = 0.28; $114,650 – $174,699 28%
if (income < 311950) rate = 0.33;
System.out.println(rate); $174,700 – $311,949 33%
}
} $311,950 + 35%
25
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne elice>Week 1-2> Tax rate
Switch statement
NameOfDay.java converts a day of the week (0 to 6) to the corresponding name
(Sunday to Saturday).
import java.util.Scanner; 5
public class NameOfDay {
Friday
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int day = input.nextInt();
switch (day) {
case 0: System.out.println("Sunday"); break;
case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
case 3: System.out.println("Wednesday"); break;
case 4: System.out.println("Thursday"); break;
case 5: System.out.println("Friday"); break;
case 6: System.out.println("Saturday"); break;
default: System.out.println("invalid day"); break;
}
}
}
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https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/switch.html
Robert Sedgewick | Kevin Wayne
elice>Week 1-2> Name of day
