Chapter 3 - Control
ian@purpletrust.org
Mantra:
Coding is fun!
Selection Statements
– Using if and if...else
– Nested if Statements
– Using switch Statements
– Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
– Looping: while, do-while, and for
– Nested loops
– Using break and continue
if Statements
switch Statements
Conditional Operators
if Statements
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s);
}
Example:
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) {
System.out.println("i is an " +
"integer between 0 and 10");
}
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if
clause is a common mistake.
if (radius >= 0);
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is
not a compilation error or a runtime error,
it is a logic error.
The if...else Statement
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}
if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println("The area for the “
+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}
Multiple Alternative if Statements
if (score >= 90) if (score >= 90)
grade = ‘A’;
grade = ‘A’; else if (score >= 80)
grade = ‘B’;
else
else if (score >= 70)
if (score >= 80) grade = ‘C’;
else if (score >= 60)
grade = ‘B’; grade = ‘D’;
else
else grade = ‘F’;
if (score >= 70)
grade = ‘C’;
else
if (score >= 60)
grade = ‘D’;
else
grade = ‘F’;
Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the
same block. For example, the following statement
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
is equivalent to
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To
force the else clause to match the first if clause,
you must add a pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");
This statement prints B.
switch Statements
switch (year) {
case 7: annualInterestRate = 7.25;
break;
case 15: annualInterestRate = 8.50;
break;
case 30: annualInterestRate = 9.0;
break;
default: System.out.println(
"Wrong number of years, enter 7, 15, or 30");
}
switch Statement Flow Chart
7 default
numOfYears
15 30
annualInterestRate=7.25 annualInterestRate=8.50 annualInterestRate=9.0 System.out.println("Wrong number of " +
"years, enter 7, 15, or 30");
System.exit(0);
Next
Statement
switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression must yield a value of char, byte, short, or
int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses.
The value1, ..., and valueN must have the same data type as the
value of the switch-expression. The resulting statements in the
case statement are executed when the value in the case statement
matches the value of the switch-expression. (The case statements
are executed in sequential order.)
The keyword break is optional, but it should be used at the end of
each case in order to terminate the remainder of the switch
statement. If the break statement is not present, the next case
statement will be executed.
switch Statement Rules, cont.
The default case, which is
optional, can be used to perform
actions when none of the specified
cases is true.
·
The order of the cases (including
the default case) does not matter.
However, it is a good programming
style to follow the logical sequence
of the cases and place the default
case at the end.
Caution
Do not forget to use a break statement when one
is needed. For example, the following code
always displays Wrong number of years regardless
of what numOfYears is. Suppose the numOfYears is
15. The statement annualInterestRate = 8.50 is
executed, then the statement annualInterestRate
= 9.0, and finally the statement
System.out.println("Wrong number of years").
switch (numOfYears) {
case 7: annualInterestRate = 7.25;
case 15: annualInterestRate = 8.50;
case 30: annualInterestRate = 9.0;
default: System.out.println("Wrong number of years");
}
Conditional Operator
if (x > 0) y = 1
else y = -1;
is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + “is even”);
else
System.out.println(num + “is odd”);
System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + “is even” :
num + “is odd”);
Conditional Operator, cont.
(booleanExp) ? exp1 : exp2
Repetitions
while Loops
do-while Loops
for Loops
break and continue
while Loop Flow Chart
while (continuation-condition) {
// loop-body;
}
false
Continuation
condition?
true
Statement(s)
Next
Statement
while Loop Flow Chart, cont.
i = 0;
int i = 0;
while (i < 100) { false
(i < 100)
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!");
i++;
true
}
System.out.println("Welcoem to Java!");
i++;
Next
Statement
Example 3.2: Using while Loops
Write a program TestWhile.java
Caution
Don’t use floating-point values for
equality checking in a loop control. Since
floating-point values are approximations,
using them could result in imprecise
counter values and inaccurate results. This
example uses int value for data. If a
floating-point type value is used for data,
(data != 0) may be true even though data is
0.
// data should be zero
double data = Math.pow(Math.sqrt(2), 2) - 2;
if (data == 0)
System.out.println("data is zero");
else
System.out.println("data is not zero");
do-while Loop
do { Statement(s)
// Loop body;
} while (continue-condition);
true
Continue
condition?
false
Next
Statement
for Loops
for (initial-action; loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
//loop body;
}
int i = 0;
while (i < 100) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java! ” + i);
i++;
}
Example:
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java! ” + i);
}
for Loop Flow Chart
for (initial-action;
loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) { Initial-Action
//loop body;
}
false
Action-After- Continuation
Each-Iteration condition?
true
Statement(s)
(loop-body)
Next
Statement
for Loop Example
int i;
for (i = 0; i<100; i++) { i=0
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java");
} false
i++ i<100?
true
System.out.println(
“Welcom to Java!”);
Next
Statement
for Loop Examples
Examples for using the for loop:
Example 3.3: Using for Loops
Example 3.4: Using Nested for Loops
Which Loop to Use?
The three forms of loop statements, while, do, and for, are
expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in any of
these three forms.
I recommend that you use the one that is most intuitive and
comfortable for you. In general, a for loop may be used if the
number of repetitions is known, as, for example, when you
need to print a message 100 times. A while loop may be
used if the number of repetitions is not known, as in the case
of reading the numbers until the input is 0. A do-while loop
can be used to replace a while loop if the loop body has to be
executed before testing the continuation condition.
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the
for clause before the loop body is a
common mistake, as shown below:
for (int i=0; i<10; i++);
{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}
Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also
wrong:
int i=0;
while (i<10);
{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the
following semicolon is needed to end the
loop.
int i=0;
do {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
} while (i<10);
The break Keyword
false
Continuation
condition?
true
Statement(s)
break
Statement(s)
Next
Statement
The continue Keyword
false
Continue
condition?
true
Statement(s)
continue
Statement(s)
Next
Statement
Using break and continue
Examples for using the break and continue
keywords:
Example 3.5: TestBreak.java
Example 3.6: TestContinue.java
Example 3.8
Displaying a Pyramid of Numbers
In this example, you will use nested loops to print the
following output:
1
212
32123
4321234
543212345
Your program prints five lines. Each line consists of three
parts. The first part comprises the spaces before the numbers;
the second part, the leading numbers, such as 3 2 1 on line 3;
and the last part, the ending numbers, such as 2 3 on line 3.
Example 3.9
Displaying Prime Numbers
This example displays the first 50 prime numbers in five lines,
each of which contains 10 numbers. An integer greater than 1 is
prime if its only positive divisor is 1 or itself. For example,
2, 3, 5, and 7 are prime numbers, but 4, 6, 8, and 9 are not.
The problem can be broken into the following tasks:
•For number = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., test whether the number is
prime.
•Determine whether a given number is prime.
•Count the prime numbers.
•Print each prime number, and print 10 numbers per line.
