LaTeX Table Notes

Adrian P. Robson
adrian.robson@nepsweb.co.uk

13th May 2020

Contents
1 Introduction 2

2 Standard Tables 2

3 Spacing 2
3.1 Row Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1.1 Arraystretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1.2 Extrarowheight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.3 Bigstruts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1.4 Comparison of Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Column Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Decimal Point Alignment 5

5 Vertical Alignment and Text Wrapping 6

6 Ragged Right Alignment 6

6.1 Simple Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.2 Column Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.3 Tabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.4 Comparison of Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7 Multiple Rows 8
7.1 Multiple Rows with Text Wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2 Over Sized Spanning Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

8 Table Headings 11
8.1 Heading Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.2 Sideways Headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

9 Specifying Table Width 12

9.1 Tabularx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.2 Tabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.3 Comparison of Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

10 Larger Tables 13
10.1 Sideways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10.2 Longtable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

11 Footnotes in Tables 15

12 Professional Layout 15

1
1 Introduction
This is a collection of various methods for laying out and formatting LATEX tables.
All of these examples work with pdfLATEX [13], which is the author’s preferred
tool.
A more general discussion of LATEX methods can be found in LATEX Hints
and Tips [12].

2 Standard Tables
Tables are made in LATEX using the tabular environment like this

\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{A Table}\\\hline A Table
\hline 1,1 1,2 1,3
1,1 & 1,2 & 1,3 \\\hline 2,1 2,2 2,3
2,1 & 2,2 & 2,3 \\\cline{1-2} 3,1 3,2
3,1 & 3,2 & \\\hline
\end{tabular}

For more information on basic tables consult a good text like The Not So Short
Introduction to LATEX 2ε [10].

3 Spacing
3.1 Row Spacing
The standard row height is too small when \hline is used. There are three
explicit ways of correcting this: modifying the arraystretch command, changing
the extrarowheight length, or using the bigstrut command. Alternatively,
the booktabs or ctable packages can be used as discuses in §12.

3.1.1 Arraystretch
The crudest way to increase row spacing, which works without any additional
packages, is to increase the arraystretch ratio. This injects space above and
below all of the rows’ text. It is done like this:
{
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}
\hline
a & Row 1 \\ \hline
b & Row 2 \\ \hline
c & Row 2 \\
d & Row 4 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}

The renewcommand and the table are enclosed in braces to limit the scope of the
redefinition. Its effect is to turn

2
 a Row 1
a Row 1 a Row 1
b Row 2 b Row 2 b Row 2
into and with a
c Row 3 c Row 3 bigger value c Row 3
d Row 4 d Row 4
d Row 4

3.1.2 Extrarowheight
A more sophisticated approach is to used the array package [8] and change the
length \extrarowheight as follows:

\usepackage{array}
...
{
\setlength{\extrarowheight}{1.5pt}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
a & Row 1 \\ \hline
b & Row 2 \\ \hline
c & Row 3 \\
d & Row 4 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}

This adds space only above the text. With the correct value, it compensates for
the \hline command spacing. Its effect is to turn

a Row 1
a Row 1 a Row 1
b Row 2 b Row 2 b Row 2
into and with a
c Row 3 c Row 3 bigger value c Row 3
d Row 4 d Row 4
d Row 4

3.1.3 Bigstruts
The above methods apply the compensation to all rows, even if they do not have
\hline commands. A subtler alternative is to use the bigstrut package [11]
like this:

\usepackage{bigstrut}
...
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
a & Row 1 \bigstrut \\ \hline
b & Row 2 \bigstrut \\ \hline
c & Row 2 \bigstrut[t] \\
d & Row 4 \bigstrut[b] \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

3
which changes the basic table

a Row 1 a Row 1
b Row 2 b Row 2
into
c Row 3 c Row 2
d Row 4 d Row 4

The \bigstrut command is used when there is are \hline above and below;
\bigstrut[t] when there is an \hline only above; and \bigstrut[b] when
there is only one below.
The bigstrut package only works well with tables that have single line cells.
It does not work with the text wrap column specifiers p{}, m{} and b{}. (For
more information on text wrap see §5).

3.1.4 Comparison of Methods

The affect of the three methods is as follows:
arraystretch{1.2} extrarowheight{1.5pt} bigstrut
a Row 1 a Row 1 a Row 1
b Row 2 b Row 2 b Row 2
c Row 3 c Row 3 c Row 2
d Row 4 d Row 4 d Row 4
For tables without text wrapping, the bigskip approach is definitely the best
if the table has some rows without horizontal lines. Otherwise, extrarowheight
is less verbose and gives a more compact layout. Use arraystretch if the table
needs a large row height. For tables with text wrapping, extrarowheight is
probably best.

3.2 Column Spacing

Column width can be modified by changing \tabcolsep like this:

\setlength{\tabcolsep}{10pt}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
a & Row 1 \\ \hline
b & Row 2 \\ \hline
c & Row 3 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

which changes the default

a Row 1 a Row 1
b Row 2 into b Row 2
c Row 3 c Row 3

There is a standard column specifier @{cmnd}, which suppresses inter-column

space and inserts cmnd instead. This can be used to insert or remove space into
a particular column. For example:

4
 \setlength{\extrarowheight}{1.5pt}
\begin{tabular}{|@{\hspace{1cm}}l|@{}l|}
\hline
Abcd & Abcd \\ \hline Abcd Abcd
Abcd & Abcd \\ Abcd Abcd
\hline
\end{tabular}

4 Decimal Point Alignment

The traditional method of aligning decimal points uses the @ command. Two
columns are used for a decimal number, and a multicolumn command is used
in the heading, as the following shows:
\begin{tabular}{|l|r@{.}l|l|}
a & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{b} & c \\ a b c
test & 2 & 8 & test \\ test 2.8 test
test & 1 & 45 & test \\ test 1.45 test
test & 0 & 5 & test test 0.5 test
\end{tabular}

A disadvantage of this method is that the numbers are expressed in the code
without a decimal point.
As an alternative, the dcolumn package [1] allows decimal numbers to be
expressed naturally in a single column. The package defines a column specifier
D{<sepcode>}{<sepout>}{<decimal places>}
The first argument is the decimal separator character used in the code, the
second is the character in the output, and the last is the number of decimal
places. Typically, a newcolumntype command is used in the preamble to make
table declaration a little simpler.
Even though there is just one column, A multicolumn command still has to
be used to get the correct alignment and font style in the header, as the following
example shows:
\newcolumntype{d}[1]{D{.}{.}{#1}}
...
\begin{tabular}{|l|d{2}|l|} a b c
a & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{b} & c \\ test 2.8 test
test & 2.8 & test \\ test 1.45 test
test & 1.45 & test \\ test 0.5 test
test & 0.5 & test
\end{tabular}

As the example shows, using an appropriate positive value for number of decimal
places produces the same table layout as the traditional method. This aligns
the decimal places, and minimises the column width.
Alternatively, a negative value for decimal places will centre the decimal
place in the column, but will not minimise the width. For number lists with
reasonably balanced whole and decimal parts this looks good. However, for lists

5
with disproportionate whole and decimal parts, the columns can have too much
empty space, as the following shows:

a b c a b c
test 208.6 test test 2000008.6 test
test 1.45 test test 1.45 test
test 0.532 test test 0.5 test

5 Vertical Alignment and Text Wrapping

Vertical alignment can be controlled with the array package [8], which has
additional text wrap formatting commands:
p{width} Top align, the same as usual.
m{width} Middle align
b{width} Bottom align
These produce the following layouts:

Column Format Column Format Column Format

p{} p{} l m{} m{} l b{} b{} l
11 22 33 11 11
22
11 22 11 33 11 22
22
11 11 11 22 33

Notice how the m{} or b{} alignment affects the whole table. In addition, p{}
m{} and b{} formats cannot be successfully mixed in the same table.
Occasionally the text wrap formats cause ‘bad box’ warnings, which can
often be resolved by with \raggedright (see §6).

6 Ragged Right Alignment

For narrow wrapped text blocks left justification often looks best, and can get rid
of ’bad box’ warnings. There are three ways to achieve this: a simple command,
column types, and the tabulary package. All of these methods support or can
be adapted to provide alignments other than left justified. The first two are very
versatile and can be used to inject general formatting commands.

6.1 Simple Command

The most verbose but flexible way to achieve left justification is just to use
\raggedright in the cell:

\newcommand{\rr}{\raggedright}
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} 1,1 Lorem ipsum
... dolor sit amet,
{ \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2} consectetur
\begin{tabular}{|c|p{5cm}|} adipiscing elit.
\hline 2,1 Nullam rhon-
1,1 & \rr ... text ... \tn \hline cus, sem luctus
2,1 & ... text ... \\ \hline ultrices.
\end{tabular} }

6
 Using this method for left justification can be applied to individual cells.
Note that \tabularnewline replaces \\ in the row containing the \raggedright
command. The definitions for \rr and \tn are just to make things a little more
compact.

6.2 Column Types

Another way of managing ragged right formatting is to define a new column type
using the array package [8]. Its >{decl} option inserts decl directly before the
entry for the column; and <{decl} directly after. The following shows how it
can be used:
\usepackage{array}
...
\newcolumntype{x}[1]
1,1 Lorem ipsum
{>{\raggedright}p{#1}}
dolor sit amet,
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline}
consectetur
...
adipiscing elit.
{ \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|c|x{5cm}|} 2,1 Nullam rhoncus,
\hline sem luctus
1,1 & ... text ... \tn \hline ultrices.
2,1 & ... text ... \tn \hline
\end{tabular} }

With this method ragged right formatting is applied to a whole column. The
newcolumntype command is used to define a column type that can be reused.
However, the formatting could have been embedded in the tabular heading.
Again \tabularnewline is needed when \raggedright is used.

6.3 Tabulary
Another alternative is to use the tabulary package [4]. With this method ragged
right columns are simply declared with the L command. However, the total table
width must be defined as a parameter, as shown below. See §9.2 for more on
this package.

\usepackage{tabulary}
... 1,1 Lorem ipsum dolor
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2} sit amet,
\begin{tabulary}{6.5cm}{|c|L|} consectetur
\hline adipiscing elit.
1,1 & ... text ... \\ \hline 2,1 Nullam rhoncus,
2,1 & ... text ... \\ \hline sem luctus ultrices.
\end{tabulary}

6.4 Comparison of Methods

Simple commands are useful for small tables or when the formatting does not
apply to the whole column. The tabulary package is much simpler than column
types, but requires the table width to be specified. Column types can be used
for any appropriate formatting or space requirements.

7
7 Multiple Rows
The easiest way to have tables with spanning rows is to use the multirow package
[11]. In its simplest form, it can be used like this:

\usepackage{multirow}
...
\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}
\hline
a & Row 1 \\ \hline
b & \multirow{2}{*}{Spanning rows} \\ \cline{1-1}
c & \\ \hline
d & Row 4 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

giving the following:

a Row 1
b
Spanning rows
c
d Row 4
The \multirow command declares the location of the spanning rows. Its
first argument is the number of rows to span. The second, in this case, states
that the text argument’s natural width should be used. The relevant columns in
lower rows must be left blank. The full multirow command is more complicated:
\multirow{nrows}[bigstruts]{width}[fixup]{text}
If the bigstrut package is used, the number of struts in the spanned rows
should be stated as the bigstruts parameter. Count 2 for every \bigstrut
and 1 for a \bigstrut[t] or \bigstrut[b].
The text width can be set with the width parameter, in which case the text
will be wrapped and left justified. Line breaks can be forced with a \\ command.
However, the text must have no more lines than the number of rows spanned.
Using an * for the width, as in the example above, makes the column’s cells
single line and as wide as necessary.
If the vertical position of the text needs fine tuning, it can be moved up or
down with the fixup optional parameter.
To span rows and columns together, a \multirow should be nested in a
\multicolumn. Matching but empty \multicolmn commands are needed for all
of the lower spanned rows.
All of these options are shown in the following example:

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|l|}
\hline
1,1 & 1,2 & 1,3 & 1,4 \bigstrut \\ \hline
2,1 &
\multirow{2}[4]{1.5cm}{Four bigstruts} &
\multirow{3}[6]{*}{Six bigstruts} &
\multirow{3}[6]{*}[1ex]{Six bigstruts and fixup}
\bigstrut \\ \cline{1-1}
3,1 & & & \bigstrut \\ \cline{1-2}
4,1 & 4,2 & & \bigstrut \\ \hline
5,1 &

8
 \multirow{2}[2]{*}{Two bigstruts}
& 5,3
& 5,4 \bigstrut[t] \\
6,1 & & 6,3 & 6,4 \bigstrut[b] \\ \hline
7,1 &
\multicolumn{2}{l|}{\multirow{2}[4]{*}{Four bigstruts}}
& 7,4 \bigstrut \\ \cline{1-1}\cline{4-4}
8,1 &
\multicolumn{2}{l|}{}
& 8,4 \bigstrut \\ \hline
9,1 & 9,2 & 9,3 & 9,4 \bigstrut \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4

2,1 Four
3,1 bigstruts Six bigstruts Six bigstruts and fixup
4,1 4,2
5,1 5,3 5,4
6,1 Two bigstruts 6,3 6,4
7,1 7,4
Four bigstruts
8,1 8,4
9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4

7.1 Multiple Rows with Text Wrapping

Multiple row and text wrap column specifiers (see §5) do not mix well because
multirow is left justified, and the the p{}, m{} and b{} formats are normally
justified. This is shown in the following example, which generates two ‘bad box’
warnings:
\setlength{\extrarowheight}{1.5pt} 1,1 Lorem ipsum
\begin{tabular}{|c|p{2cm}|} dolor sit
\hline amet.
1,1 & ** text ** \\\hline Lorem ipsum
2,1
2,1 & \multirow{2}{2cm}{** text **} dolor sit
\\\cline{1-1} 3,1
4,1 amet
3,1 & \\\cline{1-1} consectetur.
4,1 & \\\cline{1-1} 5,1
5,1 & \\\hline 6,1 Lorem ipsum
6,1 & ** text ** \\\hline dolor sit
\end{tabular} amet.

The easiest way to resolve this is to make everything flush left by defining a
ragged right column type as described in §6:

\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{>{\raggedright}m{#1}}

\setlength{\extrarowheight}{1.5pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|P{2cm}|} % could be |c|M{2cm}|

9
\hline
1,1 & \muchlessText \tn\hline
2,1 & \multirow{2}{2cm}[-1.5pt]{\lessText }
\tn\cline{1-1}
3,1 & \tn\cline{1-1}
4,1 & \tn\cline{1-1}
5,1 & \tn\hline
6,1 & \muchlessText \tn\hline
\end{tabular}

which creates the following layouts:

With P{} With M{}
1,1 Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum
dolor sit 1,1 dolor sit
amet. amet.
2,1 Lorem ipsum 2,1
3,1 dolor sit 3,1 Lorem ipsum
amet dolor sit
4,1 4,1 amet
5,1 consectetur.
5,1 consectetur.
6,1 Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum
dolor sit 6,1 dolor sit
amet. amet.

7.2 Over Sized Spanning Rows

Having a \multirow that has more lines than the rows it spans is not so easy
to layout well. Expanding the spanned rows with struts appears to be the only
solution, but it requires a lot of trial-and-error adjustments. The following table
shows the method:

\newlength{\rowA}
\setlength{\rowA}{8ex} % modify as needed
\newcommand{\strutA}{% no space before strut
\rule[-0.45\rowA]{0pt}{\rowA}% put text approx mid strut
}
...
\begin{tabular}{|c|l|c|}
\hline
1,1 & 1,2 & 1,3 \bigstrut \\ \hline
2,1 & \multirow{2}{5cm}[1ex]{ ... lots of text ... }
& 2,3\strutA
\\ \cline{1-1}\cline{3-3}
3,1 & & 3,3\strutA \\ \hline
4,1 & 4,2 & 4,3 \bigstrut \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

10
 1,1 1,2 1,3

2,1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, 2,3

consectetur adipiscing elit.
Curabitur id nisl nunc, non
3,1 adipiscing arcu. Morbi nec leo 3,3
sit amet.
4,1 4,2 4,3

A \rule of zero width is used for the strut. A negative raise height positions
the text in the rows vertical centre. In the example, the strut is put in a centre
aligned column. In this context it must be put next to the column’s text with
no spaces, or the alignment will be disturbed. This is not normally an issue for
other alignments.
For convenience the strut is defined as a command called \strutA, which
is used in the spanned rows 2 and 3. The height of the strut is given by the
length rowA. This is more complicated to write, but makes the trial-and-error
layout process easier. Adjust rowA until there is room for the spanning row’s
text. The fixup parameter in the \multirow command is used to correct the
vertical position of its text as necessary.

8 Table Headings
8.1 Heading Alignment
It is sometimes nice to have a column heading with a different alignment to its
column. The standard multicolumn command can be used to do this:
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{C1}&
C1 C2 C2
\multicolumn{1}{|c}{C2}&
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{C2}\\\hline aa b c
aa & b & cccc \\\hline aaa bb cc
aaa & bb & cccc \\\hline aaaa bbb ccc
aaaa & bbb & cccc \\\hline aaaaa bbbb cccc
aaaaa & bbbb & cccc \\\hline aaaaaa bbbb cccc
aaaaaa & bbbb & cccc \\\hline
\end{tabular}

8.2 Sideways Headings

Horizontal space can be saved by printing long column headings sideways. The
rotating package [6] can be used to achieve this with its sideways environment:

11
 \usepackage{rotating}
...
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}

Column 333
Column 22
\hline

Column 1
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{
\begin{sideways}
Column 1 \,
\end{sideways}}& aa bbbb cccc
\multicolumn{1}{c|}{
aaa bbbb cccc
\begin{sideways}
aaaa bbbb cccc
Column 22 \,
aaaaa bbbb cccc
\end{sideways}}&
aaaaaa bbbb cccc
\multicolumn{1}{c|}{
\begin{sideways}
Column 333 \,
\end{sideways}} \\\hline
aa & bbbb & cccc \\\hline
aaa & bbbb & cccc \\\hline
aaaa & bbbb & cccc \\\hline
aaaaa & bbbb & cccc \\\hline
aaaaaa & bbbb & cccc \\\hline
\end{tabular}

The multicolumn method given in §8.1 is used to centre the headings; and \,
is used to add a little space at the top of the heading.

9 Specifying Table Width

The tabularx [3] and tabulary [4] packages are much better than the standard
tabular* for specifying table width.

9.1 Tabularx
The tabularx environment expands specific columns to meet the table’s width
requirement. The width of the table is given as a parameter, and the columns that
can be expanded are denoted with the X alignment command, as the following
shows:
\begin{center}
\setlength{\extrarowheight}{1.5pt}
\begin{tabularx}{0.75\textwidth}{|l|X|}
\hline
1,1 & ** some text ** \\ \hline
2,1 & ** some text ** \\ \hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{center}
1,1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
elit. Curabitur id nisl nunc, non adipiscing arcu.
Morbi nec leo sit amet.
2,1 Nullam rhoncus, sem luctus ultrices accumsan, urna
enim fermentum.

12
 There must be at least one X column. If there is more than one X column
the necessary space is equally distributed. The columns are always padded to
give the the table its specified width. Text is wrapped and justified if it does
not fit into the column.
Note the use of 0.75\textwidth to specify the width as a proportion of page
width.

9.2 Tabulary
The tabulary environment expands specific columns to meet the table’s width
requirement and allows alignment to be specified for these columns as follows:
L \raggedright
C \centering
R \raggedleft
J normal justification

The maximum width for the table is given as a parameter. However, unlike
tabularx, columns are not padded if they are too narrow.

\setlength{\extrarowheight}{1.5pt}
\begin{tabulary}{4cm}{|l|L|}
\hline
1,1 & ** some text ** \\ \hline
2,1 & ** some text ** \\ \hline
\end{tabulary}

full width . . . not full width . . .

1,1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit 1,1 Lorem ipsum.
amet, consectetur 2,1 Curabitur id.
adipiscing elit.
2,1 Curabitur id nisl nunc,
non adipiscing arcu.

9.3 Comparison of Methods

The tabularx package is useful for absolute table widths, but it has limited
alignment options.
The tabulary package provides better alignment options; and its adaptive
width behaviour does not normally cause problems. It is convenient to set its
width at a suitable maximum, say 0.75\textwidth, and let the package select
appropriate column widths.

10 Larger Tables
Larger tables can sometimes be handled by turning them sideways, or by letting
them span pages.

10.1 Sideways
The most versatile way to turn a table sideways is to use the sidways environment
from the rotate package [6]. For example:

13
 \usepackage{rotating}

1,2
2,2
...
\begin{sideways}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}

1,1
2,1
\hline
1,1 & 1,2\\ \hline
2,1 & 2,2\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{sideways}

This method can be used in a floating table environment or just embedded in

the text.

10.2 Longtable
The longtable package is designed to make tables that span page breaks. It
is rather complicated to use, and its documentation [2] should be consulted for
all of its features. It maintains column widths across page breaks, and centres
the table. There are reports of incompatibility with many other packages, but
for simple use it appears to be okay. Multiple compilation passes are normally
needed to get the layout correct. Here is a very simple example:

\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{array} % for extrarowheight

\setlength{\extrarowheight}{1.5pt}
\begin{longtable}{|l|l|}
% header ------------------------
\hline
Heading 1 & Heading 2 \\\hline\hline
\endhead
% header ------------------------

Lorem ipsum ... & Consectetur ... \\\hline

Lorem ipsum ... & Consectetur ... \\\hline
.
.
\end{longtable}

Heading 1 Heading 2
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipiscing elit.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipiscing elit.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipiscing elit.

-------- Page break --------

Heading 1 Heading 2
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipiscing elit.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipiscing elit.

14
 In the example above, \extrarowheight is used to improve the table’s
vertical spacing. Alternatively arraystretch could be use if space is needed
below the lines. However, the normally useful bigstrut package does not work
with longtable. See §3.1 for more about these methods.

11 Footnotes in Tables
A footnote in a non-floating longtable or tabulary table is put with any
normal page footnotes at the end of the page containing the table. When a
longtable breaks over a page, footnotes are placed on the correct page. Table
and page footnotes have the same counter, and are numbered from the start of
the document. Floating tables cannot have normal footnotes.
Footnotes can be kept next to their table by using a minipage to hold the
table. Each minipage has its own disjoint footnote counter, and uses alphabetic
lower case footnote marks. This method does not work for tabulary, but it can
be used with floating tables. The following is a tabular example:
\begin{minipage}{6cm}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline 1,2 1,2a
1,2 & 1,2\footnote{This is a footnote.}
2,1 2,2
\\\hline
2,1 & 2,2 \\\hline 3,1 3,2
3,1 & 3,2 \\\hline a This is a footnote.
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}

12 Professional Layout
The booktabs package [7] provides support for ‘formal tables,’ which the pack-
age’s author promotes as a better way of presenting data. In particular, he
derides the use of vertical rules and double rules. Here is an example taken from
the package documentation:
\begin{tabular}{llr}
\toprule
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Item} \\
Item
\cmidrule(r){1-2} Animal Description Price ($)
Animal & Description & Price (\$)\\
\midrule Gnat per gram 13.65
Gnat & per gram & 13.65 \\
& each & 0.01 \\ each 0.01
Gnu & stuffed & 92.50 \\ Gnu stuffed 92.50
Emu & stuffed & 33.33 \\
Armadillo & frozen & 8.99 \\ Emu stuffed 33.33
\bottomrule Armadillo frozen 8.99
\end{tabular}

As this shows, the package provides better vertical spacing around horizontal
rules.
There is also the derived ctable package [5], which focuses on table and
figure floats, and provides facilities for making table footnotes. Lapo Mori’s
article Tables in LATEX 2ε : Packages and Methods [9] has a detailed discussion
of good table layout and the ctable and booktab packages.

15
References
[1] David Carlisle, The dcolumn package. Download from www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/dcolumn.pdf
[2] David Carlisle, The longtable package. Download from www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/longtable.pdf

[3] David Carlisle, The tabularx package. Download from www.ctan.org/

tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/tabularx.pdf
[4] David Carlisle, The tabulary package. Download from www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/tabulary/tabulary.pdf

[5] Wybo Dekker, The ctable package. Downloadable from www.ctan.org/

tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ctable/ctable.pdf
[6] Robin Fairbairns, Sebastian Rahtz and Leonor Barroca, A package for
rotated objects in LATEX. Downloadable from www.ctan.org/tex-archive/
macros/latex/contrib/rotating/rotating.pdf

[7] Simon Fear, Publication quality tables in LATEX. Download from www.ctan.
org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/booktabs/booktabs.pdf
[8] Frank Mittelbach and David Carlisle, A new implementation of LATEX’s
tabular and array environment. Downloadable from www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/array.pdf

[9] Lapo Filippo Mori, Tables in LATEX 2ε : Packages and Methods, The
PracTEX Journal, 2007, No. 1. Downloadable from tug.org/pracjourn/
2007-1/mori/mori.pdf
[10] Tobias Oetiker, The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2ε . Downloadable
from www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf

[11] Piet van Oostrum, Øystein Bache and Jerry Leichter, The multirow,
bigstrut and bigdelim packages. Downloadable from www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/multirow/doc/multirow.pdf
[12] Adrian Robson, LATEX Hints and Tips. Download from nepsweb.co.uk/
docs/latexTricks.pdf

[13] The TeX Users Group (TUG), The pdfTEX project page. Available at
www.tug.org/applications/pdftex

16

tableNotes.tex, 13th May 2020, 12:45am