Scott-complex number [255 marks]

2z
1. Consider the equation
3−z*
= i, where z = x + iy and x, y ∈ R. [5 marks]

Find the value of x and the value of y.

Markscheme
substituting z = x + iy and z* = x − iy M1
2 ( x+iy )
3− ( x−iy )
=i
2x + 2iy = −y + i(3 − x)
equate real and imaginary: M1
y = −2x AND 2y = 3 − x A1

Note: If they multiply top and bottom by the conjugate, the equations
6x − 2x2 + 2y 2 = 0 and 6y − 4xy = (3 − x)2 + y 2 may be seen. Allow for
A1 .

solving simultaneously:
x = −1, y = 2 (z = −1 + 2i) A1A1

[5 marks]

11π 11π π
Consider the complex numbers z1 = cos 12 + i sin 12 and z2 = cos 6
+ i sin π6 .

2a. Find z 1 . [2 marks]

z2
 Markscheme
z1
z2
= cos( 1112π − π6 )+i sin( 1112π − π6 ) (M1)
3π 3π
= cos 4
+ i sin 4
A1

Note: Allow equivalent forms in part (a), e.g. cis(− 34π ).

Note: Ignore subsequent work once correct answer(s) are seen.

[2 marks]

2b. Find z 2 . [1 mark]

z1

Markscheme
z2 3π 3π
z1
= cos 4
− i sin 4
A1

Note: Allow equivalent forms in part (a), e.g. cis(− 34π ).

Note: Ignore subsequent work once correct answer(s) are seen.

[1 mark]

z1 z
2c. 0, z2
O, A and B respectively on [2 marks]
and z 2 are represented by three points
1
an Argand diagram. Determine the area of the triangle OAB.

Markscheme
valid attempt to calculate area of their triangle (M1)
π 1 1
(angle between OA and OB is 2 )⇒area (= 2 × 1 × 1)= 2 A1

[2 marks]

4 C
 Consider the equation z 4 = −4, where z ∈ C.

3a. Solve the equation, giving the solutions in the form a + ib, where [5 marks]
a, b ∈ R.

Markscheme
METHOD 1

|z| = √4
4
(= √2) (A1)
π
arg (z1 ) = 4
(A1)
first solution is 1 + i A1
valid attempt to find all roots (De Moivre or +/− their components) (M1)
other solutions are −1 + i, −1 − i, 1 − i A1

METHOD 2
z 4 = −4
(a + ib)4 = −4
attempt to expand and equate both reals and imaginaries. (M1)
a4 + 4a3 bi − 6a2 b2 − 4ab3 i + b4 = −4
(a4 − 6a4 + a4 = −4 ⇒) a = ±1 and (4a3 b − 4ab3 = 0 ⇒) a = ±b
(A1)
first solution is 1 + i A1
valid attempt to find all roots (De Moivre or +/− their components) (M1)
other solutions are −1 + i, −1 − i, 1 − i A1

[5 marks]

3b. The solutions form the vertices of a polygon in the complex plane. Find [2 marks]
the area of the polygon.
 Markscheme
complete method to find area of ‘rectangle' (M1)
=4 A1
[2 marks]

4. Let P (z) = az 3 − 37z 2 + 66z − 10, where z ∈ C and a ∈ Z. [6 marks]

One of the roots of P (z) = 0 is 3 + i. Find the value of a.

Markscheme
METHOD 1
one other root is 3−i A1
let third root be α (M1)
considering sum or product of roots (M1)
37
sum of roots = 6+α= a
A1
10
product of roots = 10α = a
A1
hence a=6 A1

METHOD 2
one other root is 3−i A1
quadratic factor will be z 2
− 6z + 10 (M1)A1
P (z) = az 3 − 37z 2 + 66z − 10 = (z 2 − 6z + 10) (az − 1) M1
comparing coefficients (M1)
hence a=6 A1

METHOD 3
substitute 3 + i into P (z) (M1)
a (18 + 26i) − 37 (8 + 6i) + 66 (3 + i) − 10 = 0 (M1)A1
equating real or imaginary parts or dividing M1
10−66(3+i)+37(8+6i)
18a − 296 + 198 − 10 = 0 or 26a − 222 + 66 = 0 or 18+26i
A1
hence a=6 A1

[6 marks]

5 4 3 2 R
 Consider the equation x5 − 3x4 + mx3 + nx2 + px + q = 0, where m, n, p, q ∈ R
.
The equation has three distinct real roots which can be written as log2 a, log2 b
and log2 c.
The equation also has two imaginary roots, one of which is di where d ∈ R.

5a. Show that abc = 8. [5 marks]

Markscheme
recognition of the other root = −di (A1)
log2 a + log2 b + log2 c + di − di = 3 M1A1
Note: Award M1 for sum of the roots, A1 for 3. Award A0M1A0 for just
log2 a + log2 b + log2 c = 3.
log2 abc = 3 (M1)

⇒ abc = 23 A1
abc = 8 AG
[5 marks]

The values a, b, and c are consecutive terms in a geometric sequence.

5b. Show that one of the real roots is equal to 1. [3 marks]

 Markscheme
METHOD 1
let the geometric series be u1 , u1 r, u1 r2

(u1 r)3 = 8 M1
u1 r = 2 A1
hence one of the roots is log2 2 = 1 R1

METHOD 2
b
a
= cb
b2 = ac ⇒ b3 = abc = 8 M1
b=2 A1
hence one of the roots is log2 2 = 1 R1

[3 marks]

5c. Given that q = 8d 2 , find the other two real roots. [9 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
product of the roots is r1 × r2 × 1 × di × −di = −8d 2 (M1)(A1)
r1 × r2 = −8 A1
sum of the roots is r1 + r2 + 1 + di + −di = 3 (M1)(A1)
r1 + r2 = 2 A1
solving simultaneously (M1)
r1 = −2, r2 = 4 A1A1

METHOD 2
product of the roots log2 a × log2 b × log2 c × di × −di = −8d 2 M1A1
log2 a × log2 b × log2 c = −8 A1
EITHER
a, b, c can be written as 2r , 2, 2r M1

(log2 2r ) (log2 2) (log2 2r) = −8

attempt to solve M1
(1 − log2 r) (1 + log2 r) = −8
log2 r = ±3
r = 18 , 8 A1A1
OR
4
a, b, c can be written as a, 2, a
M1

(log2 a) (log2 2) (log2 4a ) = −8

attempt to solve M1
a = 14 , 16 A1A1
THEN
a and c are 14 , 16 (A1)
roots are −2, 4 A1

[9 marks]

πi
 = 4e 2 i , giving your answers in the form
π
Solve z 2

6a. reiθ where r, θ ∈ R, r > 0. [3 marks]

Markscheme
z = 2e 4 i (= 2e0.785i )
π
A1

2e( 4 +2πn)i .
π
Note: Accept all answers in the form
5π 3π
z = 2e 4 i (= 2e3.93i ) OR z = 2e− 4 i (= 2e−2.36i ) (M1)A1

(− 34π +2πn)i
Note: Accept all answers in the form 2e .
−2e 4 i .
π
Note: Award M1A0 for correct answers in the incorrect form, eg
[3 marks]

6b. a + ib where a, b ∈ R. [2 marks]

Markscheme
z = 1.41 + 1.41i, z = −1.41 − 1.41i A1A1

(z = √2 + √2i, z = −√2 − √2i)

[2 marks]

Let z = a + bi, a, b ∈ R+ and let arg z = θ.

7a. Show the points represented by z and z − 2a on the following Argand [1 mark]
diagram.
 Markscheme

A1

Note: Award A1 for z in first quadrant and z − 2a its reflection in the y-axis.
[1 mark]

7b. Find an expression in terms of θ for arg (z − 2a). [1 mark]

Markscheme
π − θ (or any equivalent) A1
[1 mark]

7c.
Find an expression in terms of θ for arg ( z−2
z ).
a
[2 marks]

Markscheme
arg ( z−2
z ) = arg (z) − arg (z − 2a)
a
(M1)

= 2θ − π (or any equivalent) A1

[2 marks]

7d.
Hence or otherwise find the value of θ for which Re ( z−2
z ) = 0.
a
[3 marks]
 Markscheme
METHOD 1

if Re ( z−2
z ) = 0 then 2θ − π =
a
nπ , (n odd)
2 (M1)

−π < 2θ − π < 0 ⇒ n = −1
2θ − π = − π2 (A1)
π
θ= 4
A1

METHOD 2
a+bi b2−a2−2abi
−a+bi
= a2+b2
M1

Re ( z−2
z ) = 0 ⇒ b2 − a2 = 0
a

b=a A1
θ = π4 A1

Note: Accept any equivalent, eg θ = − 74π .

[3 marks]

8a. Find the roots of the equation w3 = 8i, w ∈ C. Give your answers in [4 marks]
Cartesian form.
 Markscheme
METHOD 1
w3 = 8i
writing 8i = 8 (cos ( π2 + 2πk) + i sin ( π2 + 2πk)) (M1)
Note: Award M1 for an attempt to find cube roots of w using modulus-
argument form.

w = 2 (cos ( ) + i sin ( ))
π +2 π +2
2 πk 2 πk
cube roots 3 3
(M1)

i.e. w = √3 + i, − √3 + i, − 2i A2
Note: Award A2 for all 3 correct, A1 for 2 correct.
Note: Accept w = 1.73 + i and w = −1.73 + i.

METHOD 2

w3 + (2i)3 = 0
(w + 2i) (w2 − 2wi − 4) = 0 M1
2i±√12
w= 2 M1

w = √3 + i, − √3 + i, − 2i A2
Note: Award A2 for all 3 correct, A1 for 2 correct.
Note: Accept w = 1.73 + i and w = −1.73 + i.

[4 marks]

8b. One of the roots w1 satisfies the condition Re (w1 ) = 0. [3 marks]

Given that w1 = z , express
z −i
z in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ Q.
 Markscheme
w1 = −2i
z = −2i M1
z −i
z = −2i (z − i)
z (1 + 2i) = −2
−2
z= 1+2i
A1

z = − 25 + 45 i A1

Note: Accept a = − 25 , b = 45 .
[3 marks]

9a. Find the roots of z 24

= 1 which satisfy the condition 0 < arg (z) < π [5 marks]
2
, expressing your answers in the form reiθ , where r, θ ∈ R+ .

Markscheme
(r (cos θ + i sin θ))24 = 1 (cos 0 + i sin 0)
use of De Moivre’s theorem (M1)
r24 = 1 ⇒ r = 1 (A1)

12 , (n ∈ Z)
24θ = 2πn ⇒ θ = πn (A1)
π
0 < arg (z) < 2 ⇒ n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
πi or e 2πi or e 3πi or e 4πi or e 5πi
z = e 12 A2
12 12 12 12
Note: Award A1 if additional roots are given or if three correct roots are given
with no incorrect (or additional) roots.

[5 marks]

Let S be the sum of the roots found in part (a).

9b. Show that Re S = Im S. [4 marks]

 Markscheme
Re S = π
cos 12 + cos 212π + cos 312π + cos 412π + cos 512π
Im S = π
sin 12 + sin 212π + sin 312π + sin 412π + sin 512π A1
Note: Award A1 for both parts correct.
but sin 512π = cos 12
π
, sin 412π = cos 212π , sin 312π = cos 312π , sin 212π = cos 412π and
π
sin 12 = cos 512π M1A1
⇒ Re S = Im S AG
Note: Accept a geometrical method.

[4 marks]

9c. π √ a+√b [3 marks]

By writing 12 as ( π4 − π6 ), find the value of cos 12
π
in the form c
, where a , b and c are integers to be determined.

Markscheme
π
cos 12 = cos ( π4 − π6 ) = cos π4 cos π6 + sin π4 sin π6 M1A1
√2 √3 √2 1
= 2 2 + 2 2
√6+√2
= 4
A1

[3 marks]

Hence, or otherwise, show that S = 12 (1 + √2) (1 + √3) (1 + i).

9d. [4 marks]
 Markscheme
cos 512π = cos ( π6 + π4 ) = cos π6 cos π4 − sin π6 sin π4 (M1)

Note: Allow alternative methods eg cos 512π = sin 12

π
= sin ( π4 − π6 ).
√3 √2 1 √2 √6−√2
= 2 2 − 2 2 = 4
(A1)

Re S = π
cos 12 + cos 212π + cos 312π + cos 412π + cos 512π
√2+√6 √3 √2 1 √6−√2
Re S = 4
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + 4
A1

= 12 (√6 + 1 + √2 + √3) A1

= 12 (1 + √2) (1 + √3)
S = Re(S)(1 + i) since Re S = Im S, R1

S = 12 (1 + √2) (1 + √3) (1 + i) AG

[4 marks]

Consider w = 2 (cos π3 + i sin π3 )

10a. Express w2 and w3 in modulus-argument form. [3 marks]

Markscheme
w2 = 4cis ( 23π ) ; w3 = 8cis (π) (M1)A1A1
Note: Accept Euler form.
Note: M1 can be awarded for either both correct moduli or both correct
arguments.
Note: Allow multiplication of correct Cartesian form for M1, final answers
must be in modulus-argument form.
[3 marks]

0 1 2
10b. Sketch on an Argand diagram the points represented by w0 , w1 , w2 [2 marks]
and w3.

Markscheme

A1A1

[2 marks]

These four points form the vertices of a quadrilateral, Q .

10c. 21√3 [3 marks]

Show that the area of the quadrilateral Q is 2 .

Markscheme
use of area = 12 ab sin C M1
1 1 1
2 × 1 × 2 × sin π3 + 2 × 2 × 4 × sin π3 + 2 × 4 × 8 × sin π3 A1A1
π
Note: Award A1 for C= 3
, A1 for correct moduli.
21√3
= 2 AG
Note: Other methods of splitting the area may receive full marks.
[3 marks]

10d. Letz = 2 (cos πn + i sin πn ) , n ∈ Z+ . The points represented on an [6 marks]

Argand diagram by z 0 , z 1 , z 2 , … , z n form the vertices of a polygon Pn .
Show that the area of the polygon Pn can be expressed in the form
a (bn − 1) sin πn , where a, b ∈ R.
 Markscheme
1
2 × 20 × 21 × sin πn + 1
2 × 21 × 22 × sin πn + 1
2 × 22 × 23 × sin πn + … + 1
2 × 2n−
M1A1
Note: Award M1 for powers of 2, A1 for any correct expression including both
the first and last term.
= sin πn × (20 + 22 + 24 + … + 2n−2 )
identifying a geometric series with common ratio 22(= 4) (M1)A1
2n
1−2
= 1−4
× sin πn M1

Note: Award M1 for use of formula for sum of geometric series.

= 13 (4n − 1) sin πn A1
[6 marks]

Consider the distinct complex numbers z = a + ib, w = c + id, where

a, b, c, d ∈ R.

11a. Find the real part of z +w . [4 marks]

z −w

Markscheme
z +w (a+c)+i(b+d)
z −w
= (a−c)+i(b−d)
(a+c)+i(b+d) (a−c)−i(b−d)
= (a−c)+i(b−d)
× (a−c)−i(b−d)
M1A1

=( a2−c2+b2−d2
)
(a+c)(a−c)+(b+d)(b−d)
real part = A1A1
(a−c)2+(b−d)2 (a−c)2+(b−d)2

Note: Award A1 for numerator, A1 for denominator.

[4 marks]

11b. Find the value of the real part of z +w when |z| = |w|. [2 marks]
z −w
 Markscheme
|z| = |w| ⇒ a2 + b2 = c2 + d 2 R1
hence real part = 0 A1
Note: Do not award R0A1.
[2 marks]

2+7i
Consider the complex number z = 6+2i .

12a. Express z in the form a + ib, where a, b ∈ Q. [2 marks]

Markscheme
(2+7i) (6−2i)
z= (6+2i)
× (6−2i)
(M1)

= 26+38i
40
= ( 13+19i
20
= 0.65 + 0.95i) A1

[2 marks]

12b. Find the exact value of the modulus of z. [2 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to use |z| = √a2 + b2 (M1)

|z| = √ 53 (= ) or equivalent
√530
40 20
A1

Note: A1 is only awarded for the correct exact value.

[2 marks]

12c. Find the argument of z, giving your answer to 4 decimal places. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
EITHER
arg z = arg(2 + 7i) − arg(6 + 2i) (M1)
OR
arg z = arctan( 19
13
) (M1)
THEN
arg z = 0.9707 (radians) (= 55.6197 degrees) A1
Note: Only award the last A1 if 4 decimal places are given.
[2 marks]

13. Determine the roots of the equation (z + 2i)3 = 216i , z ∈ C, giving the [7 marks]
answers in the form z = a√3 + bi where a, b ∈ Z.

Markscheme
METHOD 1
π
216i = 216 (cos 2 + i sin π2 ) A1
1
z + 2i = √216
3
(cos( π2 + 2πk) = i sin( π2 + 2πk)) 3 (M1)
2πk 2πk
z + 2i = 6 (cos( π6 + 3
)+ i sin( π6 + 3
)) A1

+ i sin π6 ) = 6 ( + 2i ) = 3√3 + 3i
π √3
z1 + 2i = 6 (cos 6 2

= 6( + 2i ) = −3√3 + 3i
5π 5π −√3
z2 + 2i = 6 (cos 6
+ i sin 6
) 2
3π 3π
z3 + 2i = 6 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = −6i A2

Note: Award A1A0 for one correct root.

so roots are z1 = 3√3 + i, z2 = −3√3 + i and z3 = −8i M1A1

Note: Award M1 for subtracting 2i from their three roots.

METHOD 2
3
 3
(a√3 + (b + 2)i) = 216i
3 2
(a√3) + 3(a√3) (b + 2)i − 3 (a√3) (b + 2)2 − i(b + 2)3 = 216i
M1A1
3 2
(a√3) − 3 (a√3) (b + 2)2 + i (3(a√3) (b + 2) − (b + 2)3 ) = 216i

3 2
(a√3) − 3 (a√3) (b + 2)2 = 0 and 3(a√3) (b + 2) − (b + 2)3 = 216
M1A1

a (a2 − (b + 2)2 ) = 0 and 9a2 (b + 2) − (b + 2)3 = 216

a = 0 or a2 = (b + 2)2
ifa = 0, − (b + 2)3 = 216 ⇒ b + 2 = −6
∴ b = −8 A1
(a, b) = (0, − 8)
if a 2 = (b + 2)2 , 9(b + 2)2 (b + 2) − (b + 2)3 = 216
8(b + 2)3 = 216
(b + 2)3 = 27
b+2=3
b=1
∴ a2 = 9 ⇒ a = ±3
∴ (a, b) = (±3, 1) A1A1
so roots are z1 = 3√3 + i, z2 = −3√3 + i and z3 = −8i

METHOD 3
(z + 2i)3 − (−6i)3 = 0
attempt to factorise: M1

((z + 2i) − (−6i)) ((z + 2i)2 + (z + 2i)(−6i) + (−6i)2 ) = 0 A1

(z + 8i)(z 2 − 2iz − 28) = 0 A1

z + 8i = 0 ⇒ z = −8i A1
2i±√−4−(4×1×−28)
z 2 − 2iz − 28 = 0 ⇒ z = 2 M1
2i±√108
z= 2
 2i±6√3
z= 2
z = i ± 3√3 A1A1

Special Case:
Note: If a candidate recognises that √216i
3
= −6i (anywhere seen), and
makes no valid progress in finding three roots, award A1 only.

[7 marks]

z1
Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + √3i,z2 = 1 + i and w = z2
.

14a. By expressing z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form write down the [3 marks]

modulus of w;

Markscheme
z1 = 2cis ( π3 ) and z2 = √2cis ( π4 ) A1A1

Note: Award A1A0 for correct moduli and arguments found, but not written
in mod-arg form.

|w| = √2 A1
[3 marks]

14b. By expressing z1 and z2 in modulus-argument form write down the [1 mark]

argument of w.
 Markscheme
z1 = 2cis ( π3 ) and z2 = √2cis ( π4 ) A1A1

Note: Award A1A0 for correct moduli and arguments found, but not written
in mod-arg form.

π
arg w = 12 A1

Notes: Allow FT from incorrect answers for z1 and z2 in modulus-argument

form.

[1 mark]

14c. Find the smallest positive integer value of n, such that wn is a real [2 marks]
number.

Markscheme
EITHER
sin( πn
12 ) = 0 (M1)
OR
arg(wn ) = π (M1)
nπ
12 =π
THEN
∴ n = 12 A1
[2 marks]

15a. Solve 2 sin(x + 60∘ ) = cos(x + 30∘ ), 0∘ ⩽ x ⩽ 180∘ . [5 marks]

 Markscheme
2 sin(x + 60∘ ) = cos(x + 30∘ )
2(sin x cos 60∘ + cos x sin 60∘ ) = cos x cos 30∘ − sin x sin 30∘ (M1)(A1)
1 √3 √3 1
2 sin x × 2 + 2 cos x × 2 = cos x × 2 − sin x × 2 A1
√3
⇒ 32 sin x = − 2 cos x
1
⇒ tan x = − M1
√3
⇒ x = 150∘ A1
[5 marks]

15b. Show that sin 105∘ 1

+ cos 105∘ = . [3 marks]
√2

Markscheme
EITHER
choosing two appropriate angles, for example 60° and 45° M1
sin 105∘ = sin 60∘ cos 45∘ + cos 60∘ sin 45∘ and
cos 105∘ = cos 60∘ cos 45∘ − sin 60∘ sin 45∘ (A1)
√3 1 1 1 1 1 √3 1
sin 105∘ + cos 105∘ = 2 × + 2 × + 2 × − 2 × A1
√2 √2 √2 √2
1
= AG
√2
OR
attempt to square the expression M1
(sin 105∘ + cos 105∘ )2 = sin2 105∘ + 2 sin 105∘ cos 105∘ + cos2 105∘
(sin 105∘ + cos 105∘ )2 = 1 + sin 210∘ A1
1
= 2 A1
1
sin 105∘ + cos 105∘ = AG
√2

[3 marks]

= 1 − cos 2 − i sin 2 , ∈ C, 0 ⩽ ⩽
 Let z = 1 − cos 2θ − i sin 2θ, z ∈ C, 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ π.

15c. Find the modulus and argument of z in terms of θ. Express each answer [9 marks]
in its simplest form.

Markscheme
EITHER
z = (1 − cos 2θ) − i sin 2θ

|z| = √(1 − cos 2θ)2 + (sin 2θ)2 M1

|z| = √1 − 2 cos 2θ + cos2 2θ + sin2 2θ A1

= √2√(1 − cos 2θ) A1

= √2(2sin2 θ)
= 2 sin θ A1
let arg(z) = α
sin 2θ
tan α = − 1−cos 2θ
M1
−2 sin θ cos θ
= (A1)
2sin2θ
= − cot θ A1
arg(z) = α = − arctan(tan( π2 − θ)) A1
π
= θ− 2 A1
OR
z = (1 − cos 2θ) − i sin 2θ
= 2 sin2 θ − 2i sin θ cos θ M1A1
= 2 sin θ(sin θ − i cos θ) (A1)
= −2i sin θ(cos θ + i sin θ) M1A1
= 2 sin θ (cos(θ − π2 ) + i sin(θ − π2 )) M1A1
|z| = 2 sin θ A1
π
arg(z) = θ − 2 A1
[9 marks]

15d. Hence find the cube roots of z in modulus-argument form. [5 marks]

 Markscheme
attempt to apply De Moivre’s theorem M1

(1 − cos 2θ − i sin 2θ) = 2 (sin θ) [cos( ) + i sin( )]

1 1 1 θ − π2 +2nπ θ − π2 +2nπ
3 3 3
3 3
A1A1A1

Note: A1 for modulus, A1 for dividing argument of z by 3 and A1 for 2nπ.

Hence cube roots are the above expression when n = −1, 0, 1. Equivalent
forms are acceptable. A1
[5 marks]

16. In the following Argand diagram the point A represents the complex [4 marks]
number −1 + 4i and the point B represents the complex number
−3 + 0i. The shape of ABCD is a square. Determine the complex numbers
represented by the points C and D.

Markscheme
C represents the complex number 1 − 2i A2
D represents the complex number 3 + 2i A2
[4 marks]

Let ω be one of the non-real solutions of the equation z 3 = 1.

17a. Determine the value of [4 marks]

(i) 1 + ω + ω2 ;
(ii) 1 + ω* + (ω*)2 .
 Markscheme
(i) METHOD 1
1−ω3
1 + ω + ω2 = 1−ω
=0 A1

as ω≠1 R1
METHOD 2
−1±√3i
solutions of 1 − ω3 = 0 are ω = 1, ω = 2 A1
verification that the sum of these roots is 0 R1
(ii) 1 + ω* + (ω*)2 = 0 A2
[4 marks]

17b. Show that (ω − 3ω2 )(ω2 − 3ω) = 13. [4 marks]

Markscheme
(ω − 3ω2 )(ω2 − 3ω) = −3ω4 + 10ω3 − 3ω2 M1A1
EITHER
= −3ω2 (ω2 + ω + 1) + 13ω3 M1
= −3ω2 × 0 + 13 × 1 A1
OR
= −3ω + 10 − 3ω2 = −3(ω2 + ω + 1) + 13 M1
= −3 × 0 + 13 A1
OR
−1±√3i
substitution by ω= 2 in any form M1
numerical values of each term seen A1
THEN
= 13 AG
[4 marks]

= 1 − 3i = + (2 + 1)i ∈R
 Consider the complex numbers p = 1 − 3i and q = x + (2x + 1)i, where x ∈ R.

17c. Find the values of x that satisfy the equation |p| = |q|. [5 marks]

Markscheme
|p| = |q| ⇒ √12 + 32 = √x2 + (2x + 1)2 (M1)(A1)

5x2 + 4x − 9 = 0 A1
(5x + 9)(x − 1) = 0 (M1)
x = 1, x = − 95 A1
[5 marks]

17d. Solve the inequality Re(pq) + 8 < (Im(pq))2 . [6 marks]

Markscheme
pq = (1 − 3i) (x + (2x + 1)i) = (7x + 3) + (1 − x)i M1A1

Re(pq) + 8 < (Im(pq))2 ⇒ (7x + 3) + 8 < (1 − x)2 M1

⇒ x2 − 9x − 10 > 0 A1
⇒ (x + 1)(x − 10) > 0 M1
x < −1, x > 10 A1
[6 marks]

18a. Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the value of (cos( π ) + i sin( π ))3 . [2 marks]
3 3

Markscheme
3
(cos( π3 ) + i sin( π3 )) = cos π + i sin π M1
= −1 A1
[2 marks]
18b. Use mathematical induction to prove that [6 marks]

(cos θ − i sin θ)n = cos nθ − i sin nθ for n ∈ Z+ .

Markscheme
show the expression is true for n= 1 R1
assume true for n = k, (cos θ − i sin θ)k = cos kθ − i sin kθ M1
Note: Do not accept “let n = k” or “assume n = k”, assumption of truth
must be present.
(cos θ − i sin θ)k+1 = (cos θ − i sin θ)k (cos θ − i sin θ)
= (cos kθ − i sin kθ)(cos θ − i sin θ) M1
= cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ − i(cos kθ sin θ + sin kθ cos θ) A1
Note: Award A1 for any correct expansion.
= cos((k + 1)θ) − i sin((k + 1)θ) A1
therefore if true for n = k true for n = k + 1, true for n = 1, so true for all
n(∈ Z+ ) R1
Note: To award the final R mark the first 4 marks must be awarded.
[6 marks]

Let z = cos θ + i sin θ.

18c. Find an expression in terms of θ for (z)n + (z*)n , n ∈ Z+ where z* is [2 marks]

the complex conjugate of z.

Markscheme
(z)n + (z*)n = (cos θ + i sin θ)n + (cos θ − i sin θ)n
= cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos nθ − i sin nθ = 2 cos(nθ) (M1)A1
[2 marks]

18d. (i) Show that zz* = 1. [5 marks]

(ii) Write down the binomial expansion of (z + z*)3 in terms of z and z*.
(iii) Hence show that cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ.
 Markscheme
(i) zz∗ = (cos θ + i sin θ)(cos θ − i sin θ)
= cos2 θ + sin2 θ A1
= 1 AG
Note: Allow justification starting with |z| = 1.
(ii) (z + z*)3 = z 3 + 3z 2 z* + 3z(z ∗ )2 + (z*)3 (= z 3 + 3z + 3z* + (z*)3 )
A1
(iii) (z + z*)3 = (2 cos θ)3 A1
z 3 + 3z + 3z* + (z*)3 = 2 cos 3θ + 6 cos θ M1A1
cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ AG
Note: M1 is for using zz* = 1, this might be seen in d(ii).
[5 marks]

18e. Hence solve 4 cos3 θ − 2 cos2 θ − 3 cos θ + 1 = 0 for 0 ⩽ θ < π. [6 marks]

Markscheme
4 cos3 θ − 2 cos2 θ − 3 cos θ + 1 = 0
4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
cos(3θ) = cos(2θ) A1A1
Note: A1 for cos(3θ) and A1 for cos(2θ).
θ = 0 A1
or 3θ = 2π − 2θ (or 3θ = 4π − 2θ) M1
2π
θ= 5
, 45π A1A1
Note: Do not accept solutions via factor theorem or other methods that do
not follow “hence”.
[6 marks]

2 2
 2π 2π
Let w = cos 7
+ i sin 7
.

19a. Verify that w is a root of the equation z 7 − 1 = 0, z ∈ C. [3 marks]

Markscheme
EITHER
2π 2π 7
w7 = (cos 7
+ i sin 7
) (M1)
= cos 2π + i sin 2π A1
= 1 A1
so w is a root AG
OR
z 7 = 1 = cos(2πk) + i sin(2πk) (M1)

z = cos( 2πk
7
) + i sin( 27π ) A1
k = 1 ⇒ z = cos( 27π ) + i sin( 27π ) A1
so w is a root AG
[3 marks]

19b. (i) Expand (w − 1)(1 + w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6 ). [3 marks]

(ii) Hence deduce that 1 + w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6 = 0.

Markscheme
(i) (w − 1)(1 + w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6 )
= w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6 + w7 − 1 − w − w2 − w3 − w4 − w5 − w6
M1
= w7 − 1 (= 0) A1
(ii) w7 − 1 = 0 and w − 1 ≠ 0 R1
so 1 + w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6 = 0 AG
[3 marks]

7 C
19c. Write down the roots of the equation z 7 − 1 = 0, z ∈ C in terms of w [3 marks]
and plot these roots on an Argand diagram.

Markscheme
the roots are 1, w, w2 , w3 , w4 , w5 and w6

7 points equidistant from the origin A1

approximately correct angular positions for 1, w, w2 , w3 , w4 , w5 and w6
A1
Note: Condone use of cis notation for the final two A marks.
Note: For the final A mark there should be one root in the first quadrant,
two in the second, two in the third, one in the fourth, and one on the real axis.
[3 marks]

Consider the quadratic equation z 2 + bz + c = 0 where b, c ∈ R, z ∈ C. The roots

of this equation are α and α∗ where α∗ is the complex conjugate of α.

19d. (i) Given that α = w + w2 + w4 , show that α∗ = w6 + w5 + w3 . [10 marks]

(ii) Find the value of b and the value of c.
 Markscheme
(i) α∗ = (w + w2 + w4 )∗
= w ∗ +(w2 ) ∗ +(w4 )∗ A1
since = w∗ = w6 , (w2 )∗ = w5 and (w4 )∗ = w3 R1
⇒ α∗ = w6 + w5 + w3 AG
(ii) b = −(α + α∗) (using sum of roots (or otherwise)) (M1)
b = −(w + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6 ) (A1)
= −(−1)
= 1 A1
c = αα∗ (using product of roots (or otherwise)) (M1)
c = (w + w2 + w4 )(w6 + w5 + w3 )
EITHER
= w10 + w9 + w8 + 3w7 + w6 + w5 + w4 A1
= (w6 + w5 + w4 + w3 + w2 + w) + 3 M1
= 3 − 1 (A1)
OR
= w10 + w9 + w8 + 3w7 + w6 + w5 + w4 (= w4 (1 + w + w3 )(w3 + w2 + 1))
A1
= w4 (w6 + w5 + w4 + w2 + w + 1 + 3w3 ) M1
= w4 (w6 + w5 + w4 + w3 + w2 + w + 1 + 2w3 )
= w4 (2w3 ) (A1)
THEN
=2 A1
[10 marks]

19e. Using the values for b and c obtained in part (d)(ii), find the imaginary [4 marks]
part of α, giving your answer in surd form.
 Markscheme
−1±i√7
z2 + z + 2 = 0 ⇒ z = 2 M1A1

Im(w + w2 + w4 ) > 0 R1
√7
Im α = 2 A1
Note: Final A mark is independent of previous R mark.
[4 marks]

Two distinct roots for the equation z 4 − 10z 3 + az 2 + bz + 50 = 0 are c + i and

2 + id where a, b, c, d ∈ R, d > 0.

20a. Write down the other two roots in terms of c and d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
other two roots are c − i and 2 − id A1
[1 mark]

20b. Find the value of c and the value of d. [6 marks]

 Markscheme
METHOD 1
use of sum of roots (M1)
2c + 4 = 10
c = 3 A1
use of product of roots M1
product is (c + i)(c − i)(2 + id)(2 − id) A1
(c2 + 1)(4 + d 2 ) [= 10(4 + d 2 )] = 50 A1
Note: The line above can be awarded if they have used their value of c.
d=1 A1
METHOD 2
z 4 − 10z 3 + az 2 + bz + 50 = (z 2 − 2cz + c2 + 1)(z 2 − 4z + 4 + d 2 )
M1A1
compare constant terms or coefficients of z 3 (M1)
4 + 2c = 10
(c2 + 1)(4 + d 2 ) = 50 A1
c = 3, d = 1 A1A1
[6 marks]

21a. Solve the equation z 3 = 8i, z ∈ C giving your answers in the form [6 marks]
z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) and in the form z = a + bi where a, b ∈ R.
 Markscheme
Note: Accept answers and working in degrees, throughout.

z 3 = 8 (cos( π2 + 2πk) + i sin( π2 + 2πk)) (A1)

attempt the use of De Moivre’s Theorem in reverse M1
z = 2 (cos( π6 ) + i sin( π6 )) ; 2 (cos( 56π ) + i sin( 56π )) ;
2 (cos( 96π ) + i sin( 96π )) A2

Note: Accept cis form.

z = ±√3 + i, − 2i A2

Note: Award A1 for two correct solutions in each of the two lines above.
[6 marks]

21b. Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + i and [11 marks]

z2 = 2 (cos( π2 ) + i sin( π6 )).
(i) Write z1 in the formr(cos θ + i sin θ).
(ii) Calculate z1 z2 and write in the form z = a + bi where a, b ∈ R.

(iii) Hence find the value of tan 512π in the form c + d√3, where c, d ∈ Z.
(iv) Find the smallest value p > 0 such that (z2 )p is a positive real number.
 Markscheme
Note: Accept answers and working in degrees, throughout.

(i) z1 = √2 (cos( π4 ) + i sin( π4 )) A1A1

(ii) (z2 = (√3 + i))

z1 z2 = (1 + i) (√3 + i) M1

= (√3 − 1) + i (1 + √3) A1

(iii) z1 z2 = 2√2 (cos( π6 + π4 ) + i sin( π6 + π4 )) M1A1

Note: Interpret “hence” as “hence or otherwise”.

5π √3+1
tan 12 = A1
√3−1

= 2 + √3 M1A1

Note: Award final M1 for an attempt to rationalise the fraction.

(iv) z2 p = 2p (cis ( p6π )) (M1)

z2 p is a positive real number when p = 12 A1

Note: Accept a solution based on part (a).

[11 marks]
Total [17 marks]

22a. Find three distinct roots of the equation 8z 3 + 27 = 0, z ∈ C giving [6 marks]

your answers in modulus-argument form.

Markscheme
METHOD 1

3 27 27
z 3 = − 27
8
= 27
8
(cos π + i sin π) M1(A1)
27
= 8
(cos(π + 2nπ) + i sin(π + 2nπ)) (A1)

z = 32 (cos( π+23 nπ ) + i sin( π+23 nπ )) M1

z1 = 32 (cos π
3
+ i sin π3 ),
z2 = 32 (cos π + i sin π),
z3 = 32 (cos 5π
3
+ i sin 5π
3
). A2

Note: Accept − π3 as the argument for z3 .

Note: Award A1 for 2 correct roots.

Note: Allow solutions expressed in Eulerian (reiθ ) form.

Note: Allow use of degrees in mod-arg (r-cis) form only.

METHOD 2
8z 3 + 27 = 0
⇒ z = − 32 so (2z + 3) is a factor
Attempt to use long division or factor theorem: M1
⇒ 8z 3 + 27 = (2z + 3)(4z 2 − 6z + 9)
⇒ 4z 2 − 6z + 9 = 0 A1
Attempt to solve quadratic: M1
3±3√3i
z= 4
A1

z1 = 32 (cos π
3
+ i sin π3 ),
z2 = 32 (cos π + i sin π),
z3 = 32 (cos 5π
3
+ i sin 5π
3
). A2

Note: Accept − π3 as the argument for z3 .

Note: Award A1 for 2 correct roots.

 Note: Allow solutions expressed in Eulerian (reiθ ) form.

Note: Allow use of degrees in mod-arg (r-cis) form only.

METHOD 3
8z 3 + 27 = 0
Substitute z = x + iy M1
8(x3 + 3ix2 y − 3xy 2 − iy 3 ) + 27 = 0
⇒ 8x3 − 24xy 2 + 27 = 0 and 24x2 y − 8y 3 = 0 A1
Attempt to solve simultaneously: M1
8y(3x2 − y 2 ) = 0
y = 0, y = x√3, y = −x√3
3√3
⇒ (x = − 32 , y = 0) , x = 34 , y = ± 4
A1

z1 = 32 (cos π
3
+ i sin π3 ),
z2 = 32 (cos π + i sin π),
z3 = 32 (cos 5π
3
+ i sin 5π
3
). A2

Note: Accept − π3 as the argument for z3 .

Note: Award A1 for 2 correct roots.

Note: Allow solutions expressed in Eulerian (reiθ ) form.

Note: Allow use of degrees in mod-arg (r-cis) form only.

[6 marks]

22b. The roots are represented by the vertices of a triangle in an Argand [3 marks]
diagram.
27√3
Show that the area of the triangle is 16
.
 Markscheme
EITHER
Valid attempt to use area = 3 ( 12 ab sin C) M1

1 3 3 √3
= 3× 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 A1A1

Note: Award A1 for correct sides, A1 for correct sin C.

OR
Valid attempt to use area = 12 base × height M1
1 6√3
area = 2 × ( 34 + 32 ) × 4
A1A1

Note: A1 for correct height, A1 for correct base.

THEN
27√3
= 16
AG
[3 marks]
Total [9 marks]

23a. (i) Use the binomial theorem to expand (cos θ + i sin θ)5 . [6 marks]
(ii) Hence use De Moivre’s theorem to prove

sin 5θ = 5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ.

(iii) State a similar expression for cos 5θ in terms of cos θ and sin θ.
 Markscheme
(i) (cos θ + i sin θ)5
= cos5 θ + 5i cos4 θ sin θ + 10i2 cos3 θ sin2 θ+
10i3 cos2 θ sin3 θ + 5i4 cos θ sin4 θ + i5 sin5 θ A1A1
(= cos5 θ + 5i cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ−
10i cos2 θ sin3 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ + i sin5 θ)

Note: Award first A1 for correct binomial coefficients.

(ii) (cisθ)5 = cis5θ = cos 5θ + i sin 5θ M1

= cos5 θ + 5i cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ − 10i cos2 θ sin3 θ+

5 cos θ sin4 θ + i sin5 θ A1

Note: Previous line may be seen in (i)

equating imaginary terms M1

sin 5θ = 5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ AG
(iii) equating real terms
cos 5θ = cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ A1
[6 marks]

Let z = r(cos α + i sin α), where α is measured in degrees, be the solution of

z5 − 1 = 0 which has the smallest positive argument.

23b. Find the value of r and the value of α. [4 marks]

 Markscheme
(rcisα)5 = 1 ⇒ r5 cis5α = 1cis0 M1
r5 = 1 ⇒ r = 1 A1
5α = 0 ± 360k, k ∈ Z ⇒ a = 72k (M1)
α = 72∘ A1

Note: Award M1A0 if final answer is given in radians.

[4 marks]

23c. Using (a) (ii) and your answer from (b) show that [4 marks]
16 sin4 α − 20 sin2 α + 5 = 0.

Markscheme
use of sin(5 × 72) = 0 OR the imaginary part of 1 is 0 (M1)

0 = 5 cos4 α sin α − 10 cos2 α sin3 α + sin5 α A1

sin α ≠ 0 ⇒ 0 = 5(1 − sin2 α)2 − 10(1 − sin2 α) sin2 α + sin4 α M1

Note: Award M1 for replacing cos2 α.

0 = 5(1 − 2 sin2 α + sin4 α) − 10 sin2 α + 10 sin4 α + sin4 α A1

Note: Award A1 for any correct simplification.

so 16 sin4 α − 20 sin2 α + 5 = 0 AG
[4 marks]

23d. √a+b√ c [5 marks]

Hence express sin 72∘ in the form d
where a, b, c, d ∈ Z.
 Markscheme
20±√400−320
sin2 α = 32
M1A1

sin α = ±√
20±√80
32
±√10±2√5
sin α = 4
A1

Note: Award A1 regardless of signs. Accept equivalent forms with integral

denominator, simplification may be seen later.

√3
as 72 > 60, sin 72 > 2 = 0.866 … we have to take both positive signs (or
equivalent argument) R1

Note: Allow verification of correct signs with calculator if clearly stated

√10+2√5
sin 72 = 4
A1
[5 marks]
Total [19 marks]

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