Space ‘This chapter deals with finding measures of angles aer and distances in right and non-right triangles, and calculating the area of 2D and the volume of 3D geometric shapes. These techniques are ‘tea ofa triangle and other 20 figures used in astronomy to measure the distance to etc nearby stars, in cartography to measure distances eto sete between landmarks and in navigation to cone; sphere; hemisphere determine the courses of ships and aircraft. ane een asia ea eae fine and a plane How are the exact locations of land Volume established in ing? Surfoce rea of 30 figures What part of your lawn can a sprinkler water and how does it depend on the angle of the sprinkler’s rotation?In 1856 The Great Trigonometric Survey of India measured the height of Mount Everest (known in Napali as Sagarmatha and in Tibetan, as Chomolungma). The surveyors measured the distance between two points at sea level and then ‘measured the angle from each of these two points to the top of the mountain, ‘The summit of Mount Everest is labeled F, the 1wo points A and B are roughly at sea level and are 33 km apart a 1 2=90°, what would be the maximum possible height of Mount Everest? * Why do you think it took solongeo. ~—- Developing inquiry skills determine the cevation of MONT is gy any sina buy questonsyou ghtask Everest? if youwere asked tofind the height of tree, the distance ‘* Why do you think surveyors prefer between two towns or the distance between two stars. fo measure angles, bur not lengths ef yihat questions might you need to askin these scenarios ‘ ‘that differ from the scenario where you are estimatingthe © What assumptions are made? heightof Mount Everest? Think about the questions in this opening problem and. ‘answer any you can. As you work through the chapter, you will gain mathematical knowledge and skis that will help, youtoanswerthem ll Before you start hes ern You should know how to: Skills check srith thie ski check 1 Use the properties of triangles, including | 1 In each of these right triangles, find the Pythagorean theorem, the length of side x, a eg Find the length a b AB in this triangle. Thm, 2 = Bct-Act a os ABP =BC?- AC bn sen Ap=5?=2? ABE=21 om te AT ie moo. =4.58em 2 trigonometric ratios in ight wiangles | 2 For the slangles in question 1 ind the size «2 Wg 2 of angle y. eg sinB=2, cos =2, and ® 5 5 Bit 3 Find the area of a triangle if a side and the | 3 Find the area of a triangle with base 6em height towards i are given and height 12.5em 4 Determine the third angle in a triangle if | 4 In AABC, B = 135° and ¢ = 25°. two angles are known. Find A,Es ea EO ee Ri Ne 2.1 Trigonometry of non-right triangles Right triangle trigonometry can be used to solve problems involving right triangles, But many geometry problems involve non-right triangles, c For example, AABC where AB A= 45° and & = 30° is one such triangle. oom, oom (GETIESS How can you determine the measures of the unknown angle and sides? Investigation 1 1. Asurveyor messures potoflandinthe c form of wangle ABC as shown diagram She measures a= 51m, b andc= 8m, and A = 38.2°,8=60.0° and ¢ = 81.8% givento i ep Praceallrelevantinfrmation atthe = O appropriate places inthe diagram above 2 Calculate the ratios Give your answersto 1 dp ‘and place them in the table below. {| Compare the three ratios, What do you notice? 3. AABCis shown in the diagram below. © 8 Draw the height of [CH] fom vertex C towards side [AB]. Label the height i. 502.1 ee © 4 meneig {cit dvdes ABC io wo ight tangles: AACH and ABCH, Note that belongs to AACH, and belongs to ABCH, ‘te an equation in terms ofsin A and / using ight wiangle tigonometry: sindA= 5 Write an equation in terms of sin 8 and /t using right triangle trigonometry: sin B= 6 Wiite each ofthe equations from parts 4 and Sin the form he... 7 Equate the righthand side expressions from the wo equations in pat 6, {8 Write an equation equivalent to your equation in part 2, regrouping fst with sin A and then with sin & 9 ‘Do youthinkthatifyou had drawn the height from B to ‘AC instead, you would have came tothe sme conclusion about the ratios — and —*— 2 Why or why not? sin¢ sind 10 |What is the relationship between the sine rule and the sir ratio in aright triangle? FI Hfsine,cosine and tangentareratiosina right viangle,how can \weusethem on angles ‘geaterthan 90 degrees? The sine rule Forany AABC, where ais the length of the side opp- osite 4, bis the length opposite and cis the length ofthe side opposite C: a,b cy sind sind _ sind sinB sin¢ a ’ € sind sind @ b é ‘the sine rules used tocaleulate an angle given two sides and an apposite angle The sind sinB sin€ ofthe sine ule isusedtacaleulate the length ofa side given two angles and an opposite side. b> The [> ‘The sine rule is true for any triangle, including right-angled triangles. Stfal Pasa Example 1 In AQRS, QR=15 m, SR= 6.5 m and $= 125°. Find Q, Give your answer correct to 3 s.f Net mn hae RTO ssn ht If you are not given a diagram, draw A one, label the points and place the given | information on your diagram. ‘sm sing Identify the unknown and known sides and SR | angles before you apply the sine rule. sinl25°_sinQ 1S 65 0.8° (3 sf) Round your answer to the accuracy specified in the question. If not specified, round your : answelo 3 Example 2 [A ship $ is on a bearing of 120° from port A and 042° from port B. " ‘The distance between ports A and B is 15.2 miles. aye Find the distance between the ship and each port 15.2 m] a Draw a diagram to represent the positions of the ship and the ports 22.1 ee 180" — 120° = 60° ‘Use angle rules to find A and & | 80" (42° + 60%) = 78° aS Bs _ 152 Sinz? ~ Sin0° ~ sin78° Bs 60° Use the sine rule to find the lengths. AS =sin42? x = 10.4 miles (3 sf) 15, sin78 BS =sin60° x = 13.5 miles (3 sf) : (Eee 4 Find the unknown angle for each AABC. b Find Bwhere b= 42.8 em, ¢= 30.6 em Give your answers correct to 3 significant and C= 41°, figures, ; © Find Gwhere @=7.2 m,c=5.1m and A= 70", 2 In ABC, AC =8 cm, C= 101% and B=32°. E > Find the lengths of (AB] and (BC). 3 sailing due north. The captain f sees a lighthouse 12 km away on a bearing 7 ‘of 036°, Later, the captain observes that © the bearing of the lighthouse is 125°. How a Find A where a= 12.5 om, b= 15.4 em far did the ship travel between these two and B= 68°, observations? ‘The sine rule can be used to solve practical problems involving distances ‘which are impossible to measure, Example 3 ‘A park service plans to build a bridge [AC] over a reservoir. A and B are two points on the shore of the reservoir, such that the distance AB = 14m, A= 102° and = 58°. Calculate the length of the bridge [AC] to the nearest metre, ° Continued on next page 53fe] Gian nese Phen er me 5 UA ro Scio fouraseihe sere, you nerdio find C C= 180° ~ (58° + 102°) Ac 4 sin58*~ sina Now apply the sine rule. 14 Sin 20° 35 m (nearest metre) | The answer Is rounded to the nearest metre at the accuracy level set by the question. | AC=sin58° x Erraron one Insurveuing tis method of deteminingthelocaion ofa poitand angulation was usedinan stance toitbyreasurngthe angles fom woknawn pons tether argumentbetveen England and endofa ved segnemtscalled wiangulton, France overthe curvature ofthe : Earth Research the curvature ofthe Th srveors eterna acu izwa ord veri angies Tesi Earthcaleuatedinthe 7th century, Example 4 ‘Two people at points A and B observe a sailboat at position C. ‘The distance between points A and B on the shoreline is 20 m. ‘The first observer measures measures B= 42°. 165° and the second observer Find the distance from C to the shoreline (AB). 180° — (65° + 42 Before you apply the sine rule you need to find Bo___20 Apply the sine rule to obtain the distance sin73 from C to B or from C to A. 20 sin7" sin6s® BC=sin6s” x 18.9543. ‘To find the distance from C to [AB], use the right triangle ABCD to find CD, where [cD] L1AB}. Dobe sinaz? =P _ 18.9543... Use the sine ratio in the right triangle ABCD CD =sin 42° x 18.9543... =12.7 m (3sf)__| to calculate CD. ——Investigation 2 Tiiangulation is often used in surveying. Itinvoives measuring wo angles and the length of one side in a rangle and then using these measurements to calculate the lengths ofthe other two sides. Each ofthe calculated distances is then used a5 sides in anothertiangeto calculate the distances to another point, which in trn can star another iangle. This is done wo forma chain of triangles connecting the origin point to another point as needed, The chain includes as many tiangles as necessary toreach the destination pointor segment whose measure nastobe obtained 4 Asurveyor measures the distance between two points A and B tobe 3507. She identies visible landmarks atpoinsC, D and E, shown on the map. She want find the distance DF. Use aprotactrto find ABC and BAC onthe map. Calculate the length of [BC]. 2. Use. pravactrtomeasure BCD and CBD, Use these measurements andthe length of [BC] from par 4 tofind thelengths of [CD] and [BD]. In ACDE, measure two angles. Find the length of [DE]. Measure two angles and calcuiate the length of [DF]. Are all of the calculated side lengths in parts 1-3 needed to find DF? Ifnot, which ane is not needed? one ‘MN isa distance between two other landmar ‘and information from above to find MN , which cannot be directly measured. Use your protractor 7 Although triangulation isa smart method to determine distances ands much used by surveyors, its not very useful when the objects are for away, asthe stars are. Why do you think that triangulation might not work for places that ae too far away, lke the stars? Investigation 3 Hold your hand outin front of you and hold up your Finger ané view with your let eye fst and then with 4yourright eye while your other eyeis closed. Your Finger wll agpear to move against the background, Tiss a phenomenon called parallax. "Next you wil apply the method of parallax to measure the distance from your eyes toa finger that you hold "up with am stretched oun ront of you. instead of measuring the distance from your eyes your finger, {you could measure the distance to a tree or another landmark outside.) ° Continued on next page ieES REPRESENTING SPACE: NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY AND VOLUMES 4 Place stichy doton he wallin ont of you roughly at eye evel Close your right eye and look wth your lefteye and align yourindexfinger wth thestiky dot onthe wal a you hold your am outstretched in rontof you. Now without changing poston, look with your ight ye at your index fing. Ask your partnert place a sticky dotatthe place onthe wall now hidden by your finger. The situation is represented inthe diagram below. ( €: 2 Measure RIF and LAF with your angle-measuring tool Wht do you notice about them? st Sty oot 1 3. Measure the distance LR between your left and righteyes. 4. Calculate the distance between F and [LR]. Investigation 4 4 Astronomers use the parallax effect to measure distances to nearby stars. To measure the distance fom the Earth toa star A, they would use a diagram such as the one shown. S represents the poston ofthe Sun, and E, and E, epresentthe postions ofthe Earth, asi orbits around the Sun, approximately six months apart (say the Earths poston in June and December]. E,AS (or EAS} is called the parallax angle (P).Itis half AE, which can be measured from the shift ofthe star A against the background ofmore distant stars. Why do you thnk tha astronomers measure the paallaxangle EAS ratherthan AE,S or AES? 2. Astronomers measure distances to stars by using the distance between the Sun andthe Earth as abasic unit. They callitan astronomical unit (1 AU). Show that when the parallax angle P= 45°, the distance om the Sunto the star Ais 1A 3. Use AE, S torte down the distance AS in terms ofthe parallax angle Pand the distance between the Sunand the Earth, SE, (1 AU). ° 562.1 ee 4 show thatwhenastar Aas parallax angle P= 1°,thedtance fom the uno As about57U, rounded to the nearest integer. 5 AstarA has.a parallax angle of | x 10~. Find the distance of the star tothe Earth. Give your answer to thenearest thousand AU. 5 Whyis itthat the parallax effect can be used to measure the distances to nearby stars, buts not suitable for measuring distances to stars that are very far away? Three satellites are located at points A, B and ¢ C where, a=7 km, b= 12 km and c= 14 km, as shown on the diagram of AABC. How can you determine the angles of the triangle? How would you go about it? Investigation 5 1 Asurveyor measures a plot of land in the form of a triangle ABC as shown in the diagram. She measures km, b= 7kmand c= 8km, and A = 38.2°,8 = 60.0° and ¢ = 81.8°, givento 1 dp. 3 Use the given information to complete the table below: 2 Compare the entries inthe diferent clurmns. Do you notice a pattern? What can you conclude? 3. Lookat ABC shown nthe diagram onthe ight. ¢ The height of ABC, [CH] is drawn from vertex C » FI towards side (AB] and labelled with Point H divides side cintotwo segments, xand— x. A FS hes Use the Pythagorean theorem to write an equation 4 interms of h, band x. Use the Pythagorean theorem to write another equation in terms off, aand.c— x Solve each equation from parts 3 and 4 fori Equate the two righthand Solve the equation from part interms of a? ‘expressions from part. Use AAHC to mite an expression fr xin terms of band A. Substitute your expression forx from part in the equation from part?. The results called the cosine rule, » reer Wat Dian; leosetba tsana it sns ca Neoeen TeR oat 8?Cosine rule For AABC, whore is the length of te side opposite A, bisthe length ofthe side opposite 8, and cs the eet ectecmee @=H+2-2becosd Ba at+e—2accosb =a2+b?—2abcosé Gan ee ee The a? = 52 + c2— 2be cos format the cosine rule is usedto calculate aside given two sides and the angle between them. The cos A form ofthe cosine rue is used to calculate an angle givenallthree sides, ‘The cosine rule is true for any triangle, including right-angled triangles. Example 5 Pind the angles of ABC given that a= 14 m, B= 12 m and ¢=7 m. nem PRN aU ey thas often been said ‘thatthe Euler relation, e+ 1=0, isthe most ‘beautiful equation in allofmatheratics Whatis meant ‘beauty andelegance in ‘mathematics? , @ ten Tem 8 gee 14 cosA = ——___— To find the angles of AABC use the BalDx7 gh te e+e-b peraie cosd ere 0 ang 4 cos! (!Z27=18") 91.09 (3 Be "ac | Tae a cos@ = 22° =© forms of the cosine rule 2b 447-1 Deldx7 cos = 58 Since the accuracy level has not been sct in the question, all angle measures are given to 3 sf °= 59.0" (3 sf) eon (it e-7 2.1 ee Example 6 Find the length of a lake, CB, given the distances AB = 290 m and AC = 225 m and the angle ; 225m 290 a (CB? = 290? + 225? 2 x 225 x 290 cos 72° CB? = 94398.2... B= 943982, 07 m_ Use the a? = b2 +2 2bc cos form of the cosine rule as you are given two sides and the included angle. Give the final answer to 3 sf. ‘You may need to apply the cosine and sine rules to find the information you need to solve problems. Example 7 Towns A, B, and C form AABC with sides BC = 8 km and 4 AC =13 km and angle C= 50°, Find 4 and 8. 33km Pee i ° Continued an next page 59GE ee ee Oe ee | AB? =824 132-2 138 cos 50°=99.3001... | First use the 2 =a? + 5 2ab cosC form of ape SOS00IS the cosine rl to cael the nah of | AB =9.96494... =9.96 km (3 sf) ana, Once you find AB, we can use the sine rule 3 9.96494. to determine A and B. » 1in50"_ Remember not to use rounded values in 9.96494 intermediate calculations as that may result (, sin50°_) in an inaccurate final answer. (S55: ° 5.8° (3 sf) “ 9.96494.) Finally use the fact that angles in a triangle 4.2" (sf) | Add up to 180°. 180° (45.7958...° + 50") Exercise 2B 4. Use the given information to find all sides 4A hiker leaves camp and walks 5 km on a and angles in each triangle. bearing of 058°. He stops for a break, then a a=12.cm, b=6.5 0m ande=7em continues walking for another 8 km on b teil, be idm ande= 18mm a bearing of 103°. He stops again before heading straight back. Find the distance back to camp from the second stop. © ¢=22m,A=25° and B= 83° 2_ Use the given information to find all sides bad angles n each iiangle, 5. The straight-line distance between two cities A and B is 223 km. The straight-line a distance between cities A and C is 152 km. L The straight-line distance between cities B ‘st om and C is 285 km. Find the angles between each of the three cities wen, 6 To find the third side of AABC with AB =40 cm, BC = 25 cm and BAC = 35°, & Velina and Kristian offered the following suggestions 4 Kristian suggested: “Use the cosine rule as you are given two sides and one angle.” 7 Velina suggested: “Use the sine rule as you are given two sides and an angle opposite to K Tn one of them.” State whose method is correct and justify 3 A surveyor has to determine the distance your statement. Hence, solve the triangle. between points A and B that lie on opposite banks of a river. Another point C is 430 m from A, on the same side of the river, such that BAC = 45° and ACB = 55°. Find the distance from A to B to the nearest metre.Developing inquiry skills Look again atthe opening problem. The Great Trigonometric Survey used an instrument called a theodolite to measure the angles from points A and B to the summit E, BAE = 30.5° and ABE = 26. Points A and are 33 km apart. Find the height of Mount Everest to the nearest metre. 2.2 Area ofa triangle formula: applications of right- and non-right angled trigonometry Four triangles are given below. Determine the area of each triangle if possible. If the area cannot be determined, state what additional es information is needed so that it can be done. Eat 1 2 6 oa ia aie 88am 100m Investigation 6 Consider plot of land inthe shape of ABC with given sides a and candangle B. The height /is drawn from C towards [AB], so that [AB]. 4 Write an expression forthe area of ABC in terms of side c and the height. 2 Consider ABHIC. Write an expression for tin terms of 3 Substitute your expression for from part2,n your expression forthe area from part4,and hence show that. area of AB Continued on next page 61ee faassen Oe DRS Qe. wawoutd he foals from part 3 lok ket, cand sin Aora, band Sin Cae given? Wte dawn thes other forse re om. S ETD wnatistne .acsin Band the formula for the area of ship between the formula a See International Je cient ier ‘rea can be measured in ‘square unis, butalso in “packets like hectares or acres. The area of any triangle ABC is given by the formulae 1 Which counties use bigho, mou, feddan, a, ‘and tsub0? io. area= sbesinA. 2 area “acsinBor area = Sabsin€ Example 8 pinch owns Garealar pes Anshan te eng Pe ne an eae eg ay SBS ee ae "y m8 area = £x120x240xsin 130° Use the formula area = Lacsin B 2 2 area = 11031 m2 Round the area to the nearest integer. Example 9 The area of ABC is 29.6 cm?, 8=25° and BC = 7m, a Find the length of side [AB]. a Gaia Toy apeeh land 29.6= 27% ABN sin 25° Use the formula area = acsin B 2 2 29.642 20.0 em (3 sf) Round the answer to 3 sf, 62Example 10 Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD with BC = 7.4 cm, AB= 12.3 om and B= 39°, ae 23cm Area of AABC=5 x 12.3 7.4 xsin39° | You can find the area of AABC by using the ‘Anen of AARC = 28,6403... em? area of a triangle formula. Since AABC = AADC (because of three equal sides) they will have equal areas. ‘Area of ABCD = 2 x 28.6403. ‘The area of the parallelogram will be twice Bs) the area of AABC. The area of any parallelogram ABCD is given by the formula Tey area=absin€ Ste Example 11 ‘A roof is in the shape of an isosceles triangle APRQ where . = 61° and PR = 12 cm. Find the area of APRQ. A D Be " 1° Since APRQ is isosceles and PQ= RQ = 180° 261° =58" P=R=o, PQ 12 Find the third angle by using the angle sum ner iar meas Pansngt a = 129758. Ue the seul to she eto 1 12 x 12.3759... x sin61° ‘Use the area formula to find the area of APRQ. ‘Area = 64.9 cm? (3 sf) 63ES Gans ee ne a ey To be able to determine the area of a triangle you need to know two sides and an inscribed angle, two angles and a side, or the three sides of the triangle. Example 12 Find the area of a triangular vegetable garden with sides £ AB =15 m, AC=7 mand BC= 12m. me 20 “ Sm 6 oP +P as cos@ = 227 1 ‘To use the area formula, you need to find 2x12x7 one of the angles of the triangle. Escort (MEZZ=IP")too.980.° | Youcan use te cosine reo Bra Area = 14127 xsin100.980..° Now you can use the area formula to 2 calculate the area of ABC. Area = 41.2 m? (3 sf) Example 13 @ ‘The floor of a gazebo has the shape of a regular octagon with Kiam side length 1.2 m and is made of eight congruent triangles. - Find the area of the floor. ‘Area of the floor = 8 x area of AAOB, ‘Tofind the area of AAOB, you first need to find AGB. 7.5" To find the other two angles of AAOB you need to use the angle sum theorem and ‘consider that AB is isosceles. ‘Then use the sine rule to find the length sine75 of [AO] Ao n67.5°x 2 snas® 1.56787... m 1 ‘Area = 8x5%1,56787...¥1.56787..xsin45° | To find the area of the octagonal floor you need to multiply the area of AAOB by 8. Area =6.95 m? (3 sf) 642.2 ee 4 Find the area of each of the following 4. Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD with triangles: BC=7.4cm, BAC=44.5° and ACB = 91° . sen > 14m co 6 fh £ a » 72600 stam 5A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle with radius 9 cm, Find the area of the hexagon, jee) © A (/ ten . \ " 7 ‘ & Fr 4e3on rid 6 A garden is shaped in the form of a regular p heptagon (seven-sided), MNSRQPO. A circle with centre T and radius 25 m 2. Find the area of each of the following. circumscribes the heptagon as shown in the twiangles: diagram below. The area of AMSQ is left for a a= 13.460m, b=9.20n and 6=49° alr pygound andthe est of he Po oean and garden is planted with flowers. Find the arca bes em, Aa 3% and B25 of the garden planted with flowers © a= 25cm, b= 14/2em, c= 59 om ‘ 2 A gardener leaves a triangular plot of his garden for a plant nursery. The two sides 4 of the triangular plot are AC = 23.5 m and AD=15 m D \ I . 18a ri Bim c @ If DC =29 m, find the area of the plot designated for the plant nursery. b_ 0.5 kg of herb seeds will cover an area of 150 m®, Determine the mass of seeds, in kg, needed to plant the plot with herbs.Weve en eo es fa Penne Investigation 7 Asprinkler located atthe centre ofa lawn sprays watera distance of 20 m asit rotates through a certain angle. What area ofthe garden lawn can be watered by the sprinkler? Write your answers correct to 3 sf. 1. Find the area ofthe garden lawn that can be watered by the sprinkler ifitis setto rotate atan angle of 180° 2 Findthe area of the garden lawn that can be watered by the sprinkler ifitis set to rotate at an angle of 60°. 3. Find the area of the garden lawn that can be watered by ‘the sprinkler ifitis set to rotate at an angle of 1° 4 Find the area ofthe garden lawn that can be watered by the sprinkler ifitis sett rotate at an angle of a°, 5 Could you generate a formula for finding the area ofthe garden lawn that can be watered by a sprinkler that projects water out r metres andis setto rotate at an angle a? 6 What is the formula forthe area ofa sector? ? How isthe area of sector formula derived? Asectoris a portion ofacircle lying between rear ‘wo rail and the subtended arc. mineral ‘Why are there 360, grees in acomplete ‘urn? Why do we use Seu? minutes and seconds fertime? Any central angle in a circle is a fraction of 360°, so the area of a sector will be a fraction of the area of the circle. TOK “Mathematicians admire elogance and simplicity 6 ont? above all else, andthe Area of sector (525) (2) = uitimate goal in solving, 360. a a problem isto find the where ris the radius of the circle and @ is the method that does the central angle in degrees. jbin the mosteffcient mannet’—Keith Devlin Whatis elegance ‘and simplicity in ‘mathematical proof? 662.2 Example 14 A crop sprinkler irrigates a circle with radius 5 m. Find the area of the sector BAC with radius 5 m and central angle 120° as shown in the diagram. Give your answer to 3 sf. 120°x x5? 2 (3 sf) | Substitute r=5 and @= 120° into the 360° 262 Gs! | formula for the area of the sector. Example 15 ‘The area of a sector BAG with radius 13 cm is 30m cm?. Find x, the size of the central angle of sector BAC. te ety Ft © C) wn x13? | Use the formula for the area ofa sector, and 30RD substitute the given values for the area and the radius, 30 x 360 202389 «63.99 (3 ‘Then use your GDC to calculate x. 12 (Bsh) yo “ Example 16 ‘The sector AOB has radius 4 cm and central angle 75°, Determine the area of the segment enclosed by chord [AB] and the subtended arc. © Find the area of the sector AOB. Find the area of the triangle AOB, Area enclosed = 10,4719... — 7.7274. =2.74 cm? (3 sf)2 | REPRESENTING SPACE: NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY AND VOLUMES pant) 4. Determine the areas of the sectors with _-—-3_Determine the area of the shaded region radius r and central angle ® given below. of a wooded patch in a circular park if the Give your answers correct t0 3 sf radius of the circle is n° a Rem b Inem © r=10.5 cm, 0= 122° 2 a Asector with central angle 140° and radius 9 cm is cut from a wooden circle. Find the area of the sector. 4 Find the area of the segment enclosed by chord [BC] and the subtended arc with radius 4 cm and central angle 55°. b_ A ssector with radius 10 em and central angle x* has area 487 em? Find the size of the angle x 5 A landscaper builds a regular hexagonal patio ina circular garden. The area not covered by the patio will be covered in grass. ‘The radius of the garden is 1.5m, Find the area covered by grass in the garden. © A sector with radius x em and central angle 50° has area 8x cm? Find the length of the radius x. eee ena eae Japanese mathematician Sel Takakavu calculated 7 to ten decimal places inthe 17th certury. 682.3 3D geometry: solids, surface area and volume This cube is known asthe Necker cube 7 and shows the edges ofthe cube without any depth cues. ‘When you stare atthe cube frame for awhile, you wll be able to see two different images. When you drawa diagram of solid {ou need to draw the edges that re not Visible with dotted lines. Using square paper can help you draw the parallel and congruent edges. This cube is called the impossible cube ‘and was invented by the Dutch artist M.C. Escher. Why do you think the cubes called impossible? Whats impossible about t? Shapes with three dimensions (length, width and height) are called solids. A polyhedron is a solid composed of polygonal faces that connect along line segments called edges. Edges meet at a point, called a vertex (plural vertices) Investigation 8 1. Sixsolds are given below. te, 2.3 ae ‘What are the platonic solids and why are they an important partof he language of ‘mathematics? Be een ‘In your small group, compare the solids, discuss thelr similarities and differences and complete the table. ‘Sketch each solid. ‘What elements can you use to describe these solids? ‘Which ofthese solids are polyhedra? Are there solids that are not? ° Continued on next page 69gS Fan enn es mh ° Solid Name | Solid description | Sketch of solid Main elements ch Twiangular 6 vertices a Height (1) prism | 2 equal viangular N Elements ofthe | faces y base: side and cor respondingheigh, 3 rectangular . faces Sedges ortwo sides and an angle between ‘Wiangularprism Hexagonal prism Investigation 9 4. Sixsolids are given below. DMAQN@AA larties and dferences and complete the In your small group, compare the solids, discuss their table, Sketch each What elements can you use ta describe these solids? Sol Name | zasecirom ‘Sketch of Solid | Main Elements a “Rectangular |S vertices Height i) Pyramid 4 rectangularbase Elements ofthe S viangulrfaces (the baseslength and opposite faces congruent) wiath Bedges 2 What are some real-life examples ofthe solidsin the table? 20The base of pyramid isa polygon, and the three or mare tiangularfaces of the pyramid meet ata point known asthe apex. Ina ight pyramid, the apexis vertically above the centre of the base. Thetabelled figure belowisasquare-based pyramid, butthere ae also vianguar based pyramids (tevahedrons), hexogonal-based pyramids and soon. as eto, triangular face é ae J base NX € Square-based pyramid Tetrahedron Hexagonal-based pyramid There isa close relationship between pyramids and cones. The anly difference is thatthe base ofa coneisacircle. /Asphere is defined as the set of al pints in three-dimensional space that are equidistant om a central point. Half ofa spheres called a hemisphere. ete helo on aN ean a : Sy Sphere Example 17 Sketch a right rectangular pyramid. 2.3 ee ounces nar ee! The stones used to make ‘the pyramids in Egypt were constructed with a 13-knotrope replicating the shape ofa 345 ‘wiangle to ensure sides meeting atright angles. and [BD]. Label all vertices. Use square paper if possible as itis easier to draw the parallel and congruent segments with equal length, such as [AB] and [DC], and [AD] and [BC]. Also note that all invisible edges, like [AD] and {DC}, and other invisible segments, like [AC] and [BD], are drawn with dotted lines. ‘The height [EO] should be perpendicular to [AC] 1 Sketch a cube with sides 3 cm. 3. a Sketch a rectangular-based pyramid with 2. Sketch a prism with length 5 em anda regular hexagonal face with sides 3 cm and height 5 cm. base dimensions 3 cm by 4 cm and slant Tenth 3 cn b Sketch a rectangular-based pyramid with base dimensions 3 cm by 4 cm and vertical height 5 cm, atExample 18 Cuboid ABCDEFGH has dimensions 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm 5 as shown, ‘ Find the length of the diegonal [DF] b thesize of BOR aa . Kn F To find the length of [DF] you need to find right trlangles that these segments are part of een 2 hen Osa t a DF=Vcp'+BC'+BF pF = BD" + BF* from ADBF Wee and BD* =Vi7 77 cm (3 st) b sin Bir = CD? + BC? from ADBC 423.1° (3 sf) sinBi & 1 gis You can use the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometry to calculate lengths and angles in 3D shapes. Example 19 ABCDEFGH is a cuboid with dimensions 4cm, 5cm and 6 cm as £ shown. 4 ‘Mand N are the midpoints of [DH] and [BF] respectively. Find NEM. son9 2.3 ee cos = EN! + EM? — MN? | 2x ENxEM | MN? = AB? + AD?=41 EN? = BF? + FN?=34 Consider AEMN. You can use the cosine rule to find NEM, MN=BD [EN] is the hypothenuse of AEFN. EM? = BH? + HM? =25 [EM) is the hypothenuse of AEHM. Nim cor" SYZP-A-)=72.0° 0.6 | submit the ngs int he formu - = Substitute the lengths into the formul aad x25 for the cosine rule, Example 20 A rectangular pyramid ABCDE has 2 base with dimensions 8 cm and 5 cm and vertical height 10 cm. 0 is the centre of the base and is directly below the apex E. Find the size of the angle a between the edge [BE] and the base ABDC of the pyramid b_ between the edges [EB] and [EC] © EXO, where M is the midpoint of [AC] Ee 10 Ye en ost 2 b BEC =2BE0 BEO =180°—(90° + 64.7467...°) = 25.2533...° BRC =50.5° (3 sf) © ianeMo = 22 -10 om 4 EMO= a (2) =59.0° (3 sf 4 Since EO is the height of the pyramid, the angle between [EB] and the base is FBO. Consider the right triangle AEBO: you can use the tan ratio to find EBO. O is the midpoint of [CB]. ‘The line (EO}] bisects BEC. Mis the midpoint of [AC], so OM=4 cm. 23ABCDEFGH with dimensions 6m by 6m by 10.5m is shown in the diagram below. Sketch the cuboid and mark the angles described below. Find: a the length of [DF] the size of the angle between [DF] and base ABCD © the size of the angle between [DF] and. face DCGH. —t 1051 f) 8 om én * ‘A glass case in the shape of a regular triangular prism ABCDEF has a base with side 3 cm and height 12 cm. His the midpoint of [BC], and G is the midpoint of [AB]. Sketch the prism and mark the angles Geseribed below. The case is to enclose an art piece In the shape of a triangle attached at, Gand. D E Find: the angle between [DC] and the base DEF b the length of [G1] © the length of [DG). 3. Ahheap of grain is shaped as a cone ADCF with height 5 m and base radius 2 m, as shown on the diagram. A and C are points on the circumference of the circular base of the cone and AOC = 120°. Sketch the cone and label the angles described below. Find: the angle between [AF] and the base of the cone the slant height of the heap € the angle between [AF] and {CF] £ ® 4 A ccylinder with height 11 cm and radius 3 cmis shown in the diagram. D and 0 are the centres of the circular faces of the cylinder. A and C are two points on the ‘Grcle with centre 0, and CAO = 20°. Point Bis on the edge of the top face of the circle. ‘The lines [AB] and [OD] ate parallel. Find: the length of [AC] the length of [BC] the angle between [BC] and the base with centre 0.Nets of solids =) rT Et 1. Decide which ofthe following nets in Table 4 are nets of 30 solids. 2 Match the nets withthe corresponding solids fom Table 2. 3. Name each solid. Imagine making cuts along some edges of a solid and opening it up to form a flat figure. The flat (plane) figure is called a net of the solid. Each two-dimensional net of a solid can be folded into a three- dimensional solid, as in the diagram below. f- Me Example 21 State which of the following nets can make a cube. ee a ° 5ra Pee Tne rss The nets labelled a, b, e and f can be folded {into a cube, whereas the ones labelled c and d cannot. Check by cutting out the patterns and assembling them into a cube. Can you explain why the nets ¢ and d cannot make a cube? Not all nets can be folded into a 3D figure, although they may have the correct number of faces. Investigation 11 ‘The diagram shows the nets of some boxes without id, 4 Ifyou cutout each net, flditinto a box, and fllthe box with cubes, how many cubes wouldittake to fillthe box? Make a prediction frst, and then find the number of cubes. You may wantto cut outthe nets and fld them into boxes. 2 What strategy dd you use to find the numberof cubes: that would fil each box? Are there different possible strategies to find this number? 3. Given anet, generate a formula for finding the number ‘of cubes that wil filthe box created by the net. How is. ‘your generalization related tothe volume formula fora rectangular prism (V = length x width x height]? 4 Imagine another box that holds twice as many cubes as Box A What re the possible dimensions of this new box With a doubled volume? Volume of prisms and cylinders ‘Why are symbolic representations of ‘three-dimensional objectseasierto deal with than visual Forsome solids, called prisms, the base is ofthe same shape and size as any cross-section (slice) ofthe solid made witha plane thats parallel tothe base. ee representations? ‘What does thistellus ‘about ourknowledge of mathematics in other dimensions? Tofind the volume of a prism, use the formula ‘= area of cross-section x height2.3 ae ‘This method can be used to find the volume of all prisms whether rectangular, triangular, hexagonal, octagonal or having irregularly shaped bases with congruent cross-sections. Example 22 Babreka (The Kidney) isa lake in the Rila mountains, Bulgaria, with the shape of a kidney. Its area is 85000 m?, and the average depth is 28 m. Estimate the volume of water in the lake, in m>, V=area of cross-section x height ‘We assume that the water in the lake has a 3D shape with uniform cross-sections that V= 85000 x 28 have the shown kidney shape. V=2380000 m? ‘The depth of the lake is the same as the height of the water. z FH A cylinder is a special case of a prism, with a circular cross-section. FH cross-section is rand the heights Its x72. Example 23 Calculate the volume of the cylinder with radius 2 em 0 and height 7.5 cm. = Volume =ax2?x7.5=94.2.cm* (33t) | Area of cross-section =n? Example 24 Find the volume of the triangular prism 5 A whose base is an isosceles triangle where a an the equal sides are 12 cm and the angle between them is 130°. The height of the prism is 15 cm. f Continued on next page 7REPRESENTING SPACE: NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY AND VOLUMES 2 x 12 x sin 130" 2 | =827 em" (sf) 15 (ERE ] 4A swimming pool with the dimensions shown is filled with water, The cost to fill the pool is $0.15 per cubic metre of water. Find the cost of filling the pool. 2 A ormament is made in the shape of a triangular prism. ‘The ornament is made from mahogany, which hhas a density of 0.71 gicm®, Caleulate the mass of the ‘ornament. 7] {040m 3. A solid metal cylinder has the area of the triangular base, for which you ‘To find the volume you need to find the | can use the area formula | Remember that the volume is measured in cubic units. J irs Howis mathematical knowledge considered froma sociocultural perspective? following dimensions. 250m ‘The cylinder is melted down Into 2 cm cubes. ‘How many cubes can be made? Nasim fills a measuring jug with 310 cm? of water. She pours the water into a cylin- drical vase with radius 4 cm. Find the height of water in cm. 5. The volume of a regular hexagonal prism is 2800 cm. ‘The height of the prism is 14 em, Find the side of the hexagonal base in cm.2.3 eee Volume of pyramids, cones and spheres Investigation 12 41 Comparing the volume of prisms and pyramids ‘Take a plastic prism and aplastic pyramid with the same height and the same base. Fillthe pyramid with water and pour into the prism, Repeat until the prism is filled to the top, ‘2 Whatis the relationship between the volume of a prism and the volume of a pyramid with the same base atea and height? Make a conjecture about the formula forthe volume of a pyramid, Write it down, 2 Comparing the volume of cylinders, cones and spheres Take aplastic cone, aplastic sphere and a plastic cylinder with the same height and radi. Ifwe take a close look atthe sphere, we can see that t= 2y- Using water or rce or popcorn), experiment with filing the 30 shapes to determine the relationships between their volumes. ‘2 Whatis the relationship between the volume of a cylinder and the volume of a cane with the same radius and height? Make a conjecture about the formula fr the volume of a cone. Write itdown, b_ Whatis the relationship between the volume ofa cylinder and the volume of a sphere with the same radius and height? Make a conjecture about the formula for the volume ofa sphere. Write it down. © Did you find another relationship between the volumes of two ofthe solids? Make a conjecture and, write it down, 3. i Pyramid | Pism | Cone | Cylinder | Sphere Volume |v 5 (base area xh) | base area x it velara mxh The volume of a pyramids a third ofthe volume ofa prism withthe same base and height. ‘+ The volume ofa cone isa third of the volume of a cylinder with the same radius and height. The ‘volume ofthe cone is alsa the same as a pyramid with the same base area and height. ‘+ The volume of a sphere is four times the volume of a cone with the same radius and with height that istwice the radius. 79ee me ee) PRESENTI Ts Example 25 Calculate the volume of each solid. a b av ha x 3.5% 7.4) = 34.5 cm? (3 sf) use v =i base area x height) b height = 11.5? 3,27= 11.0458... cm? Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the vertical height of the cone. yetees2 xtioas..<1i8en 64) | teva finde vom Example 26 REE ‘A cylindrical can holds three tennis balls. Each ball we has a dlameter of 6cm, which is the same diameter as the cylinder, and the cylinder is filled to the top. Calculate the volume of space in the cylinder net taken up by the tennis balls, Diagrams ofthe Pythagorean theorem cccurin early Chinese and indian manuscript. The eatlestreferences to trigonometry are in Indian ‘mathematics. Volume of cylinder = x x 32% 18 = 508.9 cm? | The cylinder has radius 3 cm and | height 18 cm. | | Volume of 3 balls = 339.3 cm? Space = 508.9 ~ 339.3 = 396 cm? (3 sf} 13cm? 1. Calculate the volume of: 4. a hemisphere with radius 3.1 em a a cylinder with radius 3 cm and height ea rectangular pyramid with length 8m, 23cm width 5 cm and vertical height ba sphere with radius 2 cm 17cm. © cone with radius 2.1 cm and height 7.3 om.2.3 ee 2 A family is replacing the cylindrical hot ‘water boiler of the house. They cannot change the height of the boiler but they can double its diameter. If the previous tank could hold 100litres, can we predict what the new tank will hold? What would happen if the diameter of the tank is tripled? 3 Palabora Mine, Phalaborwa, is a South ‘The copper sphere in the image is placed African copper mine. A total of 4.1 million on the ground from which it was extracted, tonnes of copper have been extracted from. and represents a scale model of the copper this mine. In the image shown, Dillon removed from the mine. Find the radius Marsh, a South African artist, has combined _of the copper sphere, given that 1 m? of photography and computer imaging to copper weighs about 8930 kg. visualize the total copper output of the mine, Surface area of solids Investigation 13 Surface area of a prism 4 Take two standard sheets of pape or printing. Fold one of then along the longer side so that ou make four congruent rectangles, and fold the other one along the shorter side so that you make four congruent rectangles. Fold each sheet tomake two open-ended prisms and use tape to connectthe edges, 2. Findthe surface areas of the prisms without considering their bases, Wil ‘the wo surface areas be differen orthe same? bb Tiyto generate a formula forthe surface area of any prism without the bases. © What would be the formula forthe surface area of any prism with the bases {the total surface area}? EE rs ‘Surface area of a cylinder 2 Take two standard sheets of paper for printing, Bend one of then along the longer side so that you make ‘cylinder, and bend the other one along the shorter side so that you make another cylinder. Use tape to connect the edges. ‘Find the surface areas ofthe cylinders without the areas ofthe bases. Are the curved surface areas the same or diferent? Make a conjecture about how the two surface areas compare and write it down, b_ Make a conjecture about how to find the surface area of any cylinder, with radius r and height without the bases. {© Make a conjecture about how to find the surface area of any cylinder, with radius rand height h with the bases. ° Continued on next page atEa aa ee ey QO curtace area ofa pyramid 3 Anet ofa rectangular pyramids given [with the base. Fold alangthe dotted i lines and use tape to connect the edges. {Find the surface area ofthe pyramid without the base and write it down, b_ Make a conjecture abouthow to find the surface area ofany pyramid withoutthe base and write it dawn ‘© Make a conjecture abouthaw to find the surface ares of any pyramid with the base {the total surface area) and write it down, ‘Surface area of acone 4. Anet ofa cone is given {withthe base). Fold the net to make a cone and use tape ‘to connectthe edges. fs HINT ‘The curved surface of a cone is a sector ofa circle, What is the radius ofthis circle? Whatis the circumference of this circle? What is the ai area of the circle? Can we find the area of the circle sector? \) {2 Find the surface area ofthe cone without the base and write itdown, b Make a conjecture about how to find the surface area of any cone without the base and write it down, € Make a conjecture abouthow to find the surface area ofany cone with the base (the total surface and wite t down. 4 \Whatis the seme about finding the surface aeas of various solids? Whats diferent? Surface area is measured in square units, eg cm? and m?. To calculate the surface area of a cylinder, open out the curved surface into a rectangle: Tofind the curved surface area (CSA) ofa cylinder use the formula CSA = 2nrh, To find the total surface area of a cylinder, find the curved surface area and add on the areas of the two bases: 82Total surface area = 2nrh + 2nr? The formula forthe surface area (SA ofa sphere is SA= 4a The curved surface area ofa cone uses the length of the slanted height CSA=arl Tofind the total surface area ofthe cone, add the area ofthe circular base: SAsarl+ nr Tofind the total surface area of a pyramid, add together the areas of ll the faces. Example 27 c Find the total surface area of a rectangular-based g pyramid whose base has dimensions 10 m and 8 m, FI and where the slant heights for the faces ABE and BCE 5 are 12 m and 13 m, respectively. 4 . a he 10m a ® Base area = 10x 8 = 80 To find the total surface area of the pyramid you need to add the areas of all faces. ABE area =10*2 _ 69 ‘The pyramid has two pairs of congruent faces: ABE and DCE; BCE and ADE. BCE area = 8% 13-5 ‘Total surface area = 80 +2 x 60+2%52 =304 m? | as J Example 28 A.cone has radius 5 cm and a total surface area of 300 cm?, rounded to the nearest integer. Find: @ the slant height, /, of the cone b the height, of the cone. ° Continued on next pagea 300=axSxl+axe 1=14,0985...= 14.1 cm 3 sf) b =P-P n= V14.0985..2 Exercise 21 1. Find the surface area of each of the following solids: ‘a acylinder with radius 2.5 cm and height 7.3 cm. b acone with radius 3.5 cm and height 12 cm. 2 Find the surface area of the following solids: am REPRESENTING SPACE: NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIGONOMETRY AND VOLUMES Total surface area = 2nrh + 2nr? ‘Substitute the given values and then use your GDC to find the slant height, J If you are not given a diagram, sketch the cone for yourself so that you can reason, about what is given and what you need to find, Now that you know the radius and the slant height you can find the cone height, 4, {rom the triangle OBC by using the Pythagorean theorem, Remember to use the unrounded value for ! when you calculate the value of A 4. Asilo has a cylindrical part and a roof that is a hemisphere. The radius of the cylinder is 3 m and its height is 12m, a Find the volume of the silo. b_ The entire silo is to be painted. Find how much paint is needed if 1L of paint covers 8.5 m? of surface. 3. Find the surface area of a hemisphere with radius 4 cm and volume 30 cm? ( hg @ Xs 2 Developing your toolkit Now do the Modelling and investigation activity on page 92.