LECTURE 04:

INTRODUCTION TO SQL

Modern Database Management

1
 OBJECTIVES
 Define terms
 Define a database using SQL data
definition language
 Write single and multi- table queries
using SQL
 Establish referential integrity and
other constraints using SQL

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2

 SQL OVERVIEW
 Structured Query Language

 The standard for relational database

management systems (RDBMS)

 RDBMS: A database management

system that manages data as a
collection of tables in which all
relationships are represented by
common values in related tables

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 3

 SQL ENVIRONMENT
 Catalog
 A set of schemas that constitute the description of a database
 Schema
 The structure that contains descriptions of objects created by a
user (base tables, views, constraints)
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Commands that define a database, including creating, altering,
and dropping tables and establishing constraints
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Commands that maintain and query a database
 Data Control Language (DCL)
 Commands that control a database, including administering
privileges and committing data

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 4

A simplified schematic of a typical SQL environment, as
described by the SQL: 2008 standard

5
 SQL DATA TYPES

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6

DDL, DML, DCL, and the database development process

7
 SQL DATABASE DEFINITION
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Major CREATE statements:
 CREATE SCHEMA–defines a portion of the
database owned by a particular user
 CREATE TABLE–defines a new table and
its columns
 CREATE VIEW–defines a logical table from
one or more tables or views
 Other CREATE statements: CHARACTER
SET, COLLATION, TRANSLATION, ASSERTION,
DOMAIN
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8
 STEPS IN TABLE CREATION
1. Identify data types for attributes
2. Identify columns that can and cannot be null
3. Identify columns that must be unique
(candidate keys)
4. Identify primary key–foreign key mates
5. Determine default values
6. Identify constraints on columns (domain
specifications)
7. Create the table and associated indexes
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9
 General syntax for CREATE TABLE statement used in
data definition language

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 10

THE FOLLOWING SLIDES CREATE TABLES
FOR THIS ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

11
 SQL database definition commands for Pine Valley Furniture Company
(Oracle 11g)

Overall table
definitions

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12

Defining attributes and their data types

13
 Non-nullable specification

Primary keys
can never have
NULL values

Identifying primary key

14
 Non-nullable specifications

Primary key

Some primary keys are composite–

composed of multiple attributes

15
 Controlling the values in attributes

Default value

Domain constraint

16
Identifying foreign keys and establishing relationships

Primary key of
parent table

Foreign key of dependent table

17
 DATA INTEGRITY CONTROLS
 Referential integrity–
constraint that ensures that
foreign key values of a table
must match primary key
values of a related table in 1:M
relationships
 Restricting:
 Deletes of primary records
 Updates of primary records

Chapter 6Inserts ofEducation,

© 2013 Pearson dependentInc. Publishingrecords
as Prentice Hall 18
Ensuring data integrity through updates

Referential
integrity is
enforced via
the primary-
key to foreign-
key match

19
CHANGING TABLES
 ALTER TABLE statement allows you to
change column specifications:

 Table Actions:

 Example (adding a new column with a default value) :

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20

 REMOVING TABLES

 DROP TABLE statement allows

you to remove tables from your
schema:

 DROP TABLE CUSTOMER_T

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 21

 INSERT STATEMENT
 Adds one or more rows to a table
 Inserting into a table

 Inserting a record that has some null attributes

requires identifying the fields that actually get
data

 Inserting from another table

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 22

CREATING TABLES WITH IDENTITY COLUMNS

Introduced with SQL:2008

Inserting into a table does not require explicit customer ID

entry or field list

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_T VALUES ( ‘Contemporary

Casuals’, ‘1355 S. Himes Blvd.’, ‘Gainesville’, ‘FL’, 32601);
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
23
 DELETE STATEMENT
 Removes rows from a table
 Delete certain rows
 DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T WHERE
CUSTOMERSTATE = ‘HI’;
 Delete all rows
 DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T;

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 24

UPDATE STATEMENT

 Modifies data in existing rows

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 25

 MERGE STATEMENT

Makes it easier to update a table…allows combination of

Insert and Update in one statement

Useful for updating master tables with new data

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 26
 SELECT STATEMENT
 Used for queries on single or multiple tables
 Clauses of the SELECT statement:
 SELECT
 List the columns (and expressions) to be returned from the
query
 FROM
 Indicate the table(s) or view(s) from which data will be
obtained
 WHERE
 Indicate the conditions under which a row will be included in
the result
 GROUP BY
 Indicate categorization of results
 HAVING
 Indicate the conditions under which a category (group) will
be included
Chapter
 ORDER 6 BY© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 27
SQL statement
processing
order (based
on van der
Lans, 2006
p.100)

28
 SELECT EXAMPLE

 Find products with standard price less

than $275

Table 6-3: Comparison Operators in SQL

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 29

 SELECT EXAMPLE USING ALIAS
 Alias is an alternative column or
table name

SELECT CUST.CUSTOMERNAME AS
NAME,
CUST.CUSTOMERADDRESS
FROM CUSTOMER_V CUST
WHERE NAME = ‘Home
Furnishings’;
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
30
 SELECT EXAMPLE USING A FUNCTION

 Using the COUNT aggregate function to

find totals

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ORDERLINE_T

WHERE ORDERID = 1004;

Note: With aggregate functions you can’t have

single-valued columns included in the SELECT
clause, unless they are included in the GROUP
BY clause.

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 31

SELECT EXAMPLE–BOOLEAN OPERATORS
 AND, OR, and NOT Operators for customizing
conditions in WHERE clause

Note: The LIKE operator allows you to compare strings

using wildcards. For example, the % wildcard in ‘%Desk’
indicates that all strings that have any number of
characters preceding the word “Desk” will be allowed.
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 32
 Boolean query A without use of parentheses

By default,
processing
order of
Boolean
operators is
NOT, then
AND, then OR

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

33
SELECT EXAMPLE–BOOLEAN OPERATORS

 With parentheses…these override the normal

precedence of Boolean operators

With parentheses, you can override normal

precedence rules. In this case parentheses make the
OR take place before the AND.

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 34

 Boolean query B with use of parentheses

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

35
SORTING RESULTS WITH ORDER BY CLAUSE
 Sort the results first by STATE, and
within a state by the CUSTOMER NAME

Note: The IN operator in this example allows you to include

rows whose CustomerState value is either FL, TX, CA, or HI. It
is more efficient than separate OR conditions.
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 36
 CATEGORIZING RESULTS USING GROUP
BY CLAUSE
 For use with aggregate functions
 Scalar aggregate: single value returned from SQL
query with aggregate function
 Vector aggregate: multiple values returned from
SQL query with aggregate function (via GROUP BY)

You can use single-value fields with aggregate

functions if they are included in the GROUP
BY clause
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 37
QUALIFYING RESULTS BY CATEGORIES
USING THE HAVING CLAUSE
 For use with GROUP BY

Like a WHERE clause, but it operates on

groups (categories), not on individual rows.
Here, only those groups with total numbers
greater than 1 will be included in final result.
Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 38
 END OF LECTURE 04

Chapter 6 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 39