Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm that is centered around the concept of objects. In
Python, OOP allows you to structure your code using
classes and objects, which make it easier to organize,
reuse, and scale your code. OOP helps to group data
(attributes) and behavior (methods) together, which can be
more intuitive when dealing with real-world scenarios like
modeling a bank account, a student, or a car.
Class & Object
What is a class?
A class in Python is like a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the
attributes (data) and methods (functions) that the objects created from
the class will have. In python a class is created by the keyword class.
What is an object?
An object is created using the constructor of the class. This object will
then be called the instance of the class. In Python we create instances
in the following manner
Instance = class(arguments) -->
class Student():
# Class attribute (shared by all instances of the class)
collage_name = "Bahria Collage"
name = "Zubair" # class attribute (this is not used inside
__init__)
# Constructor method to initialize object attributes
def __init__(self, name, age, grade):
self.name = name # Object attribute (unique to each instance)
self.age = age # Object attribute (unique to each instance)
self.grade = grade # Object attribute (unique to each
instance)
# Creating an instance (object) of the Student class with object-
specific attributes
student1 = Student("Laila", 19, "A+")
# Accessing the object attributes (specific to student1) and printing
them
print(f"Name: {student1.name}, Age: {student1.age}, Grade:
{student1.grade}")
# Accessing class attributes (shared by all instances) using the class
name
print(f"Collage Name: {Student.collage_name}, Student Name:
{student1.name}")
Name: Laila, Age: 19, Grade: A+
Collage Name: Bahria Collage, Student Name: Laila
if will print student name (laila) in both cases because
Object attribute > class attribute
Constructor in Python:
In Python, the constructor method is named init(). It is
called automatically when you create a new object from a
class. You can pass arguments to the constructor to
initialize object-specific values.
Example:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
# This is the constructor
self.name = name # Initializing object attribute 'name'
self.age = age # Initializing object attribute 'age'
# Creating an instance (object) of the Person class
person1 = Person("Alice", 25)
# Accessing the initialized attributes
print(f"Name: {person1.name}, Age: {person1.age}")
Name: Alice, Age: 25
Adding methods in class
class Student():
collage_name = "Bahria Collage"
def __init__(self, name, age, grade):
self.name = name # object attribute
self.age = age
self.grade = grade
# Method 1: A function that welcomes the student
def welcome(self):
# This method returns the grade of the student
print(f"Welcome student {self.name} to {self.collage_name}")
# Method 2: A function to return the student's grade
def get_grade(self):
return self.grade
# Creating an instance (object) of the Student class
s1 = Student("Aayan", 19, "A+")
s1.welcome() # Output: Welcome student Aayan to Bahria Collage
print(s1.get_grade()) # Output: A+
Welcome student Aayan to Bahria Collage
A+
Let's Practice
Create a student class that takes name & marks of 3
subjects as arguments in the constructor. Then create a
method to print the average. The class should also have a
method to check if the student is passing or not. The
student is passing if the average of marks is greater than
or equal to 40.
class Student():
def __init__(self, name, math: int, physics: int, english: int):
self.name = name
self.math = math
self.physics = physics
self.english = english
def average(self):
return (self.math + self.physics + self.english) / 3
def pass_fail(self):
if self.average() >= 70:
return "Pass"
else:
return "Fail"
std1 = Student("Sohail", 60,79,86)
print(f"Student name::{std1.name}, Math::{std1.math},Physics::
{std1.physics},English::{std1.english}")
print(f"\nAverage::{std1.average()},Pass/Fail::{std1.pass_fail()}")
Student name::Sohail, Math::60,Physics::79,English::86
Average::75.0,Pass/Fail::Pass
Static Method
A static method in Python is a method defined within a
class that doesn’t require access to the instance (object) or
class itself. It behaves like a regular function but belongs
to the class’s namespace. You can call it on the class itself
or on instances of the class, and it doesn’t take self or cls
as its first parameter.
Incorrect use of static method in your case:
class Student():
def __init__(self, name, math: int, physics: int, english: int):
self.name = name
self.math = math
self.physics = physics
self.english = english
@staticmethod
def average():
# This will raise an error because static methods can't access
self.math, self.physics, etc.
return (self.math + self.physics + self.english) / 3
def pass_fail(self):
if self.average() >= 70:
return "Pass"
else:
return "Fail"
std1 = Student("Sohail", 60, 79, 86)
print(f"Average::{std1.average()}")
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
NameError Traceback (most recent call
last)
Cell In[30], line 21
17 return "Fail"
20 std1 = Student("Sohail", 60, 79, 86)
---> 21 print(f"Average::{std1.average()}")
Cell In[30], line 11, in Student.average()
8 @staticmethod
9 def average():
10 # This will raise an error because static methods can't
access self.math, self.physics, etc.
---> 11 return (self.math + self.physics + self.english) / 3
NameError: name 'self' is not defined
Correct use of Static Method
class Student():
def __init__(self, name, math: int, physics: int, english: int):
self.name = name
self.math = math
self.physics = physics
self.english = english
@staticmethod
def average(math, physics, english):
return (math + physics + english) / 3
def pass_fail(self):
if self.average(self.math, self.physics, self.english) >= 70:
return "Pass"
else:
return "Fail"
std1 = Student("Sohail", 60, 79, 86)
print(f"Student name::{std1.name}, Average::{std1.average(std1.math,
std1.physics, std1.english)}, Pass/Fail::{std1.pass_fail()}")
Student name::Sohail, Average::75.0, Pass/Fail::Pass
False
