1.Introduction With growing developments in the field of mechatronics and mathematic modeling, robotics has come a Jong way. From an iron picce that coukl move only a few inches, there are now machines: capabk: of jumping from highrise buitlings, detecting landmines, performing operations and troubleshooting. ‘The very mention of a ‘robot’ reminds one of the Terminators! Cyborgs with their menacing steel bodies and reddened eyes, which are out to destroy the work, From the early Stark Trek days to the current cybemetics agents in Matrix and X-Men, these agents have time and reminded us of the holocaust, and with the emergence of new found technologies the fears are just confounding. 2.History of Robotics ‘The term “robot” got prominence way back in the 1950s when Karl Capek in his play Rossum 's Universal Robots denoted the birth of a superior mice that had intelligence simikr to that of burmans. Later on Issac Asimov introduced his laws of robots and finally Erc Elenberger, who is considered as the father of robotics, introduced real time robots to the world. Meaning of Robotics Robotics means the stuly and application of robat technology. Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves conception, design, manuficture, and operation of machines assigned for specific high precision and repetitive tasks, Definition of a ‘robot?Feprogrammable, mubifunctional manipulator designed to move materi parts, took, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance ofa variety of tasks" 3. Laws Of Raboties Popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created the Three Laws of Robotics: 1A robot must not injure a human being of, through inaction, allow a human ‘being to come to harm 2. A robot must atways obey onders given to it by a human being, ‘except where it woukl conflict with 3. A robot must protect it's own existence,except except where it would the first law Conflict with the first or second law 4,Robotics - Types of Robots Mobile Robots Rolling Robots Waking Robots Stationary Robots Autonomous Robots Rempte-control Robots‘Ask a number of people to describe a robot and most of them will answer they look lke a human. Interestingly a robot that lbeks ke a human is probably the most diffu robot to mike, Is i usuily a waste of time and not the most sensible thing 19 model a robot affer 9 buman being. A robot needs to be above all fimctional and designed with qualities that suits its primary tasks. It depends on the task at hand whether the robot is big, small able to move or naked to the ground. Each and every task means different qualities, form and finetion, a robot needs to be designed with the task in mind. Mobile Robots Mobik: robots are abl: to move, usually they perform task such as scarch areas. A. prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the murs surfice, Mobik robots are 9 great help 10 such collapsed buikling for survivors Mobile robots are used for task where people cannot go. Either because it i: too dangerous of becawe people cannot reach the arca that needs to be searched,Mobile robots can be divided in two categories: Rolling Robots Rolling robots have wheek to move around. These are the type of robots that can quickly and casiy scarch move around. However they are only usefil in flat areas, rocky terrains give them a hard time. Flal terrains are their territory. ‘Walking Robots Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain 8 rocky and difficuk to enter with wheel, Robots have a hard time shifing baknee and keep them fom tumbling That's wiy most robots with have at kast 4 of them, usually they have 6 kegs or more, Even when they lift one or more kegs they still keep their baknce. Development of kegged robots is ofien modeled afler insects or crawfish, Stationary Robots Robots are not only used to explore arcas of imitate a human being. Most robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch Most robots are ‘working’ in industry settings. Especially dull and repeating tasks are suitable for robots. A robot never grows tired, it will perform its duty day and night without ever comphining In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will be reprogrammed to perform. other tasks.. Autonomous Robots Auionamous robots are self supporiing or in other words self contained. Ina way they rely ‘on their own “brains” Autonomous robots run a program that gie them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending on their suroundings. At times these robots even kam new behavior. Theystant out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successfil at the task they perform, The most successful routine will be repeated as such their bchavior i shaped. Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way. Think about a six legged robot, at fist the legs move ad random, affer a litle while the robot adjust its program and performs a pattem which enables it to move in a direction, An autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit. The memory and brain capacity & usially limited, an autonomows robot can be compared to an insect in that respect. In case a robot needs to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robot is nol the right choice. ‘Complicated tasks are stil best performed by hunan beings with real brainpower. A person can guide a robot by remote control A person can perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed. To detonate a bomb its saftr to send the robot to the danger areaBiology Robots are ofien modekd affer nature. A bol of BEAM robots look remarkably bke insects, Inseets are easy to buikd in mechanical form Not just the mechanics are in inspiration also the limited behavior can easily be programmed in a limited amount of memory and processing powcr. Electronics Like all robots they abo contain electronics. Without electronic circuits. the engines cannot be controlk:d, Lots of Beam Robots ako use solr power as their main source of energy. Aesthetics A BEAM Robot should look rice and attractive. BEAM robots have no printed circuits with some parts but an appealing and original appearance, Mechanics In conirast with expensive big robots BEAM robots ame cheap, simple, built out of recyckd material and running. on solr cnergy. Structure Power source ‘Actuation Sensing ‘Manipulation Locomotion Structure The structure of a robot i usually mostly mechanical and can be called a'kincmatic chain. The chain is formed of links (is bones), actuators (its muscks), and joinis which can allow one or more degrees of freedom. Power souree Suitable power supply is needed to run the motors and associated circuitry Typical power requiement ranges from 3V to 24V DC 220V AC supply must be modified to suit the needs of our machine Batteries can ako be used to run robots Robots are driven by different motors := © DC Motors 0 Stepper Motors © Servo MotorsActuation ‘Actuators are the “nascks" of a robot, the parts which convert stored energy into movement, The most popular setuntors are electric motors. Manipulation + Robots which must work in the real world require some way lo manipubie: objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an effect. Thus the ‘hands’ of a robot are often referred to.as end effectors, while the arm is referred to as a manipulator. + Some: mnnipulators are: oMechanical Grippers Vacuum Grippers General purpose Locomation + IB concemed with the motion of the robat, + Robot contains different types of drives © Differential drive © Cartype 0 Skid steer drive (© Synchronous drive © Pivot drive © Articulated: drive © Pivot drive§.Roboties Applications 1, Rob surgery Robots are increasingly being used during certain types of microsurgery, This kets surgeons perform delicate procedures that would otherwise be loo fae for hiunian hands, ‘The surgeon can control a surgery from a terminal in a room or at times several mikes away ffom the patient while robots go on with their job. Assisted with tactlefeedback sensors, the surgeon can “feel” the tissues undemeath the robot instruments, 2. Robots in danger zones Robots form an important part of landmines and bom detection squids in many countries. Besides such land combining operations, the robots go deep down the earth's crust where temperatures are unbearable and ako search for buried treasures in the deepest of oceans and sometimes work in nuclear reactors. The very purpose of deploying robots i to shickt humans from hazards. However, in most of the robots used, the robots operator contro; it from a safé distance and guides the fully armed robot to the danger zone. 3, AIBO—the robot pup ‘When one thinks about robots, AIBO is the name that comes across everyone’s mind. AIBO can express emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, etc, and definitively makes a wonderful companion. ‘This robot pup responds to your voice commands with fashing lights and sounds. The newer versions promise more interaction and far better responses with the sensors corresponding to the senses of humans and animals4. Humanoid robots When. it comes (o human resembkince, one can just marvel st Honda’s ASIMO and Sony's SDR- 3X and now the more advanced SDR-4X, These humanoid robots walk on two feet with amazing grice, replicating the waking movements. of humans, Sony's SDR-4X has advanced features such as the ability to remember fices and recognia: emotions ffom ficial Rares in addition to improved oie and speech recognition and technology. 6.Problems With Robotics Yes there are problems. As with any machine, robots can even cause disaster, ‘They are powerful mehines that we allow to contro! certain things. When something goes wrong, terrible things can happen, Luckily, this is rare because robotic systems are designed with many safety features that limit the harm they can do, ‘There's also the problem of evil people using robots for evil purposes. This & tue today with other firms of technology such as weapons, and biological material Of course, robots could be used in future wars. ‘This coukd be good or bad. If humans perform their agressive acts by sending machines out to fight other machines, tht would be better than sending humans out to fight other humans. Teams of robots could be used todeftnd 9 country against attacks while limiting Iueran casuabies. Could fiure wars really just bea video game that drives robots? Either way, human natue & the fawed component that's here to stay. ‘The Impact Of Rabotics On Society Since robots are used mainly in manufacturing, we see their impact in the products we use every day. Ususally this results in a cheaper product. Robots are ako used in cases where it ean do a better job than a human such as surgery where high precision is a benefit. And, robots are used in exploration in dangerous places such as in voleanos which allows us to kam without endangering oursehes.Advantages and disadvantages of robotics 7.Advantages You can send them to very dangerous places ‘You can make them do you're job for you ‘They are more accurate than humans Puts every screw in fibricating a.car ete, Can do jobs 2477 Can guard without being tired just keep doing the same thing 24/7 No need of mutrients ‘You can programme them to make them do exactly what you want them to do ‘They can not harm you unless. they are programmed to ean work with out doubts. Eg when you think “what do ido now"? ‘They can fil wery heavy things no shaking when in a very important surgery, 8.Disadvantages ‘You need to get people trained to fix them if anything wrong happens Need a very inteligent crew ‘They can ruin peoples lives Eg Take their job away fom them ‘They are very expensive to mike ‘You need the right materais to make them, that could be very rare If you make a very amazing robot with amazing quality and it brakes, it might be very hard to fix ‘They can be very hard to programme ‘They can reproduce but it couk! cost money for the materials ‘You need highly tained people to make them ‘They can not recharge themselves 10CONCLUSION Today we find most Robots working for peopk in industries, factories, warehouses and bbboratories. Robots are usefil in many ways. For instance, it boosts economy because businesses need to be efficient to keep up with the industry competition. Therefore, having Robots help business owners to be competitive, because Robots can do jobs better and faster than humans, Yet Robots can not perform every job; today Robots role inchales assisting research and industry. Finally as the technobgy improves, there will be new ways to we Robots which will bring new hopes and new potentias.n REFERENCES 1, T. Hayashi, M. Sonchara, T.Shim and Y. Kawano ; Developmen Of Bin Picking Robotics using 3-Dobject recognition , Jounal of IHI Technologies Vol. 48 No.1 pp.7-11 2. "Vapan looks o a robor firture™, unsnbc.com, Reteieved 17 April 2015, 3. hupyavww worklroboties.org/uplouds/media201 |_Exccutive Summary.pdt