HEART DISEASE PREDICTION

Minor project-1 report submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering

By

T.TARUNN TEZAA (22UECM2022) (VTU NO 27283)

G.NIKHIL KUMAR (22UECT2005) (VTU NO 27296)
K.UJWAL (22UECM2003) (VTU NO 27009)

Under the guidance of

Mrs.A. SATHYA,B.E,M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

VEL TECH RANGARAJAN DR. SAGUNTHALA R&D INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University Estd u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade
CHENNAI 600 062, TAMILNADU, INDIA

November, 2024
 HEART DISEASE PREDICTION

Minor project-1 report submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering

By

T.TARUNN TEZAA (22UECM2022) (VTU NO 27283)

G.NIKHIL KUMAR (22UECT2005) (VTU NO 27296)
K.UJWAL (22UECM2003) (VTU NO 27009)

Under the guidance of

Mrs.A.SATHYA,B.E,M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

VEL TECH RANGARAJAN DR. SAGUNTHALA R&D INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University Estd u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
Accredited by NAAC with A++ Grade
CHENNAI 600 062, TAMILNADU, INDIA

November, 2024
 CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in the project report titled ”HEART DISEASE PREDICTION”
by ”T.TARUNN TEZAA (22UECM2022), G.NIKHIL KUMAR (22UECT2005), K.UJWAL (22UECM2003)”
has been carried out under my supervision and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a
degree.

Signature of Supervisor
Mrs.A.SATHYA
B.E,M.E.
Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science & Technology
November, 2024

Signature of Head of the Department Signature of the Dean

Dr. N. Vijayaraj Dr. S P. Chokkalingam
Professor & Head Professor & Dean
Computer Science & Engineering Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science & Technology Institute of Science & Technology
November, 2024 November, 2024

i
 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents my ideas in our own words and where others’
ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We
also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand
that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature)
T.TARUNN TEZAA
Date: / /

(Signature)
G.NIKHIL KUMAR
Date: / /

(Signature)
K.UJWAL
Date: / /

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This project report entitled HEART DISEASE PREDICTION by T.TARUNN TEZAA (22UECM2022),
G.NIKHIL KUMAR (22UECT2005), K.UJWAL (22UECM2003) is approved for the degree of B.Tech
in Computer Science & Engineering with specilazation of AIML

Examiners Supervisor

Ms.A.SATHYA, B.E,M.E.,

Date: / /
Place:

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our Honorable Founder Chancellor and President Col.
Prof. Dr. R. RANGARAJAN B.E. (Electrical), B.E. (Mechanical), M.S (Automobile), D.Sc., and
Foundress President Dr. R. SAGUNTHALA RANGARAJAN M.B.B.S. Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.
Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, for her blessings.

We express our sincere thanks to our respected Chairperson and Managing Trustee Mrs. RAN-
GARAJAN MAHALAKSHMI KISHORE,B.E., Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology, for her blessings.

We are very much grateful to our beloved Vice Chancellor Prof. Dr.RAJAT GUPTA, for provid-
ing us with an environment to complete our project successfully.

We record indebtedness to our Professor & Dean, Department of Computer Science & Engi-
neering, School of Computing, Dr. S P. CHOKKALINGAM, M.Tech., Ph.D., & Associate Dean,
Dr. V. DHILIP KUMAR,M.E.,Ph.D., for immense care and encouragement towards us throughout
the course of this project.

We are thankful to our Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Dr. N. VIJAYARAJ, M.E., Ph.D., and Associate Professor & Assistant Head, Dr. M. S. MURALI
DHAR, M.E., Ph.D.,for providing immense support in all our endeavors.

We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our Internal Mrs.A.SATHYA
B.E,M.E., for her cordial support, valuable information and guidance,she helped us in completing
this project through various stages.

A special thanks to our Project Coordinators Dr. SADISH SENDIL MURUGARAJ,Professor,

Dr.S.Karthiyayini,M.E,Ph.D., Mr. V. ASHOK KUMAR, B.E,M.Tech., for their valuable guidance
and support throughout the course of the project.

We thank our department faculty, supporting staff and friends for their help and guidance to com-
plete this project.

T.TARUNN TEZAA (22UECM2022)

G.NIKHIL KUMAR (22UECT2005)
K.UJWAL (22UECM2003)

iv
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, prediction of Heart Disease has become one amongst the most chal-
lenging mission in medical sector. Heart is the most essential or crucial portion of
our body. Heart is used to maintain and conjugate blood in our body. There are a lot
of cases in the world related to heart diseases. In the present world, per every minute
proximately one person dies because of heart disease. As prediction of heart disease
is a complicated task, there is a requirement to computerize the foresight process to
bypass pitfalls interrelated with it and forewarn the patient beforehand. The building
of the model has made use of machine learning algorithms like random forest, K-
nearest neighbor, logistic regression, and decision tree. The study demonstrates that,
when compared to other ML techniques, logistic regression and KNN provide better
prediction accuracy in a shorter amount of time. The heart disease prediction GUI
allows the user to enter the values such as age, gender, cholesterol and the result is
displayed on the page after submitting the values.

Keywords:
- Heart Disease Prediction
- Machine Learning in Healthcare
- Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors for Heart Disease
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Cardiology
- Predictive Analytics
- Logistic Regression
- Classification Algorithms
- Deep Learning for Health Prediction
- Decision Trees in Medical Diagnosis
- Support Vector Machine (SVM)
- Random Forest for Disease Prediction
- Neural Networks in Medicine
- Healthcare Data Analysis
- UCI Heart Disease Dataset
- Framingham Risk Score
- Medical Feature Engineering
- Healthcare Data Integration
- Explainable AI (XAI) in Healthcare

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 General Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.2 Data Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3 Use Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4 Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 Sequence Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.6 Collaboration diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.7 Activity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.1 Output Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.2 Test Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.1 Output 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2 Output 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

vi
LIST OF TABLES

vii
 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND
ABBREVIATIONS

Note It should be in alphabetical order

abbr Abbreviation

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page.No

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Aim of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Project Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 Scope of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1
2.1 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.2 Gap Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3
3.1 Existing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 System Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.1 Hardware Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.2 Software Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.3 Standards and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 METHODOLOGY 6
4.1 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 General Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Design Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3.1 Data Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3.2 Use Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3.3 Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3.4 Sequence Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3.5 Collaboration diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3.6 Activity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4 Algorithm & Pseudo Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4.1 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4.2 Pseudo Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4.3 Data Set / Generation of Data (Description only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5 Module Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
 4.5.1 Module1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5.2 Module2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5.3 Module3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING 14

5.1 Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1.1 Input Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1.2 Output Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3 Types of Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3.1 Unit testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3.2 Integration testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3.3 System testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3.4 Test Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 18

6.1 Efficiency of the Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2 Comparison of Existing and Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 22

7.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.2 Future Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

8 PLAGIARISM REPORT 23

Appendices 24

A Complete Data / Sample Data / Sample Source Code / etc 25

References 25
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Heart Disease Prediction System, where innovation meets health to tackle the rising tide of
cardiovascular diseases. In response to the critical need for proactive healthcare solutions, our
project combines cutting-edge technology with a focus on predictive analytics. By analyzing diverse
datasets, from medical histories to lifestyle factors, we provide personalized risk assessments aimed
at early detection and prevention. Our user-centric approach ensures that complex health insights
become accessible to all, fostering a proactive mindset towards heart health. .

The integration of sophisticated machine learning algorithms and wearable technology en-
hances the precision and adaptability of our predictive models. Beyond individual well-being, we
aim to collaborate with healthcare professionals and researchers, contributing to a collective effort to
advance preventive medicine. Join us in reshaping the narrative of cardiovascular health, one predic-
tion, and one healthier life, at a time.

1.2 Aim of the project

The primary aim of a heart disease prediction system is to accurately assess an individual’s risk
of developing heart disease by analyzing various health-related factors. By leveraging data such as
age, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, lifestyle choices, and family history, the system employs ma-
chine learning or statistical models to provide a risk score or classification. This enables healthcare
providers to identify high-risk individuals early, implement preventive measures, and ultimately re-
duce the incidence of heart disease. Additionally, the system can help raise awareness among patients
about potential risk factors, supporting more informed and proactive health decisions.

1.3 Project Domain

The heart disease prediction project lies within the healthcare and medical informatics domain, where
the goal is to predict the likelihood of heart disease in individuals based on various health metrics. By
leveraging machine learning and predictive analytics, this project seeks to analyze patient data—such
as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, age, and lifestyle factors—to identify patterns associated with
heart disease. This predictive approach is valuable for preventive care and early diagnosis, as it
can assist healthcare providers in identifying high-risk patients and intervening before the condition
worsens. In a broader sense, this project supports the development of Clinical Decision Support Sys-
tems (CDSS), which aid medical professionals in decision-making, and it can also be integrated into
telemedicine platforms to enable remote monitoring. Ultimately, a heart disease prediction system

1
can empower both doctors and patients to make informed, data-driven decisions that improve health
outcomes and reduce risks associated with heart disease.

1.4 Scope of the Project

The scope of a heart disease prediction system is vast and impactful, extending across various dimen-
sions of healthcare. By leveraging advanced technologies such as machine learning and data analytics,
these systems have the potential to revolutionize cardiovascular health management. They offer early
detection of potential risks, allowing for timely intervention and preventive measures. The scope
also encompasses personalized risk assessments, tailoring predictions based on individual health pro-
files, including genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors. Beyond individual care, these systems
contribute to population health management by identifying trends and risk factors within specific de-
mographics. Moreover, they facilitate remote monitoring through wearable devices and telehealth
technologies, extending their reach to remote or underserved areas. The overall impact includes not
only improved health outcomes for individuals but also a reduction in healthcare costs, as preventive
measures prove more cost-effective than treating advanced cardiovascular conditions.

2
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

Heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, driving extensive research into effec-
tive prediction and prevention strategies. Various studies have explored machine learning techniques
and data-driven approaches to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of heart disease prediction. This
literature review summarizes key findings and methodologies from notable works in the field.

1. Traditional Statistical Methods

Early heart disease prediction models primarily employed statistical methods such as logistic re-
gression and decision trees. For instance, studies have demonstrated that logistic regression effec-
tively identifies risk factors associated with coronary artery disease by analyzing historical patient
data. However, these models often struggle to capture non-linear relationships among features, limit-
ing their predictive power.

2. Machine Learning Approaches

The advent of machine learning has significantly improved predictive accuracy. Several studies
have explored different algorithms, including:

• Support Vector Machines (SVM): Research has shown that SVM can effectively classify pa-
tients based on complex feature sets, outperforming traditional methods in terms of accuracy.
• Random Forests: This ensemble method has gained popularity due to its ability to handle large
datasets and its robustness against overfitting. Studies report improved accuracy and feature
importance insights, making it a favorable choice for heart disease prediction.
• Neural Networks: Deep learning approaches have emerged as powerful tools in predictive mod-
eling. Research indicates that artificial neural networks can learn complex patterns from vast
datasets, yielding high accuracy in diagnosing heart disease.

3. Hybrid Models
Recent works have investigated hybrid models that combine multiple machine learning algorithms
to improve prediction performance. For example, studies have integrated decision trees with neural
networks, leveraging the strengths of both approaches to achieve superior results in heart disease
prediction.

4. Feature Selection and Data Preprocessing

The importance of feature selection and data preprocessing is emphasized in the literature. Tech-
niques such as normalization, handling missing values, and feature scaling are critical for enhancing

1
model performance. Research has demonstrated that well-processed input data significantly impacts
the accuracy of prediction models.

5. Real-Time Prediction and Mobile Applications

With the rise of mobile health technology, several studies have focused on developing real-time
prediction applications. These applications leverage machine learning algorithms to provide instant
risk assessments based on user-inputted health data. Research indicates that such tools can improve
patient engagement and empower individuals to manage their heart health proactively.

6. Interpretability and Explainable AI

As machine learning models become more complex, the need for interpretability grows. Recent
research highlights the importance of explainable AI in healthcare, emphasizing that practitioners
must understand how predictions are made. Techniques such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlana-
tions) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) have been developed to provide
insights into model predictions, ensuring transparency in clinical decision-making.

7. Challenges and Future Directions

Despite advancements, several challenges remain in heart disease prediction. Data quality and
availability, model generalization, and the need for diverse datasets are critical issues that researchers
continue to address. Future studies are likely to focus on integrating electronic health records with
machine learning models, utilizing real-time data for improved predictions, and enhancing user en-
gagement through intuitive interfaces.

2.2 Gap Identification

Identifying gaps in the heart disease prediction project is essential for improving the model’s effec-
tiveness, usability, and overall impact. Here are several potential gaps:
1. Data Limitations - Quality of Data: Existing datasets may contain missing values, outliers, or
inaccuracies, which can compromise the prediction accuracy. - Diversity of Data: Many datasets are
not representative of diverse populations, leading to potential biases. Gaps in demographic represen-
tation (age, gender, ethnicity) can affect model performance across different groups.
2. Model Complexity and Performance - Algorithm Selection: The current model might use sim-
pler algorithms that cannot capture complex relationships in the data. More advanced techniques (e.g.,
deep learning, ensemble methods) could improve accuracy. - Overfitting/Underfitting: There may be
issues related to model overfitting (performing well on training data but poorly on unseen data) or un-
derfitting (failing to capture underlying patterns). 3. Interpretability - Lack of Insights: Many existing
models provide limited interpretability, making it difficult for users to understand the reasoning be-
hind predictions. Enhancing interpretability can help build trust and guide users in making informed
health decisions.
4. User Accessibility and Engagement - Limited User Interface: The existing user interface may
not be intuitive or engaging, which can discourage users from interacting with the system. Improving
usability can enhance user experience. - Accessibility for Non-Experts: Healthcare providers or
patients without technical backgrounds may struggle to utilize the system effectively. Educational
resources or simplified interfaces can help bridge this gap.

1
 5. Preventive Recommendations - Generic Advice: Current systems may provide broad recom-
mendations without personalization based on individual risk factors. Enhancing the recommendation
engine to deliver tailored health tips could improve user engagement and effectiveness.
6. Integration with Healthcare Systems - Lack of Integration: The prediction system may operate
in isolation, lacking integration with electronic health records (EHR) or other healthcare management
systems. Integration can facilitate seamless access to patient data and improve care coordination.
7. Continuous Learning and Updates - Static Model: Existing systems may not adapt to new
data or trends over time. Implementing a continuous learning framework can ensure the model stays
current with emerging research and changing health patterns.

2
 Chapter 3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Existing System

The existing systems focus on heart disease prediction, utilizing a range of approaches and technolo-
gies. Notable examples include the Framingham Heart Study, a pioneering cohort study providing
foundational insights. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association’s
ASCVD Risk Estimator and the MESA Risk Score are widely used tools assessing cardiovascular
risk based on various factors. Machine learning-based models, including those applying logistic re-
gression and neural networks, analyse extensive datasets for accurate risk assessments. Mobile appli-
cations like Cardiogram’s Heart Check leverage machine learning for heart health monitoring using
wearable device data. IBM Watson Health provides solutions for cardiovascular risk assessment,
incorporating artificial intelligence and analytics. Google Health Studies engages users in research
studies to gather health data from wearables for conditions such as heart disease. These systems col-
lectively represent diverse approaches, showcasing the evolving landscape of heart disease prediction
with a blend of traditional methodologies and cutting-edge technologies.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Data Limitations: - Quality issues with incomplete, outdated, or biased datasets. - Poor general-
ization across diverse populations.
2. Complexity of Use: - Complicated user interfaces that are hard for non-experts to navigate. -
Limited accessibility for older adults and those without technology.
3. Interpretability and Transparency: - Complex models often lack transparency and explainability.
- Generic recommendations that are not personalized for individual risk factors.
4. Integration Challenges: - Poor interoperability with electronic health records and healthcare
technologies. - Fragmented data from various sources leading to a disjointed view of health.
5. Static Models: - Inability to adapt or learn from new data and trends over time.

3.2 Problem statement

Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, necessitating effective pre-
diction and early intervention strategies. Current methods for assessing cardiovascular risk often
rely on traditional clinical evaluations and static algorithms, which may not adequately capture the
complexity of individual health profiles or adapt to emerging health trends.
Existing systems tend to suffer from limitations such as reliance on outdated or biased datasets,
lack of personalized insights, and inadequate user engagement, leading to suboptimal decision-
making in both clinical and personal contexts. Furthermore, many prediction models lack trans-
parency and interpretability, making it challenging for healthcare providers and patients to trust and

3
understand the outcomes.
This project aims to develop a robust heart disease prediction system that leverages advanced
machine learning techniques to analyze diverse and comprehensive health data. The system will focus
on providing accurate predictions, personalized recommendations, and an intuitive user interface to
enhance accessibility and user engagement. By addressing the gaps in current methodologies and
integrating innovative approaches, this system seeks to improve early detection, reduce the incidence
of heart disease, and ultimately contribute to better health outcomes for individuals at risk.
Advantages of Proposed system
1. Enhanced Accuracy: - Utilizes advanced machine learning algorithms to analyze diverse datasets,
leading to more accurate predictions of heart disease risk compared to traditional methods.
2. Personalized Insights: - Provides tailored health recommendations based on individual risk
factors, lifestyle, and medical history, enhancing user engagement and encouraging proactive health
management.
3. Improved Data Handling: - Incorporates comprehensive data preprocessing techniques to han-
dle missing values, outliers, and normalization, resulting in cleaner and more reliable input for the
predictive model.
4. User-Friendly Interface: - Features an intuitive and accessible user interface that allows users,
regardless of technical expertise, to easily input data and understand results.

3.3 System Specification

3.3.1 Hardware Specification

* Hardware:
* System: Intel Core i3, i5, i7 and 2GHz Minimum
* RAM: 4GB or above
* Hard Disk: 10GB or above
* Input: Keyboard and Mouse
* Output: Monitor or PC

3.3.2 Software Specification

• Software:
* Operating System: Windows 8 or Higher Versions
* Platform: Google Collaboratory, Anaconda Prompt
* Program Language: Python, Flask

3.3.3 Standards and Policies

Anaconda Prompt
Anaconda prompt is a type of command line interface which explicitly deals with the ML( Machine-
Learning) modules.And navigator is available in all the Windows,Linux and MacOS.The anaconda
prompt has many number of IDE’s which make the coding easier. The UI can also be implemented in
python.

4
Standard Used: ISO/IEC 27001
Jupyter
It’s like an open source web application that allows us to share and create the documents which con-
tains the live code, equations, visualizations and narrative text. It can be used for data cleaning and
transformation, numerical simulation, statistical modeling, data visualization, machine learning.
Standard Used: ISO/IEC 27001

5
 Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Proposed System

* The major challenge in heart disease is its detection. There are instruments available which can
predict heart disease but either it are expensive or are not efficient to calculate chance of heart disease
in human. Many poor people can’t use it and they don’t consult doctor due to financial problems.
* Since we have a good amount of data in today’s world, we can use various machine learning al-
gorithms to analyze the data for hidden patterns. The hidden patterns can be used for health diagnosis
in medicinal data.

4.2 General Architecture

Figure 4.1: General Architecture

Initially the patient registers by providing certain parameters. That registered data is collected in a
database by using machine learning techniques like data collection techniques and when he went to
check about his health condition the collected values or data that has been stored in the database is
been extracted by using some feature extraction techniques. When data is extracted, it under goes
certain processes and therefore finally a disease is predicted and a report is generated. This is the
overview of the heart disease prediction system using machine learning techniques.

6
4.3 Design Phase

4.3.1 Data Flow Diagram

Figure 4.2: Data Flow Diagram

This is the initial idea for the flow of the data. The data has to be flown from user to server and
from server to the user for the prediction of the disease by entering details and sending the data.
Communication is done between user and the server.

4.3.2 Use Case Diagram

Figure 4.3: Use Case Diagram

7
The steps from registering the user i.e., beginning step to the final generating of the report can all be explained
easily by using or easily be represented by using use case diagram where actors are used as users. Users register by
using certain parameters and then they login to their accounts and enter their health conditions and values which
were to be stored in the database i.e., data collection is taken into consideration i.e., the data from the users need
to be collected in the database. Whenever it’s needed the data is to be extracted and then it need to be match with
the values and check for the disease and predict the disease and finally a report need to be generated.

4.3.3 Class Diagram

Figure 4.4: Class Diagram

A class diagram is a type of static structure diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) that illustrates
the structure and relationships of the classes in a system. It provides a visual representation of the classes, their
attributes, methods, and the associations between them.

8
4.3.4 Sequence Diagram

Figure 4.5: Sequence Diagram

The data which is flown from user to the server, there it undergoes matching for data from the
user(input) and the data which we have i.e. data sets (train data). Finding probability between them
by comparing the values and then generating the report.

4.3.5 Collaboration diagram

Figure 4.6: Collaboration diagram

9
The collaboration involves several key components working together to provide users with health pre-
dictions and recommendations. The User interacts with the User Interface (UI) by entering health-
related data, such as age and cholesterol levels. This data is then sent to the Flask Application Server,
which manages the overall data flow. The server forwards the information to the Data Preprocessing
Module, responsible for cleaning and preparing the data for analysis. Once processed, the data is sent
to the Machine Learning Model, which predicts the likelihood of heart disease based on the input
features. After receiving the prediction, the Flask server communicates with the Recommendation
Engine, which generates personalized health tips based on the model’s output.

4.3.6 Activity Diagram

Figure 4.7: Activity Diagram

The above activity diagram has user as actor. The user first selects the document set on which the
classification must be performed. The user can then go for a classification model build based on
the loaded dataset. Once the dataset is built new patient details (symptoms) can be entered through
the predictor frame. Once the predictor is appropriately populated he can then know the status of
the heart disease.

4.4 Algorithm & Pseudo Code

4.4.1 Algorithm
1. Set Up: Import required libraries (Flask, numpy, pickle) and initialize the Flask app.
2. Load Model: Load the pre-trained model (lr.pkl) using pickle.
3. Home Route (/): Display the main page (HOMEhtml.html) with a form for user input.
4. Prediction Route (/predict):
- Collect and convert form input to a NumPy array.
- Predict the likelihood of heart disease using the model.

10
- Display the result:
- 0: Show ”Low likelihood of heart disease.”
- 1: Show ”High likelihood of heart disease” and health tips.
5. Run App: Start the Flask app with debugging enabled (debug=True).

4.4.2 Pseudo Code

import numpy as np
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify, rendert emplate
importpickle
f romsklearn.preprocessingimportM inM axScaler
scaler = M inM axScaler()
Createf laskapp
app = F lask(name)
model = pickle.load(open(”lr.pkl”, ”rb”))

@app.route(”/”,methods = [”GET”,”POST”])
def Home():
return rendert emplate(”HOM Ehtml.html”)

@app.route(”/predict”, methods = [”GET”,”POST”])

def predict():
floatf eatures = [f loat(x)f orxinrequest.f orm.values()]
f eatures = [np.array(f loatf eatures)]
prediction = model.predict(f eatures)
if prediction == 0 :
returnrendert emplate(”HOM Ehtml.html”, predictiont ext =
”Y ouarelikelytonothaveheartdisease”.f ormat(f loat(prediction)))
else :
returnrendert emplate(”HOM Ehtml.html”, predictiont ext =
”Y ouarelikelytohaveheartdisease”.f ormat(f loat(prediction)))
if name == ”main” :
app.run(debug = T rue)

4.4.3 Data Set / Generation of Data (Description only)

The dataset for a heart disease prediction model typically includes medical and lifestyle-related
features known to influence heart health. Common datasets, such as the *Cleveland Heart Disease
Dataset* from the UCI Machine Learning Repository, contain records of patients with both numerical
and categorical data on various risk factors. 1. Demographic Information:
- Age: Age of the individual, as heart disease risk generally increases with age.
- Gender: Male or female, as gender can influence risk levels differently.

11
 2. Medical Metrics:
- Blood Pressure: Resting blood pressure (in mm Hg), as high blood pressure is a known risk factor.
- Cholesterol Levels: Serum cholesterol (mg/dl), since high cholesterol can lead to artery blockage.
- Resting Electrocardiographic Results: ECG results to detect abnormalities in heart function.
- Fasting Blood Sugar: Blood sugar levels after fasting, to indicate potential diabetes risks.

3. Lifestyle-Related Factors:
- Exercise-Induced Angina: Indicates if chest pain occurs during physical activity.
- Physical Activity Levels: Captures general activity level, which influences heart health.

4. Target Variable:
- Presence of Heart Disease: The outcome (often 0 or 1), indicating the presence or absence of heart
disease.

4.5 Module Description

4.5.1 Module1
Data Collection Module

• Purpose: Gather data from various sources like medical records, patient questionnaires, or real-
time health monitors.
• Components:
– Input Interfaces: Forms for patient input, integration with electronic health records (EHR),
wearables, or health monitoring devices.
– Data Validation: Ensures data accuracy and completeness (e.g., checking for missing val-
ues or outliers).
• Types of Data:
– Demographic Data: Age, gender, ethnicity.
– Medical History: Previous conditions, family history of heart disease.
– Clinical Data: Blood pressure, cholesterol levels, ECG results.
– Lifestyle Data: Smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, diet.

4.5.2 Module2
Data Preprocessing Module

• Purpose: Prepare raw data for analysis and prediction by cleaning and transforming it into a
usable format.
• Components:
– Data Cleaning: Handling missing values, noise, and inconsistencies.

12
 – Feature Engineering: Extracting relevant features (e.g., creating a ”risk factor” score).
– Normalization/Standardization: Scaling data (important for models like SVM, neural net-
works).
– Encoding Categorical Data: Convert categorical variables into numerical values using
techniques like one-hot encoding or label encoding.

4.5.3 Module3
Feature Selection Module

• Purpose: Identify and select the most relevant features that contribute to heart disease prediction,
improving model accuracy.
• Components:
– Correlation Analysis: Identify which features are strongly correlated with heart disease.
– Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like PCA (Principal Component Analysis) or LDA
(Linear Discriminant Analysis) to reduce the number of features.
– Feature Ranking: Use statistical methods or machine learning techniques (e.g., Recursive
Feature Elimination) to rank features based on importance.

13
 Chapter 5

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

5.1 Input and Output

5.1.1 Input Design

import numpy as np
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify, rendert emplate
importpickle
f romsklearn.preprocessingimportM inM axScaler
scaler = M inM axScaler()
Createf laskapp
app = F lask(name)
model = pickle.load(open(”lr.pkl”, ”rb”))

@app.route(”/”,methods = [”GET”,”POST”])
def Home():
return rendert emplate(”HOM Ehtml.html”)

@app.route(”/predict”, methods = [”GET”,”POST”])

def predict():
floatf eatures = [f loat(x)f orxinrequest.f orm.values()]
f eatures = [np.array(f loatf eatures)]
prediction = model.predict(f eatures)
if prediction == 0 :
returnrendert emplate(”HOM Ehtml.html”, predictiont ext = ”Y ouarelikelytonothaveheartdisease”.f orm
else :
returnrendert emplate(”HOM Ehtml.html”, predictiont ext = ”Y ouarelikelytohaveheartdisease”.f ormat
if name == ”main” :
app.run(debug = T rue)

14
5.1.2 Output Design

Figure 5.1: Output Design

15
5.2 Testing

5.3 Types of Testing

5.3.1 Unit testing

Unit testing is the first phase of testing, focusing on verifying that individual components of the system work as
expected in isolation. In the data collection module, it ensures accurate data gathering from sources like patient
forms, EHRs, and wearable devices. In the data preprocessing module, unit tests check proper handling of missing
values, normalization of numerical data (e.g., cholesterol levels), and encoding of categorical features (e.g., smoking
habits). The model training module is tested to ensure the machine learning model is correctly trained and pro-
duces reliable outputs. These tests validate that each module functions properly before integration. By identifying
issues early, unit testing prevents defects from propagating in later stages. This ensures a more stable and reliable
system.

5.3.2 Integration testing

Integration testing ensures that different modules of the system work together as expected. For example, it verifies
that the data preprocessing module correctly passes cleaned and transformed data to the model training module
for prediction. It also tests whether the model output is correctly displayed on the user interface. Additionally,
integration tests check if data is accurately stored and retrieved from the database. These tests validate that data
flows smoothly between components and that the entire system functions cohesively. They help identify issues that
may arise when different modules interact. Ultimately, integration testing ensures seamless communication and
correct data exchange within the system.

5.3.3 System testing

System testing for a Heart Disease Prediction System is a comprehensive process designed to en-
sure that the system functions correctly, meets the specified requirements, and provides reliable and
accurate predictions to users, whether they are healthcare professionals or patients. The testing pro-
cess involves several critical phases, each focusing on different aspects of the system’s functionality,
performance, security, and usability.

16
5.3.4 Test Result

Figure 5.2: Test Result

The above fig is the web application interface of heart disease predictor. After entering the results, we get the
accurate result

17
 Chapter 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 Efficiency of the Proposed System

The proposed system heart disease prediction system encompasses several key features:
1. Comprehensive Data Integration: Gather and integrate diverse health data, including demo-
graphics, medical history, and physiological parameters, for a holistic understanding.
2. Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms: Implement state-of-the-art machine learning algo-
rithms to analyze integrated data, identifying intricate patterns and correlations for accurate predic-
tions.
3. User-Friendly Interface: Develop an intuitive interface for healthcare professionals, ensuring
efficient input and access to patient data.
4. Personalized Risk Assessment: Provide personalized risk assessments, considering individual
factors like genetics, lifestyle, and medical history.
5. Early Warning System: Integrate an early warning system to detect potential heart disease
risks, facilitating timely interventions.
6. Security Measures: Implement robust security measures to safeguard sensitive health informa-
tion and ensure compliance with privacy regulations.
7. Scalability: Design the system to be scalable, accommodating growing datasets and user vol-
umes as the project expands.
8. Regular Updates and Maintenance: Establish a system for continuous updates and mainte-
nance to keep the predictive model aligned with evolving medical knowledge.
9. Educational Resources: Include educational resources for healthcare professionals and indi-
viduals, fostering awareness and understanding of cardiovascular health.
This proposed system aims to be a comprehensive, user-friendly, and dynamic tool, utilizing ad-
vanced technologies to enhance heart disease prediction, prevention, and management.

18
6.2 Comparison of Existing and Proposed System

Existing system:(Decision tree)

Existing System
In heart disease prediction, existing systems often rely on traditional machine learning models
or rule-based algorithms to determine the likelihood of heart disease based on historical medical
data. These systems are generally used in hospitals, clinics, or research settings to assist in decision-
making. Here’s an overview of key characteristics:
1. Data Sources and Features: - Existing systems typically utilize structured datasets like the
Cleveland Heart Disease Dataset or other similar medical databases. - Common features include
age, gender, cholesterol level, blood pressure, heart rate, and some basic lifestyle factors. - Data
preprocessing may be minimal, with limited handling of missing values, outliers, or normalization
techniques, which can reduce prediction accuracy.
2. Algorithms and Models: - Many traditional systems use simple models such as Logistic Re-
gression, Decision Trees, or Naive Bayes. These models are computationally inexpensive but often
lack the sophistication to capture complex, non-linear relationships within the data. - Some systems
may use statistical analysis rather than machine learning, which can be less adaptable to new patterns
and may generalize poorly on new patient data.
3. Prediction Accuracy: - These systems usually achieve moderate accuracy. Due to simpler
models and basic feature engineering, they may fail to capture intricate dependencies and interactions
between variables, resulting in limited predictive power. - Accuracy often stagnates around 70-80
4. Interpretability and Insights: - Most existing models provide only basic interpretability. For
instance, logistic regression might highlight some feature importance, but decision trees and simpler
models lack nuanced explanations. - Insights are often restricted to general risk levels (high or low)
without detailed recommendations or tailored insights for individual risk factors.
5. User Interface and Accessibility: - Existing systems are often limited to hospital or clinical en-
vironments and may not have user-friendly interfaces. The use of specialized software or dashboards
may require medical expertise to operate, reducing accessibility for non-expert users or patients di-
rectly. - These systems are generally not interactive or accessible outside medical facilities, which
limits their use for preventive care and early self-assessment.
6. Preventive Recommendations: - Most traditional systems simply provide a risk score without
offering personalized health recommendations or actionable steps to reduce heart disease risk. -
As a result, these systems serve as diagnostic aids but lack the capability to empower patients with
preventive strategies.

19
 1 i m p o r t numpy a s np
2 from f l a s k i m p o r t F l a s k , r e q u e s t , j s o n i f y , r e n d e r t e m p l a t e
3 import pickle
4 from s k l e a r n . p r e p r o c e s s i n g i m p o r t MinMaxScaler
5 s c a l e r = MinMaxScaler ( )
6 # C r e a t e f l a s k app
7 app = F l a s k ( name )
8 model = p i c k l e . l o a d ( open ( ” l r . p k l ” , ” r b ” ) )
9

10 @app . r o u t e ( ” / ” , m e t h o d s = [ ”GET” , ”POST” ] )

11 d e f Home ( ) :
12 r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( ”HOMEhtml . h t m l ” )
13

14 @app . r o u t e ( ” / p r e d i c t ” , m e t h o d s = [ ”GET” , ”POST” ] )

15 def p r e d i c t ( ) :
16 f l o a t f e a t u r e s = [ f l o a t ( x ) f o r x i n r e q u e s t . form . v a l u e s ( ) ]
17 f e a t u r e s = [ np . a r r a y ( f l o a t f e a t u r e s ) ]
18 p r e d i c t i o n = model . p r e d i c t ( f e a t u r e s )
19 i f p r e d i c t i o n ==0 :
20 r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( ”HOMEhtml . h t m l ” , p r e d i c t i o n t e x t = ”You a r e l i k e l y t o n o t h a v e h e a r t
d i s e a s e {} ” . f o r m a t ( f l o a t ( p r e d i c t i o n ) ) )
21 else :
22 r e t u r n r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( ”HOMEhtml . h t m l ” , p r e d i c t i o n t e x t = ”You a r e l i k e l y t o h a v e h e a r t
d i s e a s e {} ” . f o r m a t ( f l o a t ( p r e d i c t i o n ) ) )
23 i f name == ” main ” :
24 app . r u n ( debug = T r u e )

Output

Figure 6.1: Output 1

20
Figure 6.2: Output 2

21
 Chapter 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

ENHANCEMENTS

7.1 Conclusion

After implementing a machine learning approach for training and testing, we found that the accuracy
of the Logistic Regression is significantly more effective than other methods. Each algorithm’s con-
fusion matrix, error metrics, and accuracy score are used to evaluate performance. We achieved a
93.55% accuracy using logistic regression using data that was taken from the UCI repository .KNN
likewise predicts well, with an accuracy of 93.01%.In the future, heart disease prediction could be
improved by incorporating more data sources such as genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
Machine learning algorithms could be used to identify patterns in the data and predict the risk of
heart disease. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) could be used to better understand the complex
relationships between different risk factors and their impact on heart health. AI could also be used to
develop personalized treatments for individuals based on their individual risk profiles.

7.2 Future Enhancements

Future enhancements for a heart disease prediction project could significantly improve its accuracy,
usability, and impact. First, improving model accuracy through feature engineering, such as incor-
porating more health-related factors (like cholesterol trends, lifestyle choices, and genetic informa-
tion), could make predictions more robust. Implementing advanced algorithms, such as XGBoost or
deep learning, or using ensemble methods could further boost accuracy by combining the strengths
of different models. For interpretability, techniques like SHAP values or LIME would help users
understand how individual features impact predictions, and decision trees could provide a more un-
derstandable flow of the model’s reasoning. Additionally, real-time data integration, especially with
wearable devices, would allow continuous health monitoring, and building data pipelines for live data
would enable dynamic predictions. Enhancing usability with a user-friendly web or mobile interface
would make it easy for individuals to input health data and receive instant feedback.

22
 Chapter 8

PLAGIARISM REPORT

plagiarism report of heart disease prediction project, you can use plagiarism detection tools that com-
pare your content with extensive databases and online sources. Uploading your project content to
tools like Turnitin, Grammarly Premium, Quetext, or Copyscape will yield a detailed report, high-
lighting any sections that match other texts and providing a similarity score. If you’re looking for free
options, platforms such as SmallSEOTools Plagiarism Checker or Plagscan allow you to paste text for
a quick analysis, though these may not be as comprehensive as paid services. Additionally, if you’re
affiliated with an academic institution, you may have access to premium software like iThenticate or
Turnitin, both commonly used for academic work, which can offer a more thorough plagiarism report.
These tools will help ensure the originality of your project and provide insights into any areas that
may need rephrasing.

23
Appendices

24
 Appendix A

Complete Data / Sample Data / Sample

Source Code / etc

The contents...

25
 References

[1] For references on heart disease prediction, here are some key sources, studies, and resources:

1. Machine Learning in Heart Disease Prediction Chen, X., Lin, X. (2019). ”Machine Learn-
ing Techniques for Heart Disease Prediction: A Survey.” International Journal of Healthcare In-
formation Systems and Informatics, 14(1), 1-19. This paper surveys various machine learning
techniques used in heart disease prediction.

2. Risk Factors and Models for Cardiovascular Disease Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., et al.
(2004). ”Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52
countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study.” The Lancet, 364(9438), 937–952. This
large-scale study identifies key risk factors for heart disease, serving as a foundation for predictive
models.

3. Framingham Heart Study D’Agostino, R. B., Vasan, R. S., Pencina, M. J., et al. (2008). ”Gen-
eral cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study.” Circulation,
117(6), 743-753. The Framingham study provides a widely used risk score model for predicting
heart disease based on longitudinal data.

4. Heart Disease Data Set (UCI Machine Learning Repository) UCI Ma-
chine Learning Repository. (1988). Heart Disease Data Set. Available at
(https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Heart+Disease). This dataset is commonly used in
machine learning projects for heart disease prediction.

5. Use of Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Esteva, A., Robicquet, A.,
Ramsundar, B., et al. (2019). ”A guide to deep learning in healthcare.” Nature Medicine, 25(1),
24-29. This article discusses the application of AI, including deep learning, in healthcare, with a
focus on predictive modeling for cardiovascular conditions.

26
 General Instructions

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in color as per the template

• Wherever Figures applicable in Report , that page should be printed in color

• Dont include general content , write more technical content

• Each chapter should minimum contain 3 pages

• Draw the notation of diagrams properly

• Every paragraph should be started with one tab space

• Literature review should be properly cited and described with content related to project

• All the diagrams should be properly described and dont include general information of any
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