GENERATION OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES

Sargephase particles
plunge
Longitudinal wars can be generated
influids and solids The longitudinal
waves involve to and fro motion of
particles of the medium in the
direction of propagation of disturbance
Sound wars are an example of
longitudinal wars longitudinal wars
also propagate in 2D or 3D
may

R
however
for purpose of JEE we will

E
LT
mainly stich to one dimensional

E
propagation One way of creating

H
SS
such a wave is fo mon a

piston to and fro inside C

a
SI
lylinder containing air If the
Y
PH

piston is mond simple harmonically

E

it will create regime of compression

TH

amplitude A
and rarefactions which mon along
/@

the pipe even though particlesjust

M
O

oscillate about their mean positions

.C
E
B

PLOTTING A LONGITUDINAL WAVE

TU
U
O

A longitudinal war is
Y

plotted just like

transverse wave
Coordinates on
y
ani represent
partite displatement
while on n anis
it represents
natural coordinate
AMBARISH SIR

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Think Yourself Where are the regions of compression and rarefaction
Ian you relate it to slope
g the displatementgraft
other
Solution Imagine a row of students equidistant from each
Now if east student move forward however one to the
moves less forward than the one to the left then
right
their spacing would decrease Thus if rate of change of displacement
wat to natural position is negative it creates a compression
Which means negative slope of displacement graph would correspond
a
to a compression Similarly you ran figure out that positive slope

R
of displatement us a graph represents a rarefaction The regions

E
LT
of compression correspond to higher
gauge pressures and the regions

E
of rarefaction had to lower gauge Thishad tofollowing situation

H
pressures

SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@
M
O
.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

AMBARISH SIR

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 RELATION BETWEEN DISPLAIMENTAND STRAINWAVE

p ensess pressure
n natural inordinate p ptap
displaiement Y g
Y yady
S Cross SectionalArea
an

column shown in the figure above We consider

Consider a
of gas as
FBD of a layer of natural thickness du Its left end displaces

R
by y and the right end displaces by ytdy Now let us calculate

E
LT
volumetric strain in this volume For this volume element

E
Natural Volume V Sdn Deformed Vlame V S at dutytdy at
yl

H
SS
DeformedVolume V S dnt dy their volume deformation

C dulu dylan
du U r say Thus volumetric strain
SI E
strain and displacement wars
Y
Thus we hav relation between volumetric
PH

Girl
ay
E
TH

is positive the whereas flat is

gas is rarefied and
wherever flat
/@

negative the gas is compressed Now let y A fin wt knt then

M
O

fin k A Glut kn basin at kn Tal three strain wars

.C

lags behind the displacement war by a phase 72

for
E

a night
of
B

travelling wave for left travelling wave it would lead by a phaseof177

TU

a
U

Y E lagsbyTal
O
Y

wt

DISPLACEMENT AND STRAIN RELATION U Ve AMBARISH SIR

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 For phase relation with position we consider the displacement wars
as ASin kn Wti E dylan Arlo bn wt
y Ak then with space strain war lead
E Sin kn wt Nz
the displacement wave by a phase of 712 Bote for night travelling
wan as well as left travelling wave

E leadsby
byPlz interms ofposition
y

kn

R
E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH

For finding phase relation withtime always choose A fin Cat bul
E

and for finding relation with space choose Afin kn wt

TH
/@

RELATION BETWEEN DISPLACEMENT AND PRESSURE WAVE

M
O

Recall from our study of elastility D P Hulu where p

.C

is the enies pressure over and above the ambientpressure for

E
B

Theis
if surrounding pressure is atmospheric pressure
TU

gauge pressure
U
O

D B
E using
Y

Body

p BOY on

Also Be P Delp when

Pe represent excise density Thus
and pressure
P pp B then density alway in same
war was an

phase High pressure High density and lowpressure low density

Now let Sin wt kn p Bah lol wt kn
y A
p Bah fin lat battle Thus for right traulling war
pressure wave lead the displacement won by a phase of 7 2
AMBARISH SIR

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 I Fon left traulling won it lags by 72
leadsbytile
p
y

R
E
LT
U Ve

E
PRESSURE AND DISPLACEMENT VARIATION WITH TIME

H
SS
For finding phase relationship with a coordinate we choose y Afnlhn wth
p Bah to kn all C
Bak fin kn wt 5121 Thus for a
SI
lags by a phase ofMa will
Y

night thanking wars pressure a coordinate

PH

This is truefor both right and left travelling wand

E
TH

Y 7121
/@

p lagiby
M
O
.C

kn
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

DISPLACEMENT AND PRESSURE VARIATIONS WITH N COORDINATE

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 VELOCITY OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES

Let us apply Newton's d w

to the volume element of thiikness p p tat
n
da as shown in adjacent y g
yay
figure an
ps Gtapls Psd Hf
F MT Rearranging abou equation we get
However we mean partial derivatives here since p
If pay is a

multivariable funition

R
ie op O'y at Now from D Boy on thus
on
p

E
LT
E
In
13
887 87

H
7 17
SS
with standard PDE
C U
wan
SI
Comparing
84 8
Y
PH

D similarly in solids
E
TH
/@

G
U
for longitudinalwave
M
O
.C
E
B

U
for shear wars
TU
U
O

For sound wave in gases B generally means adiabatic Bulk Modulus

Y

because compressions and rarefaction that practically

occur so
fast
no heat transfer takes place during the phenomena thus

B
VMI
VP thus
VMI for gases VI
Here V is called Laplate Correctionfactor because earlier Newton had
mistakenly assumed that velocity of sound is same as RMS velocity of
gas particles ie Rtm however Laplace i nestedthisformula
AMBARISH SIR

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 Example In a sinusoidal sound wave manimum pressure variations any
3 152Pa above and below atmospheric pressure Findthe displacement
amplitude if frequency is 100 it Given velocity of sound is
366 ms and Bulk modulus is 1 427105Pa

Solution i
D BOY on if y Asin lot hat pman BAK

A pman Bk also k W u A pman XU BW

A Pman U 3 15 X 364 1 6k158m 11.6mm Am

R
BY 271 1 42 105x any in

E
LT
E
AIR SPRING Imagine air enclosed in

H
a cylinder

SS
under a massless piston at atmospheric pressure will
natural
C Po
a column length l The cylinder is adiabatic
SI
Y
and bulk modulus B We know that if
gain is
PH

we bust the piston a little it will try t

E

A
spring back and we wish to know the equivalent
TH

spring constant for the arrangement Imagine

/@

n
pushing the piston by a distante n and let the
M

h
O

pressure of the gas increase by an amount

.C

p
p in the process n is sufficiently small
E
B

Thus
TU

D Al
guy Ian
U

x
O
Y

D therefore restoringforce on piston Fiba Beta

BY
Now for a spring F km thus by comparison
for a fluid spring
Kett
Bet The value
of B will depend on the nature of

process In case of adiabatic frown B VP VMI and for

isothermal B P
brown
Pf for plytropic B np
AMBARISH SIR

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 This equivalence to a linear spring holds good for small
displacement and can be used for time period of sum of pistons
in such arrangements so long as amplitudes are small

ENERGY PER UNIT LENGTH IN LONGITUDINAL WAVES

Consider an element of gas column of

length du being stretihed by an p ptat
n
amount dy then potential energy stored a g
yay
in the element is keep dy and
I du

R
Kett BS an then du dy
I Bg

E
LT
E
EBS ftp.ztpus 1 tmu'fy12f ps

H
In y

SS
Now kinetic energy ofthe element dke C I Man slot
SI
Y
where Thus
Mps IF 11 87
PH
E

From total energy per unitlength

TH

enate Ift 45
/@

In 875
M
O

Here 9 2
ee Ipa 1971 t u'fan 9 tea
.C
E
B

Here re is energy per unit volume

TU

We see that formula

for energy per unit length kinetic unit
U

energy
O

length and potential energy per unit length are enaitly same as
Y

those obtained
for transverse wars This similarity also holds for
Power Intensity and Energy
per unit volume
POWER DEVELOPEX BY EXCESS PRESSURE
P F I ps87 1381.584 p ptat
n
y g
Thus P 135 yay
81 87 du

This immediately reminds us

of power formula in transverse
AMBARISH SIR

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 D T Thus here BS is the analogue of
waves i e fan g
string tension
The formula derived abou hold all kinds of one dimensional
for
longitudinal wave progressin stationary or mined

Intensity OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES Recall that Intensity is defined

as power transmitted per unit inoss sectional area Thus

I B I B
I II 87 87

R
E
LT
ENERGY DENSITY POWER AND INTENSITY FOR SINUSOIDAL PROGRESSIVE WAVES

E
H
SS
Just as
for transverse wars all formulae for longitudinal progression
analogous to those of transverse waves
C
wars are
SI
Y
Just as for transverse wane kinetic energy per unit length is
PH

equal to potential energy per unit angle for progressive

E

longitudinal waves We state all the results here withoutformal

TH

derivations which are exactly as done for transverse wand

/@

Thus
for progressin sinusoidal wars Assumed Asin kn ut
M

y
O
.C

le Ma'd W kn ut pA'w W kn wt
E

Me
B
TU
U
O

see IMAN
C U
PAW
Y

P Mun w G kn wt I pundits bn wet

Ipu NW
I
P
I Mudd

AMBARISH SIR

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 INTENSITY IN TERMS OF EXCESS PRESSURE AMPLITUDE

We have targetPua'w and also pressureamplitude pm Bak

also D TIP on B 86 thus pm

Pu A w o
puAw
On Aw pm du Using this in the formula for Intensity
pi
Iau
spiffy's 286

R
Thus
Iag piffle Here pm is enies pressure amplitude

E
LT
E
H
SS
Example A certain singletone sound war has pressure amplitude
3 152 Pa and a frequency 100 It
C
The Bulk modulus is 1.42 105Pa
SI
of sound is 344mi What would be the pressure
Y
and speed
PH

and displacement amplitudes of another single tone sound of colt

E

to have same intensity as the 100 it sound

TH
/@

Solution Recallthat I pi 2Pa for both wars

Pandu
M

now
O

Thus pm must be
an same u
Fly fail same for
.C

both the t hair intensity Thus pm 37152Pa Am

E

war same
B

Now pm Bah A pm Bh also be w u

TU
U

15
O

A Pmx U 3 344 5784157m

Y

B w g p zyyzoyp.my
thus A 20.6hm Am

AMBARISH SIR

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 SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC IS TROPIC SOUND PROPAGATION
A emitter emits soundequally
spherical isotropic
in all dinitions If P is the power of the
source then by the time it rather a
radius is the power gets distributed
6Th Thus intensity
over an area of
suit a source destines according to
I inner square declining
Ig
Now since intensity is proportional to

R
square of amplitude I IPU A'w

E
LT
thee as the sound propagates the amplitude

E
declines with ya A typical isotropic

H
SS
spherical wave can be represented as
C
SI
XIs Sin bn wt
Y
t A
PH
E

Here A is the amplitude at distances from the centre

ofthe
TH

a
sphere
/@

Wavefront A surface joining particles oscillating in same phase

M
O

is called a
wavefront For example the picture and animation
.C

abon shows the wavefront propagation with time The direction

of
E
B

propagation
of disturbance is always perpendicular to the wavefront
TU

For spherical isotropic source wavefront are concentric spheres

U
O

outwards with time Thus war nlocity is also known as

moving
Y

phase velocity
EXAMPLE In Dov 4.158

AMBARISH SIR

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 Solution Amplitude decline allonding to
a A
inverse ratio distance from the source
of
Thus CA and
af Bata I d
r
Thus Thus e
É I using
Az
S
I arista an
ait Az
XLINTRICALLY SYMMETRIC PROPAGATION

Imagine a line
shaped pulsating a

R
woofer emanating sound in all

E
LT
directions with cylindrical symmetry

E
If Pi the power the woofer by

H
of
l
SS
the time the spread to a radius
wars
9 the power gets distributedover a
C
SI
Y
surface area 251st Thus intensity
PH

is given as
E

I Pls P 2rad
TH

I P 2Tial Thus the intensity declines

/@

according to 11s and since intensity is proportional to square to

M
O

amplitude thus amplitude declines as yrs A typical cylindrical

.C

propagation can be represented as

E
B

Visit Sin ks wt
Afg
TU
U

here A represent the amplitude at 9 9

O
Y

PLANE WAVE ALONG ARBITRARY DIRECTION COSINE

A in
war whist wanfonte are a
planar is called a planar war
Consider a
plane wan travelling along T a
n

some dinnitin h not necessarily

my organic we are referring the g c
direction
of propagation as h B
Now one can readily see that point A B I D AMBARISH SIR

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 are all osiillating in same phase Thus phase does not depend on
exist value of 5 rather it depends on its projection along h
on F h When the war thank along n am's we would
typically write th wan ar Asin ha wt et Here we must
accordingly replace u
by tin Thus our war
for an instance

might look like

H Afin KT N wt l on Asin IT WH
where I kin is tolled wave propagation vector onjust wave unton
Thus a wave travelling along arbitrary direction cosine will take
the form

R
me Agin I start It on

E
LT
E
Alo I 5 Int b

H
Y

SS
C
Example In Dov 4.151 SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@

Solution Here Gait Cops t 62k Let the sequined wars

M

n
O

b
.C

Y A Sin EE wt phase difference between two

E
B

positions at a given time is given by Dp T 152 5

TU

A
In.lt
U
O
Y

ait copy thorn him ith y tf Zi bi

q
Dp mini 62 tf y Copt 32 3,162 Am

AMBARISH SIR

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 EXAMPLE In Dov 4.152

ijaffan
Solution Let a particular war front plane
be located at a distance n from the

origin then its n

y and z
intercepts
are n 9814 y ship and steer

R
h
Now wan vinton
glad i largethorn

E
it

LT
o
less a
to

E
Nou 9h12 I U 0812

H
n

SS
Co2 and
If Similarly top

C
SI E

core
g That D
Y

t.it 5
PH
E

I
off.it
TH

itt
/@
M
O

DAMPEDWAVE IN A HOMOGENEOUSLY ABSORBING MEDIUM A homogeneously

.C

absorbing medium is defined in whist fraitional energy absorbedper

E
B

unit length of propagation remains constant For suit media the

TU

amplitude is smaller than the lace a non dissipationmedium

of
U
O

For such media we canwrite the war equations as follows

Y

Ye AE'm fin kn wt for plane wane and

Y Asger fin ks wt

Here 2 is called wave damping coefficient

AMBARISH SIR

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 EXAMPLE IR Dou 4.159

e
hasform fin kn wk
A damped spherical
Gt
Solution a
war
Y

R
E
h h h

LT
Now allonding to our problem é as
dogs Ig

E
H
I
SS
stay rls s
Inf son on

C
SI
bn nets Am
Y
V
PH
E
TH

Now velocity amplitude Displacement amplitude X W

Am
/@

Uman
GW 27yd
M
O

Example Ir Dov G110

.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

Solution lat Direction of oscillation is I to the direction

of propagationthere
here it must be simultaneous t to u
y ane ie it mustbealong
K Thus
y 3 E a k Car t knit to wt ky

lo k I
264 n y
ng wtf
I 2622cm y lo k E wt k
iz
AMBARISH SIR

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 Here the first term 264 n y tells us that amplitude of the

ostillation depends on My landinate

of the particle These
particles
along the line n y constant all hair same amplitude oscillation
g
and the dinition
g propagation is along the unit vector its R

Z D

R
E
n

LT
E
bl If both longitudinal we hair

H
want are

SS
I alolwt but i and E alofat ky g
Thus motion of any particle at my C is given as
SI
Y
PH

It a Glut hat it Colut hog

E

that superposition of two mutually perpendicular

TH

Now recall
motions lead to an elliptical motion eniept when the phase
/@

is 0 on IT Thus particles where wt hy wt ku n't

M

difference
O

suit particles will mon along straight lines i e particles ostillating

.C

in straight lines are located at For even n

y n milk
E
B

the particles ostillate along line and for odd n pastilles

TU

yen
ostillate along Y n direction For n fanti f th particle
U

y
O

rotate in a circle For even n

Y

we get anticlothwise circle and for

odd n we will get clockwise
singles as per theory of superposition
mutually perpendicular sitMs

AMBARISH SIR

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EXAMPLE Ino Dov 4.162

Solution Power per unit solid angle Plat R

Power from lids
flat 25111 Gul x2 Pli too
44
TP g
Wai 25111 601 Now Pisa P Paine PLO

R
E
LT
Pesa Phiz Am
Iffy

E
Men

H
SS
C of a sound
Loudness Loudnessis a measure of Intensity SI war
Y
on a logarithmic state We define loudness as
PH

Bels or
BLog
E
E
TH

log decibels IB
D
/@

to
M
O

Here Iis reference intensity of 1512 Wm This is the minimum

.C

intensity audible to human beings at a frequency of 1kHz

E
B
TU

EXAMPLE IRSDov 4.188

U
O
Y

Solution 2 10 log I I xp É
Egg
P Uts I E x 104 1.4W if I is measured in decibels
on D 417s I E xis I if I is measured in Bell AMBARISH SIR

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 Note Fn JEE purpose always use Io 15 wm Eventhough here In d u has
specified a different value of Io
EXAMPLE IroDov 4.182

R
E
LT
t d
Solution I In é C amplitude dalines as é

E
H
SS
At 2 0 I 10 log In Iol
C
at n so L to Log C In é Is
SI L 208m Log e
Y
I L 202mlogse sodB I in dilibels
PH

sound to become inaudible L 2 202log e

Now for I 2 0.311m
E
TH

REFLECTION TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES

/@
M

masslesspartition Further let

O

by a
.C

Gac han B and I as Yt

E

Yi
B

Reifictin Buth modulus and velocity

TU

and B and U are the

U

B y
Y
O

lonesponding quantitiesfor gas 2

Y

To find the reflected and transmitted m

disturbances we shall use thefollowing
conditions
Continuity
of displacement at the boundary yity y where
ie
and Yt incident refloated and transmitted disturbance
Yi Y are
respectively
Since partition is massless pressure to the left and nightof
it must be equal i e piths p at the boundary
AMBARISH SIR

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 Yi fi Cn Qtl Ye f In the H Y f fu Yt

Now from condition Yity At the boundary

Y
From condition B
841
B
day 1328 01 p Boy out

Tej BIG is C
87 u

From

y ya Yt

R
E
LT
Now in equation we can treat as unknowns andsolo
y y

E
them in terms We get
for

H
of y

SS
Y
C C nd 5 Yt is
SI
s
Y
PH

Integrating with time and using the fact thatwhen y o

yn y so
E
TH

and
yn Y Y 9 13.4 Yi
/@

a
M
O
.C

If B Be for instance both sides i diatomic then theseformulae

E

gas
B

reduce to the formulae that we desind

fortransverse waves
TU
U
O

REFLEITEM AND TRANIMITTER PRESSURE WAVES

Y

At the boundary pit pi pi SO Ali from

U
y t Uy U y't Now p By y p

bi be be

I pi ut bright AMBARISH SIR

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 Solving and for p and pt

Ps Pill Pill pi and A I 2Pa 6 P

Runt p O I Vite U

Consider
equations and if at any boundary displacement
wars undergoes a TI shift then the pressure war will not
undergo a TI shift and if displacement wave does not undergo
a IT shift then pressure wars will undergo a T1 shift Here's

R
the proof

E
LT
From equation For TI shift in displacement wave

E
U2 B U B C O Be Uz B U

H
0

SS
U B an all positin

Paul P Ville so Run f u C

u o thus
SI
Y
will not undergo
any Tl shift
pressure wars See equation
PH
E

not
sound wave will undergo a T1 shift depends
TH

Whether or a
on the difference 07 13 U B rather than
just Uz U
/@

For instance at water air interface Iwata Vain but still

M
O

when from air strikes water interface the displacement wan

war
.C

a Tl shift because Vw Bw Va Ba c o
E

undergoes
B
TU

The adjaient diagram

Y so
U
O

visually defies how

Y

displacement warns DISPLACEMENT WAVES

will transmit an.se
hi
For pressure warnsthe
diagrams will be
swapped For solid Y o

similar diagrams canbe

obtained for stress wars
Substitute U B UY AMBARISH SIR

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 REFLEITION FROM CLOSED ENI OF A PIPE

If a war is in ident towards closed U

U Ti Shf
end of pipethen at the closed
a
y
end net displacement mustbe
y
thus Disflarement WaveRetention
zero Yity 0

Yand Y on we can say that incident war undergoes a Tl shift

return back with same amplitude Entire energy is reflected
bush and nothing is transmitted For modelling reflection of displacement
warns from closed end we take the minor image of water image in the
cloud end for the reflected won and superpose to get net displacement

R
Since displacement war undergone

E
a
u

LT
u
TI shift the pressure wars does
bi

E
not undergo any Tl shift p

H
SS
I at the closed end the boundary Pressure Wan Definition
behave if B
C
for modelling of reflection of pressure
as o Thus SI
take the
Y
wave we simply minor image of pressure wave and
PH

mat war is obtained by superposing the reflected and in ident

E
TH

waves
REFLECTIONFrom OPEN END OF A PIPE
/@

shift
The open end is open to the Pressure waves
f P
M
O

atmosphere ther here is

pressure bi
.C

always atmospheric and hence

pa
E
B

en less pressure is zero I Boundary open to atmosphere tan be considered

TU

as the boundary across which

gas undergoes isobaric process their
U
O

PV Constant and therefore bulk modulus is zero Recallpolytropic

Y

Bulk modulus NP Thus at the open end pit pi o

on
p p then the pressure war undergoes a Tl shift at
the open end and therefore the displacement war undergoes no
TI shift For geometric modelling DISPLAIEMENT
Wages u
of reflected won for displacement y
wan we simplytake minor Ya
image and for pressure war we
take water image of minor image
AMBARISH SIR

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 STATIONARY WAVES In ORGAN PIPES WIND Instruments

N
A A

PIPE OPEN AT BOTH ENDS

R
PIPE CLOSED AT ONE END CHURCH ORGAN

E
LT
E
Seurat wind instruments such as organs flutes trumpets produce music

H
SS
Sounds using stationary wave in air columns The stationary waves are
produced by of incident wars
C and reflected wane from
superposition
SI
Y
either open end on a closed end The air column in typically eniited
PH

in fo vibrations
by blowing air in a mouthpiece which might
E

some other material like

TH

sometimes contain
vibrating seed of wood on
in shehnai Nadaswaram on Sanphone in case of trumpets
/@

case of a

lips themselves substitutefor the reed and the air has to be blown in
M
O

a certain way to get the desired vibration As described in previous

.C

snition the open end forms a displacement antinode on a pressuremode

E
B

and the closed end forms the displacement mode for pressureantinode
TU

Different notes are produced by varying the effective length of the pipe either
U
O

by closing and opening of values on opening or closing of holes

Y

STATIONARY WAVES IN PIPE OPEN AT BOTHENDS

FUNDAMENTAL MODE This is the minimum
frequency for forming well defined stationary
wave
of large amplitudes Retailthat in
stationary wane antinode to antinode distance
is a 2 Thus here if L is length of the Al
pipe 1 7 2 0 20 8 6 22
AMBARISH SIR

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 FIRST OVERTONE SECOND HARMONIC L
Here as clear from adjacent figure
L 27 2 26 28 8 24 22
This pattern can be continuedfurther
higher harmonics also there we
for
Ian write third harmonic
for
for Second overtone D 36 21 and
Y IT
similarly for nth harmoni n 1st
overtone as
D MU 2L

R
E
LT
Any resonance frequency divided by

E
fundamental frequency of the system

H
SS
is called harmonie number For
if Solt is fundamental
C
example
SI
5th Harmonic
Y
frequency of a system then 25 it will be called as
PH
E

OVERTONE NUMBER
If all the resonant frequencies of a
TH

system are arranged

in ascending order and given serial number beginning withzero then the
/@

number corresponding to tail frequency is called its overtone number

M
O

For instance if resonant frequencies are Soltz init 15 it its then

.C

So H Fundamental is zeroth overtone too it is 1st overtone Isoltz is

E
B

second overtone it
TU

For pipe open at both ends natural frequencies are 8 74 21

U
O

here Harmonic Number H N N Overtone Number o N N 7

Y

STATIONARY WAVES IN PIPE CLOSET AT ONE END

FUNDAMENTAL MODE Refer to the adjacent
figure The loud end is a displacement
mode whilethe open end is a displacement
antinode Here 1 714 6148
D 014L

AMBARISH SIR

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 FIRST OVERTONE THIRD HARMONIC
As clear from the adjacent figure
L 3714 36 68
2 30 42
Not that after u uh we have
36 42 as the ment resonantfrequency
thus only odd harmonies are natural
frequencies and even harmonies
are all missing

R
g Get

E
LT
Refer to the adjacentfigure from the

E
diagram we can see that

H
SS
L SA u 56148
C
D 5014L Thus SI pressureWAVE
the pattern we get the complete set
Y
continuing of natural frequenties
PH

D 12 Nti OVERTONE NUMBER P N N

E
TH

HARMONIC NUMBER H N I 2Mt

When a wind instrument is played not only fundamental mode is
/@

ennited but also higher harmonics are excited the quality of

M
O

sound depends on relative amplitude higher harmonies and that's

of
.C

what distinguishes the quality of sound of one instrumentfromthe

E
B

other The quality

of sound is also called Timber Probably
TU

because sound quality

of woodwind instruments depends on the wood
U
O

material from which it is made

Y

Similar excitation of various harmonies also occurs in string

instruments like guitar violin Sitar Sand Saarangi and Taanpura
et and the quality of sound depends on shape size and
material of the resonance cavity
In seed instrument like Harmonium Harmonica Accordion
Concertina etc the air column is ensited in to vibrations
using
the vibrations of a seed A brass strip fined on one end and
free to vibrate
AMBARISH SIR

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 END CORRECTION
e
S far had assumed pressure
we e
mode for displaiement antimodel to be
exactly at the open end however
in practice it is a little further
Thus
for making more climate f
caliulations we take the corrected
effective length ofthe pipes
For pipe stored at one end
left lte e

R
E
LT
for pipe open at both ends left Itze where e 0.30 0.69

E
H
SS
D Diameter of the pipe M radius of the pipe
C
SI
l and it is
Y
A organ pipe has length
Example closed vibrating in
PH

3rd overtone willmanimum amplitude a What is the amplitude at a

E

distance 117 from closed end

TH

Solution Recall that has one full loop and another half loop
first overtone
/@

similarly second overtone has two full loops and another half their
M
O

3rd overtone has threefull loop and another half Thus

.C

3
522 1 I D 41 7 4 217a 7TH
E
B

Now closed end must be the mode Iet the stationary wave be
TU

yThere a finksCourt Sinfonia Gut Amplitude Afinfnulzel

a
U
O

amplitude at 117 a finftlastyle 7 A Am

Y

Example Second overtone frequency closed pipe and fourth harmoni

of a
frequency of open pipe are same Andthe ratioof 1st overtone of
an
the closed pipe to the 12th overtone of open pipe
Solution Recall that
for open pipe D no 21 where m t is the
overtone number and n harmonic number Also
for closed pipe
8 Gmt1 W ur where N is overtone number and harmonic Enty
number Let l and l be lengths of closed and open pipes
AMBARISH SIR

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 then according to the question 2 2 1
get
Now 15th overtone of storedpipe
I f 2 15 1
34

12th overtone thus required

of open pipe 12 1
123g

11362101 lolls 44 Ans

314 411 31 26
answer 31 85

Example An with fundamentalfuqueniy look and

open organ pipe
a closed pipe with fundamentalfrequency is it are joined in series

R
Find the resonant frequencies pipe

E
of new

LT
Solution 100 It l 6 200 also 150 l 0 10
f

E
H
SS
Required resonance frequencies D anti U all.tl inti U

C
SI 410120 tu ooo

73 Hz Ann
Y
D 2 1
PH
E

Resonance Column EXPERIMENT

TH

The adjacentfigure shows C Reservoir

f te late
/@

the for resonance

M

apparatus
O

column experiment The

.C

reservoir can be lowered

E
B

raised to adjustthe
TU

or
level of water in the
U
O

resonance tube which is

Y

encited using a tuning

fork ofknown frequency
At resonanie a loudsound Fundamental Ist Overtone
is observed and knowing
the frequent of the
fork and resonating RUBBER
lengths end comsition TUBE
and speed ofsound is
calculated AMBARISH SIR

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 We have for first resonance l te 714 6 42 Go late u
For second resonance l t 11 77 4 36 48 I 40 late 3670
Solving 20 we set
u gosh e e 12 311 2

EXAMPLE SBT 67

S 65

R
E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E

Solution When reservoir is lowered

by 21am hit water lent
TH

in
column
fall by then upper leal of water in reservoir will
/@

mom
also fall by n em however base has fallen by 21am thus
M
O

volume entering the reservoir 65121 2 am this must be

.C

equal to volume reduced in pipe i e Sn thee Su 65121 n

E
B

N 18am Similarly let second resonance length be

TU

y
thus 65121 49 y Y 60cm
Sy
U
O
Y

Now speed of sound D 28112 l 2 600160 187 152 336

Thus speed of sound 336ms Am

Example In a resonancetube experiment an 80cm iolumn air

of
is in resonance with a tuning fork in first overtone Take
downward direction as position and 2 the top point g
0 as
tube The speed of soundis 320ms Write the possible equation
representing family of possible standing waves Man amplitude is A
AMBARISH SIR

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 Solution 1 3714 6
Isf in
80cm D m 21 7

Now W DX h 3204 151718 600TMadi

Required equation family Alo kn lol wtf to tobootieto
Alofstf
Ann
Think In previous problem
if man pressure amplitude were pm what
would be family of pressure wave equation
Solution
D DOy on Sin lo bott th
Isf.BA sgd
Thus requiredfamily
of pressure waves
p pm finish 8 to fortieth

R
E
LT
HUNDT's TUBE

E
ToneGenerator StandingWave
Hundt'stube is an apparatus

H
SS
for studying standing wave
in a in columns It can be
C
SI
10thDust Pilton
Y
used to Glass
find velocity of sound Pipe
PH

unknown source frequency or

E

Modula of a metal
TH

Young's
rod by making suitable set
/@

ups The lower diagram

M
O

represents setup for finding Young's modulus of a copper rod

.C

column can be adjusted

The length of air by setting the stationary
E
B

dice to a disind spot A copper rod stamped in middle is connected

TU

to a vibrating disc at its one end Now copper rod is ensited

U
O

in its fundamental longitudinal mode oscillation then enciting

of
Y

the air islumn in to standing waves Saw dust in the air column
is from points displacement antinode then wavelength
swept away of
of sound in air twin the distance between two
is taken as
successive heaps of sawdust let this wavelength be Da
Now for resonance frequency
of metal rod must be same as
frequently of air column Thus
Um
Uga Um velocity gwan in metal
Am
If L is the length of metal s d L am 21 AMBARISH SIR

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 45
If 4
thus
L Uga
ajxfn
Here
pm is density of metal
Alternatively if we know the Young's modulus of sod and its
density we rearrange this equation to solve for velocity of
ran
sound in air We could use the setup of the first figure for
finding the unknown fuqueniy of tone generator we can adjust
the piston location until well defined modes are formed at this
instant a loud sound is heard The frequency of tone generator
is
simply D Valda where Da is simply double the distance

R
between two successive heaps

E
LT
E
INTERFERENCE OF SOUND WAVES

H
SS
Just like string waves longitudinal
also follow the
C
waves superpositionprinciple
SI
Y
Suppose
p is encesepressure at some
PH

point g spare due to a wave X

E

and p is enies pressure dueto another

TH

M then if both want are

/@

wave
simultaneously present then net enure
M
O

pressure will be simply p tha If phase difference between M and X

.C

is Intl at point of spare we callit perfeitly ionetruitive

E

some
B

interference and it leads to ostillations in large amplitudes at such

TU

points If the phase difference is Entilt we call it destructive

U
O

interference
Y

COHERENT Sources Source oscillating will

same frequency while maintaining same
phase difference between them are
called coherent sourne When war
from coherent source interfere a
consistent interference pattern is obtained
i e pastille han well defined amplitude
depending on their locations This
amplitude depends on phase difference between AMBARISH SIR

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the waves from two sourier For anti largest amplitudes are produced
for 12Mt ti crest from one will coinride with troughfromtheother
thus reducing the amplitude

CALCULATING PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WAVES AT ANYLocation

Consider two sound S andS
coherent source
I s
producing single tone signals of angular
frequently w having phase angle p and

P respectively At certain point P the

signals mail after loving distances

R
9 and 7 thus se

E
respectively respectively

LT
time delays from source are respectively

E
Dt Mild and 92 0

H
Now a

SS
time delay g t lonetime period causes a lag of 21T nations
thus Iag produced in the two phasone due to travelling r and
C
SI
Y

he distances O x 2h
are respectful
DI f x 27
2,19
PH
E

Similarly lag for loan pheson 02 Now let

TH

2,19 respective
/@

the time of reaching P be p and to then

phases by
M
O

pi p 02 P2 21,9 similarly
.C
E
B

P P O P 2139
TU
U

P pi
O

Thus phase difference at D p to

2,11s a
Y

On in short sp sp as where Df is initialphase

2,1
different P to and DS is path difference ra a

INTERFERENCE INTENSITY If I and I are individual intensitiesfrom

the two at then intensity at the point
sourin
any point I spare
of interference is given as I I I t2 Fitz Got
AMBARISH SIR

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 If Dp Ilm
at some point we say n order minimum is
1 IT
formed at that point For instance if Dp It we call it
first order minimum Similarly if spent at some point we
say that n't order minimum is formed at that point
A minimum is also called a point of purely destructive interference
and a manimum is also called a pointg purely construction interference
If Dp o then for a maximum DS Ma and for a minimum
Ds Rn 117 2 This tan be shown as follows
Dp 212.09 1 2m 1 IT for minimum
Dp

R
putting sp as 12m it
I similarly for constructive

E
LT
interference

E
anti d Da na OED
zy.bg

H
SS
Adjacentfigure shows two speakers
C
SI
Y
sounding in unison same frequenly and
PH

Dp 0 The crust to trough sparingis Al s

E

while crest to nest on though t though

TH

sparing is A Pure tonstruitive interference

/@

allure where a crest fall unit s

M

one
O

on a trough falls on a trough while

.C

destructive interference occurs where a

E
B

inert falls trough At all

on
TU

a
otherpoints them is come intermediate
U
O

phenomenon between purely instructive and purely destructive interference

Y

and intensity average is calculated there as I I 2 FI Cobb

EXAMPLE

Solution Path difference

Dr Ft Ft fo ram
AMBARISH SIR
DA T 0.35 m
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 constructive interference DS ma 26 D no as
Now for 2
D MY 350 0.35 1000m thus required frequencies for
constructive interference are 1mHz 200 It etc for 100 It it will
be first order manime for zoos it it will be a second order maxima stil
For destructive interference Ds 6m 1 7 2 2n 176 28
D Gn 1 U 2 Dr Rn 11 350 210.351 Gn 1 X SO H
Thus
for destructive interference 8 50173 Isosity 250 Hz etc
IF n so H it will be a
first order minimal
Example

R
E
LT
E
H
r

SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E

Path Mtd L 6m nah

TH

Solution difference on S n Firmin

In Ata LO when L pate difference goes to gus
/@

n o
M
O

while when l path of d

o difference becomes maximum Now
.C

thus mman to d
N
tfD9 DSman i
E

1 corresponds e
B
TU

tha Am
I
air
m
if
U
O
Y

Now solving equation for L In d En yet Ulf Am

2 N 1127 Olf
Quinine's TUBE It is an apparatus
whirl can be used for finding speedof
sound in air It consists of two
U shaped section that can slide one
within the other On one side there
is a sound input arrangement for
example Galton's whistle ultrasonic AMBARISH SIR

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 The sound rather the flame through the two tube pathways ABD and
ACD If the path difference between the two bathe in na there
is very intense sound ultrasonic causing flame to flither violently
From this position if the inner tube is slid by a distance 7 6 pale difference
change
by 72 i e phase difference changes by T1 and there a

minima is obtained Thus we can findthe sound and

wavelength of the
if the frequency of Galton whistle is known velocity of soundis found

simply using U 78

Beats Consider the superposition of sound waves will slightly different frequencies

R
E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@
M
O
.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

We see that due to slightly different frequenties thephase difference

between sounds hub with times and alloadingly we get
varying
sound of variable amplitude Alternating becoming loud and feeble
will varying intensity The number of times a loud
continuously
sound is heard her unit time due to such a superposition is
called beat frequency AMBARISH SIR

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 Now we will try t mathematically dain beat frequency produced by
superposition of two sinusoidal waves Consider particle displacement
due to superposition
g two sinusoidal wave y A finer t
y A fin wat Then met partial displacement is given as
A fin wit t ASinWat 2ASin It t
Y Yity
t
Glaze
Now this can be considered as product of two functions flt and gits
flt I and Sin t
where 2A
Gfi It gt witty

R
Recognise that flt is slowly varying function Imasin w so

E
a

LT
and wz 501 Radi and
gits is a very rapidly varying function

E
oscillating between It We shall to individually visualise fH
try

H
SS
and get before visualising theproduct
C
SI
flt
Y

I
PH

2A
get
E
TH

t t
/@
M

ffl
O

a
y
.C
E
B

ffixge
TU

tea
ight oscillates between 1
U
O

fax gate keeps oscillating t

Y

between fits and fat

A loud sound is heard whenever
fltis manimum on 2A
minimum Thus heat frequency
is double the fuqueniy of ftl Now
flt ZA lo
wtf
Brat angular funny
why Wife X

Wheat Wi Wi Now D W 2T thus AMBARISH SIR

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 Sheaf 8 0

Thus
if sound two tuning forks of fuquenties 512it and 51GHz
we
together the beatfrequency produces is 516 512 9it

ANOTHER Way Of Looninn At Deats Let W C W then relative t

the pharos y the pharos appearsto rotate will wz wi
y
A loud sound is heard whenever two pharons align land hence
gin a large resultant Then beat time period is given as
Teat 27 Treat 2 2
WIFI

R
We w

E
LT
then heat 82 21

E
H
SS
If a tuning fork is filed its frequency increases

If fork is loaded with

C its frequency
a
SI wan decreases
tuning
Y
PH

Example A tuning fork will unknown frequently makes 3 o beat

E

per second will standard tuning fork 84 It The heat frequency

TH

decreases when a small piece wan is put on the prong of the

/@

g
first fork What is the frequency of this fork
M
O
.C

Solution Sanat 18 821 18 384 3 2 could be

E
B

possibly 381 or 387 It loading with wan decrease the

Now
TU

brat frequencies there it frequency must be on higher side

U
O

i e 387 It 1 Because if its frequency were 381 It it will

Y

further decrease and make the difference larger than 3 Hz

Example Two identical piano wire have a fundamental frequency of

Goltz when kept under same tension What fraitional inimase in
tension of one wine will lead to a beatfrequency
of bit when
both wine oscillate simultaneously

8 0 21
FI thus
Solution
I DI AMBARISH SIR
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 2x 2 Am
DI 2103
BEATS WITH THREE OR MORE FREUUENCIES With three frequennies Say
81,8 and 8 8238 with if the amplitudes an
V
equal beat frequency is simply the difference of highest and lowest
frequencies i e Shea D 8

with unequal amplitudes beat frequency might be less than

this also for more than three frequencies with equalamplitudes
the different of highest and lowest frequencies represents manimum

R
possible beat frequency I aitual frequency may be less than this

E
LT
number As example
an
y

E
3 4
adjacent figure shows superposition I

H
SS
of 101773 10343 and 70GHz 2 5
of equal amplitude C
want
SI
t
Y
It east One can ileanly
PH

observe 5 Beats One primary

E

and other secondary beats

TH

O lol its
finding beats for 82 1 343
/@

a general

lace is complicated and priority

M
O

sequins plotting in general

.C
E
B

81 101 it He Non 8min 6 But Dna g

TU

22 102 H
U

83 10643
O
Y

AMBARISH SIR

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 EXAMPLE Two Souris frequencies for It and 102 It having same
of
amplitude A are interfering A stationary detector can detent resultant
amplitude greater than or equal fo A Find the fraction of time
during whist detriton is ait've over a large amount
of time
Solution Int the signals be Afin Kostit and A fin I 4Mt
Net signal is 2A himfront Cotati
yay ty
thus amplitude is Zala lentil now between 5 and 93 Coo
is less than 1 2 between 65 and 9 35 out of 95 Then
i.e
than A is 1 3 Thus fruition of
fraction
g time amplitude is less

R
time for whirl deterton is alive is 213 Am

E
LT
E
H
SS
EXAMPLE Insp v4.13
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@
M
O
.C
E

From K frame oscillations

of particle are superposition of
Solution
B
TU

of K frame and oscillations of particle

oscillations relation to k
U

The heat frequency representing motion

fame of
particle's ostillations
O

must he the difference of the fuquenties g is and pastille's oscillations

Y

in 11 frame Now sinie heat frequency is same at K

oscillating at is it on 74 It The particle's frequency must he equidistant
from these two frequencies Thus from 11 frame particle's mustbe
ostillating at 22 It and beat frequency must be 2173 Now
to make the beat frequency 473 11 must oscillate at either
26 Hz on 18 It

AMBARISH SIR

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DOPPLER EFFEst When either a source
of sound is moving or the observer of
the sound is moving for both are
s
moving then the obsernd frequency of sound
is different from emitted frequency
This phenomenon is called doppler effort
This can be understood as follows

If source is stationary but observe is

moving towards source he will be able to

intercept the wavefront more quickly

R
as compared to the if he were to
care

E
LT
simply wait for wanfronts to hithis ear

E
If the source is moving then it changes

H
SS
the wavelength in various directions mating

C
the wavefront denies in certain regions and farther apart
SI
Y
in other regions thus if a stationary observer is observing the
PH

sound more on lesser number of wavefront

may hit his ears
E

as compared to the lace if the

TH

source were stationary

/@

DERIVATION OF OBSERVED FREUVENIT IN DOPPLER EFFECT

M
O

Vo
.C

Let S be and o be an
E

a souris
B

observer that so is the line

such
TU

joining the source to the

observer
U
O

IS is the position ofthe source when S o

Y

it emitted the sound Crometime in fact

that is detected by observe now Let
Is and I be the velocities g the
source and the observer suit that I
made an angle will I and I make
an angle to with ST then we shall pron that

n o C V lot
c u too AMBARISH SIR

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 Where D Frequency of the source
2 Frequency detested by observer
C Velocity of sound

Proof O
O Position of observer when itresiendfirst compressionpulse ta
h
S Position ofsource when emittedfirst compression
O Position
of observe at timeofrelieving
put
second compressionpulse t t
l
s Position g source when it 50 1

R
emitted second compression I 0 s's L

E
S

LT
T Timeperiod between emissions Ust s

E
H
SS
Now time coordinate
of emission of first pulse t file
Time of emission of second pulse t C ly tt
coordinate SI
Y
Now time coordinate
of relieving second pulse time coordinate of emission t
PH

time taken for travelling thus

E

T lil ttt life ka fi i tt

TH

O
Now lol slot do't Iso tool
/@

j pivot
M
O

Ust GO t Ust Gp 0
.C

Iii this in equation

Now using O
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

Now rearranging

T T T C U lot the igloo

L V61 l Us
Go
c u lot O o c o cot GED
c gooo C Us GO
The formula can also be written as
y CI Don
CFUsn AMBARISH SIR

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 Here subscript n represents component
of velocity along theline
joining the
Source and observer The sign t is to be decidedby
common sense Consider motion of one at a time either source on
observes
If due to its motion the distance is decreasing the
frequency must increase i e t in numerator on
sign in
denominator

DOPPLER EFFECT WITH COLLINEARVELOCITIES

R
E
C

LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH

Whenthe velocity
of source as observer is
E

along the line joining th d N

TH

observerit is special tale of the general

/@

formula that we denied for doppler

M
O

effect with O being O ont and p

.C

also being 0 on IT The cans are

E
B

summarized in the abou table

TU
U
O

WAVELENGTH IN ARBITRARY DIRECTION

Y

compressions or rarefactions at at point

along the direction wars propagation
gcalled p
at that point is wavelength at
that point Thus wavelength is independent
y
of motion of the observer and only
depends on source For purpose of
finding the wavelength we can assume
a stationary observer and then findthe AMBARISH SIR

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 wavelength using the formula a n c thus

T's Clo Assuming stationary observer

Now from formula 81 8 C U lot now

if we
c u too
assume stationary obserm 7 8 F
g yo f
c Us too
ft
a C UsGO a too
on

R
thus D A 7
460
Here A is is source were

E
wavelength

LT
stationary

E
H
SS
Least wavelength stars alongthe direction motion of source i e 0 0
of
This least
C
is defined only when
wavelength is a a l This SI
I
Y
PH

Us CC
E

Manimum wavelength a direction opposite

in to the
TH

time
motion the source i e 0 1801 there 2 1
4
/@

of
M
O

Example In Dov 4.153

.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

K
Solution trolling at a thud
fine y i
Vo event aiming at a coordinate n c o h
in K frame must he aiming at o
u n

n N V t in the K frame i
m
Now
ahslwt hnl alolwt blntv.tl n

volt kn Am O
aloft w
AMBARISH SIR

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 Note that frequency of this equation suggests thatfrequency of this
in 11 W h vs
wane frame is a w xv w 1
y
s this is the same result as
211 E
enficted from observer moving fom
doppler shiftformula away
from source

EXAMPLE

R
E
LT
E
Solution Aa 1 Us

H
40 isms

SS
C
Fon in atrest D 340170 1,3 0
f
SI
Y
PH

A 1.13m Am
E

Now for front 0 8

TH

N 1 1.033m Am
/@

3 31m
M
O

For O T 1.23m Am
a it
34 Im
.C
E
B

Think Yourself What is the frequency observed by the observer 0 in the

TU

previous situation
U
O

Solution CI Vo here movement dstance

f
8 o because
g source
Y

eius
is increasing thus decreasing the frequency then denominator musthav at
sign Now motion observe alone would decreasethe separation their
g
increasing the frequency therefore numerator should also have a Sign
Thus
8 Am
ft 3001340 1532288173
340 730

AMBARISH SIR

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 DOPPLER EFFECT WITH A REFLECTOR DOUBLE DOPPLER
If a source
is moving towards a reflector could be moving on stationary
The reflector first ait as a moving observes and reflects
doppler shifted waves if the reflector is also moving then
it behave like a moving source with source frequency equal to
reflected wan frequency

EXAMPLE

R
8 39213

E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH

A stationary train A sound a horn of frequency of 392 Hy The

E

sound gets reflected from man of train B and the listener L is

TH

hearing direst sound from A as well as reflected sound from B

/@

Find the beat frequency at the listener's ears Take C 330ms

M
O
.C

Solution dint soundfrom siren Da 33

515 392
E

Frequency of
B
TU

Direst sound frequency374 18113 N'a

at 1
U
O

Dineit sound frequency at reflector IB 8,3 333335

392
Y

83 Now B of D's which is

becomes
350.42173 a source
once againdoppler shiftedfor the listener because both reflector and
listener are moving Now applying second dopplershift
tis
5 85133
330 35
3312243

Now beatfrequently for the listener yea on 8 374.18 331221

heat I 43 HzAm
Human ears can'tperiienthe beat if Dea lott It appears AMBARISH SIR

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 to be constant sound

DOPPLER EFFECT IN PRESENIE OF WIND If the medium of sound

propagation is moving then we should convert the velocities of all
emitters reflectors and listeners to the frame of medium and after
that we can apply standard doppler theory

EXAMPLE

Uw 15M's 6 330Ms

R
E
LT
8 3921

E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E

A listener train as shown in the figure The windis

TH

is sharing a

also blowing at Uw 15mi find the frequent observed by the

/@

listener
M
O

Solution Converting velocities from wind frame Vaw 0mi Van 20mi
.C

Now applying doppler shift formula

E
B

81 392 330 7370Hz Am

TU

330 2
U
O

DOPPLER EFFECT With OBLIQUE Approach Recall the formula we had derived
Y

for general lace of doppler effect

LEE
will oblique approach we just need to consider the components
of
V and V along the line of appsash The line approach is
g
always line joining the position of thesource at the
defined as
time of emitting the sound and location of listener at the time of
listening tothe sound When the velocities
ofsource on listener an
sufficiently small we may get approximately cometresultsAMBARISH SIR
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 even
if we take position of observer and source bolt at the time
of listening due to small velocities the change in angle of
because
the line joining the source to observe will change very little during
the transit time of thesoundI however when velocity
of source on
observes
are comparable to that of sound one must be very easefulto
choose
the lamest line
of approach Line
g approach is essentially
the trajectory of the sound say from source to listener

EXAMPLE IR Dov 4.178

R
E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH

Solution Here since velocity

of source is 0.89 whirl is tombunable to the
/@

One must choose the line

of sound
M

velocity approach
of very carefully
O

d
.C

S n't
instant some is at P be emitted at
E

a
B

time t before Then sp g

yet and so it
TU

60 7 Now apply doppler shift formula

U
O

g
Y

Inigo of in skits Am
O

Ibi Reall 8s 8 C Volost 10 t from line 5

C Us too
In last Vo o thus the
then 60
our if o o 0 on

of source must be t to the line joining

velocity the soul to the
observer This tomesponds to the sound s's Isee figure below
ray
Now Ct L Now required distance AMBARISH SIR

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 so net
n ME s

IF 320m Am at 1

DOPPLER EFFECT WITH ACCELERATED SOUR IES O

Will allelenated souls the will continuously vary with
observed frequency

time Here we will carefully need to find out velocity of the

Sousse at the time
of emitting the sound using equations of kinematics
I Recall for applying doppler effect equation the sourceparameters
acimately

R
are considered atthe time of emittingthe sound and listener parameters

E
LT
are considered at the time of relieving the sound

E
H
SS
EXAMPLE IRODOV 4 177

C
SI
Y
PH
E

Baa
TH
/@
M
O

Solution Let the required sound nay

.C

s
to a time of emission t
E

correspond
B

after the beginning time of

there
TU

c it ti
trawl ground so C f til since
U
O

sound reached o at a time t Now Os f til

fat s
Y

t
taffy at
Ther 1 now use

Thus required doppler shifted frequeniy

8 0
fu
staff D
21 8 I Frate Am AMBARISH SIR

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 Example A souse is moving will a sherd Us Mc
MC along circumference of a simile g radius17
Apoint detector is placed insidethe circle at a
R
distance OR
from its centre Find the A
manimum and minimum possiblefrequencies p 0
recorded the detector GivenSourcefrequency 8
by
Solution For manimum observed frequency

the approad velocity of source toward

listener must be manimum That angle

R
O must be minimum But Otp 95
Jo

E
a

LT
there we wish to
maximize angle P

E
Now consider triangle dos

H
I 41g

SS
A fint to fink C
1
for
Simp man
SI
Y

my g g
PH

C
Now man frequency 8 D
off
E

c
year
TH

Thus Oman 7 Ans

/@

1 ma
M
O

when velocity
Similarly minimum frequency occurs
of separation is
.C

maximum The
E
B

nomine 8 Am
TU

It ya
U
O

Think Yomielf What would be 271

your answer if
Y

Solution In this case head on approail

Si
separation wouldbe possible somebonding to
Sound says so and so respectively Q IR 0
Thus Oman D Am
g y
Sz
8min Am
Yay
By the time O hears maximum frequency S would have advanced

through an angle S Myr x

AMBARISH SIR

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 ie S FA ME
Y Ix
If source velocity is comparable to C be ianful if position of
source at the time hearing maximum frequency is asked
I
Remember to take the advance angle 8 in to account
Time to achieve minimum frequency after a manimum is in general
not equal to the time required to achieve a maximum
fugueniy
starting from minimum The ratios of these time depends on
the ratio 2 Theis from a frequency vs time graft it wouldbe
possible to figure out a using a little construition geometry trigonometry

R
E
LT
ENERGY DENSITY VARIATION DUE To Isotropic Movinn SouRIE

E
H
SS
intropically an average Power P then C
SI
Y

by the time the wavefront spread to a

PH
E

I Platini however if the source is

TH

moving the wavefront in forward

/@

directions are squeezed together causing

M
O

an increased energy density For the

.C

same amount oftotal energy between two

E
B

emitted wanfronts energy density is inversely

TU

Inspontional t thinness of the distance between wanfronts

U
O

Ithink of each wavefront emitting testain number acoustone

per
g
Y

unit area which is spread in a cylinder g thickness equal to

local wavelength Thus
if n wire energy density at a wavefront
of radial R will moving source we can write energy
n Now recall that we desired
density as
Uf
aft
a Used then n
E u.ua
I I
Similarly Intensity in arbitrary direction Iwo
becomes
AMBARISH SIR

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 Now higher energy density is flowing will same shed through
same area
suffiniently large distance from the source the wavefront can
At
be treated as planar in small volume Just like earth appears
flat for small enough patihed
Recall f n plane want U w and I Aw thus
Ipa 181
for inotropic source
I
U Il Plain
P IsotropicSource Power
Re Wavefront radius

R
I Blurr in time dt

E
Alternatively we can see now a

LT
energy trawl a distance dR Cdt This energy accumulates in a

E
volume 4TIN'dR thus Ux 417M Nn Ix UTR'dt Ilc

H
a U

SS
C
Umov Vector Avertin whose magnitude is equal to Intensity
SI
Y
fi e energy flow per unit timeper unit area and dinition same
PH

as the velocity for dinition g energy flow i called Umar

wave
E

I Essentially is is Intensity Vesta I Ii

TH

Weston u
Amor Verton can be ionveniently used to find Power flow flan through
/@

dP I Is
M

area
any
O
.C

EXAMPLE PATH KINER CHECK 139 A point source is emitting power P

E
B

is tropitally The velocity of sound is C Now the source is stationary

TU

and a detector moves with a constant shed Us towards the

U
O

stationary source Find suitable expression for intensity I ofsound

Y

mind by the detector at a distante n from the source

Solution
Imagine a detector of cross section s
moving head on towards the course The
velocity of detector in frame of local n
aloustons At Vol then volume
swept by the detector in alouston frame I at
du S Itv It Thus energy intercepted
de Udr sect voldt
gaze Recall u Ilc AMBARISH SIR

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Then I it Vol Am
gig Fg
EXAMPLE PATHFINDER CHECK736 A point souls is moving with a constant
speed U towards a stationary detector in still air Find suitable enfrerion
for Intensity I of sound relievedby the detector at a distance
s fromthe s in the distance at the time hearing the
source
of
sound
Solution Re all that intensity in arbitrary

dinnition is given by I's Ifugao

R
E
LT
where I and I ane intensities at S s

E
wavefront of radius R will and 0

H
a

SS
without moving source Now let p Us
C
observer be present at a wanfront of SI
Y
radius R ar shown Then
PH

intensity at 0
ftp.lgu
I
E
TH

0 0 I Platini However we need to enforce this intensity

/@

in terms of distance between the souls and observer s and not

M
O

wanfont native IR Now let the wavefront be emanated t time

.C

ago then R ct and a Ct Ust R

E

ME
B
TU

Thus I P P Am
Fus E
U

Ycus j 4hr2
O

4T
Y

EXAMPLE PATHFINDER CHECK 13C A point source is moving in still air

with a which is moving will
constant velocity Us towards a detector

a constant velocity vs towardsthe source Find suitable expressionfor

intensity I relieved by the detritus at a distance n from the

souse
AMBARISH SIR

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 Solution This is a combination 13 a and
of
136 previous two examples Now
energy per unit volume a I'll
when i intensity calculated in
I
previous example If the detector s
has case seitional area S the O
volume swept by it in local R Us boat
acouston's frame due Ctv Sdt
There de US Cctv dt
Required Intensity I
dig

R
E
LT
Ucstu Cctv
I'Cctv Cy

E
z

H
SS
I'tf ite l
I am Y
SI
C
REIATION BETWEEN SOUND RATS AND WAVEFRONTS Sound rays represent
PH

the direction of energy travel at any location The energy is

E

transmitted along expanding wavefront their sound ray are always

TH

perpendicular to the wanfronte

/@

For instance adjacent figure shows

M
O

the wavefront and g the

some
.C

sound say
for moving point
E

a
B

isotropi
TU

sound
U
O
Y

SHOCK WAVES Sonic Boom

L
When a source is moving at a

supersonic shed it creates a Ct

conical surface
p BEE
of high pressure
from its war front released at
different point of time sail that Ut
semivertin angle ofthe lone is givenby AMBARISH SIR

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 Sin D let ut Clu

Sino Clo
When a supersonic naff is moving
air
the intersection conicalsurface
g this
with ground is a section
comic part
poor
Hyperbola for horizontally moving DoubleBoom
aininaftl Whenthis high pressure
observer the observer
passes by an
hears a
very loud sound known

R
as sonic boom A similar pattern is

E
LT
erected
by a boat on a
swimming

E
dash if boat velocity is greaterthan

H
SS
the speed
of waves on surfaceofwater
C
SI
Y
A similar tone like formation is observed
PH

when a material particle suit as an

E

electron Moon than at

TH

position on
speed greater thanthe velocity of Cerenkov
/@

a
RADIATION
light in that materialmedium When
M
O

this happens it is accompanied by emission

.C

of radiation known as Cherenkov

E
B

radiation Shock wave are also used

TU

in breaking up of kidney stones

U
O

using a procedure called extracorporeal

Y

shock wan lithotnipsy Shockwaveproduced outside the body is focused

on stone to break it
DOPPLER EFFETT FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES If in the flame ofthe
observer a light souls is receding with a velocity U directly away
from the obierm the observed fuqueniy is given as

If B Uk
s so where
Fon approaching souls Vi negative
AMBARISH SIR

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 derivation result requires an understanding
of this sherialtheory
I
of relativity and we shall not dinin it here If vac c we
can simplify the formula using binomial appnomination

j so 11 B it B I 8 i Bla 1 Plz

n CI p UK
If p Et
speed oflight in vacuum is f in allframes c 3 108ms
C To alsoholds for electromagnetic waves

R
E
LT
Example An aeroplane is flying at

E
Mash 1.75 at an altitude of 8000m

H
SS
whine the shred ofsound is 320 m s
How long after the plane passes
C
SI
directly overhead will you hear the
Y
PH

sonic boom
E
TH

Solution We hear a sonic boom when

/@

shock waves nail our ears on our

M
O

ears one on surface

of highpressure lone
Consider the figure above
.C

Sind 90 1 1.75 4 7 Now Ust 800 lot 2

E
B

8000672 800 533 4 20 5 seconds An

TU

175C 1 75 320
U
O

Example Minowaves distant airplane approaching

are reflectedfrom a
Y

a It is foundthat when the reflected waves

stationary observer
beat against the waves radiating from source the beat frequency is
9mHz Calculate the approach sherd of the airplane if wavelength
of microwaves is 0.1m 2 3 18m's

Solution First aeroplane acts as a moving observer and then

acts a moving source
as Initial frequency 8 Cla
Now increased frequency observed at aircraft o 8 Itf
AMBARISH SIR

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 Similarly when the wane mail the microwave source after reflection
o s 8 It B 8 its Do fit 2B I pc l
B Uk
U
21 p
Egg Kqt x

D Xx heat 2 0.7 90 2 45m's Am

R
E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@
M
O
.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

AMBARISH SIR

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