PAINTINGS  horizontal lines means serenity, calmness,

stability.
Every artist dips his brush in his own soul and paints
his own nature into his pictures  diagonal line express tension, movement.

Painting is a style of creating an expression by  Curved lines appear softness, flexibility,

applying colors to a flat surface or any medium like gentleness.
canvas, glass, paper, walls, leaf, paper, or wood.
COLOR
Abstraction or composition, drawing, and other
aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and  The artist used colors to convey feelings and
conceptual intention of the artist (Mayer, 1970). moods within their painting. It is the result
of wavelengths of light reflecting off objects.
It is unspoken and mostly unrecognized dialogue,
It is composed of three distinct qualities:
where paint speaks silently in masses and colors,
hue, saturation, and value. Hue is merely
and the artist respond in moods. Paint records the
the name of the color. Red, Yellow, and blue
most delicate gesture. It tells whether the painter
are the primary colors. The mixture that
sat or stood or crouched in front of the canvas
produces the secondary colors is green,
(Elkins, 1998). It loaded with narrative content,
orange, and purple.
symbolism, or emotion.

TEXTURE
A beautiful painting is made not by photographic
likeness but by good composition. For the artist, the  It is a component of two-sided and three-
harmony in his/her artwork will depend on the sided designs and is distinguished by its
selection of appreciate devices peculiar to the perceived visual and physical properties. It
medium and the use of certain principles to relate is used to describe the way a three-
them. A unique style emerges when an artist dimensional work feels when touched. In
recognizes his or her personal preference for two-dimensional models, such as painting,
dominant elements and consciously and it may refer to a piece (Isaac, 2017).
unconsciously emphasizes these dominant elements
(Ocvirk et. al., 2008; Gatto, 2000). The significant Perspective
aspect of the painting is the line. Color, texture, It is an art technique for creating an illusion of
perspective, shapes, and symbols (Nohay, 2018). Three-dimensionality with depth and space. Its
real goal is creating a viewpoint for the
audience that will best communicate the
LINE subject and serve its particular message.
- It is the simplest element in painting. It has a  Perspective is the same as “viewpoint” and
continuous making made by a moving point to “position”. It is what makes a painting seem
outline shape and can contour areas within those to have form, distance, and look “real”
outlines. It can suggest movement (vertical, (Evans, 2002). It is projected according to its
horizontal, diagonal, and curved). Each line has its levels: foreground, middle ground, and
meaning; background.
 vertical line stress action, strength,
dynamism.
 The Foreground is the visual plane that Colors play fundamental role in our lives and how
appears closer to the viewers. On the other we respond to our environment. It is the visual
hand, the middle ground is the part perceptual property corresponding in humans to
between the foreground and the part called the categories called blue, green, red, and cool
the background. colors.

 The Foreground of a composition is the The color wheel is a visual representation of colors
illustrative that appears closest to the arranged in a circle, showing the relationships
viewer, while the background is the plane in between primary colors, secondary colors, and
a composition perceived farthest from the tertiary colors. It helps artists and designers
viewers. The middle ground is the understand how different colors work together,
illustrative plane between the foreground whether in harmony or contrast. The categories of
and the background. The scale of these colors on the color wheel are:
elements often associates to the dominance
1. Primary Colors
in a picture. The foreground is frequently
the dominant due to the larger perceived These are the three main colors from which all
size of the picture objects. other colors are made:
SHAPE  Red
 It is an element in painting that helps  Blue
express ideas. It helps to interact, and
independently evoke agitation, purposeful  Yellow
energy, direction, etc. They maybe circles,
rectangles, ovals, or squares. It is an area
with a defined boundary created by a 2. Secondary Colors
variety of colors, values, or textures of the These colors are formed by mixing two primary
area adjacent to it. colors:
SYMBOLS  Green (Yellow + Blue)
 The artists often include symbolic objects in  Orange (Red + Yellow)
their paintings that have a special meaning
or a special message. it is used to express  Violet (Red + Blue)
ideas such as death, hope, life, etc.

3. Tertiary Colors

These are created by mixing a primary color with a

secondary color. There are six tertiary colors:

 Red-Orange

 Yellow-Orange

 Yellow-Green

 Blue-Green
  Blue-Violet

 Red-Violet Red: Symbolism and Meaning

4. Warm and Cool Colors  Emotion and Passion: Red is often

associated with strong emotions like love,
 Warm Colors: These include reds, oranges,
passion, desire, and anger.
and yellows. They are associated with
energy, warmth, and comfort.  Energy and Action: It symbolizes vitality,
courage, and physical strength. It can also
 Cool Colors: These include blues, greens,
signify urgency and is often used to grab
and purples. They are associated with
attention (e.g., stop signs, danger).
calmness, peace, and coldness.
 Danger and Warning: Red is linked to
5. Complementary Colors
danger, aggression, and warning signals,
 Colors that are opposite each other on the often evoking a sense of alertness.
color wheel (e.g., Red and Green). When
 Love and Romance: It represents love and
paired together, they create high contrast
romance, often used in Valentine’s Day
and vibrancy.
decorations and heart symbols.
6. Analogous Colors
 Cultural Significance:
 Colors that are next to each other on the
Blue: Symbolism and Meaning
color wheel (e.g., Yellow, Yellow-Green,
Green). They are harmonious and pleasing  Calm and Tranquility: Blue is associated
to the eye when used together. with serenity, peace, and relaxation. It’s
often used to create a calming effect.
 Trust and Dependability: Blue signifies
7. Split Complementary Colors loyalty, trust, and stability. Many businesses
use blue in their branding to evoke
 This scheme involves a base color and two trustworthiness.
adjacent colors to its complement (e.g.,  Sadness and Melancholy: In some contexts,
Blue with Yellow-Orange and Red-Orange). blue symbolizes sadness or melancholy (as
in "feeling blue").
 Wisdom and Intelligence: Blue is also linked
8. Triadic Colors to intellect, wisdom, and professionalism. It
 A scheme where three colors are evenly is often used in academic and corporate
spaced around the wheel (e.g., Red, Yellow, environments.
Blue). Cultural Significance:

In ancient Egypt, blue symbolized the sky and the

The primary colors—red, blue, and yellow—are universe, representing protection and divinity.
rich in symbolism and are often associated with In Western cultures, it’s often seen as a masculine
deep meanings in different cultures and contexts. color but also embodies a sense of peace and calm.
Here’s a look at the symbolism and meaning of
each:
 classified as soft pastels, pan pastels, hard
pastels, and pastel pencils.

Yellow: Symbolism and Meaning

3. Acrylic is a drying paint containing pigment
 Happiness and Positivity: Yellow is the color
suspension in an acrylic polymer emulsion, which
of sunshine, and it often represents joy,
becomes water-resistant when dry.
optimism, and cheerfulness.

 Energy and Attention: Like red, yellow can

4. Watercolor - a medium in which paints are made
also grab attention but in a more cheerful
of colors suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. It is
and inviting way. It’s often used in signs and
usually transparent and appears luminous because
advertisements for this reason.
the pigments are laid down in a relatively pure form,
 Caution and Cowardice: In some cultures, with few types of filler obscuring the pigment
yellow is associated with caution or colors.
cowardice, as in the phrase “yellow-bellied,”
meaning cowardly.
5. Ink - A liquid containing colors and dyes is applied
 Creativity and Intellect: Yellow is linked to to a surface to produce an image, text, or design. It
intellect, creativity, and clear thinking, often is for drawing with a brush or pen.
used in learning environments or creative
spaces.
6. Encaustic - It is heated beeswax to which colored
 Cultural Significance: stains are added. The paste is then applied to a
wood-based canvas.
 In China, yellow is traditionally
associated with royalty and power, 7. Fresco - It refers to several related mural painting
specifically linked to the emperor. types executed on walls, ceilings, or any other kind
of flat surface. The term fresco comes from the
 In Western cultures, it is often tied Italian word “ Affresco,” which means “fresh.”
to joy but can also symbolize
caution (e.g., traffic lights). 8. Gouache—It is a water-based paint consisting of
pigment and other materials designed for opaque
MEDIUMS IN PAINTING painting.
There are different mediums in painting used today. 9. Enamel is a paint that air dries to a durable,
It helps to describe the elements that bind the usually glossy, and solid finish. It is used for outdoor
colors in the paint (Martin, 2004). The following are coating surfaces or surfaces otherwise subject to
examples of the methods used in painting: temperature variations.
1. Oil - it is the type of slow-drying paint that 10. Spray paint - it is the type of paint that comes in
consist of particles of pigments suspended a sealed pressurized battle and is released in a fine
in drying oils such as linseed oil, poppy seed spray.
oil, safflower oil and walnut oil.
11. Tempera - it is a permanent, fast-drying painting
2. Pastel - It is an art medium in the shape of a medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a
stick or crayons. It consist of pure powdered water-soluble binder method.
color and a binder. Dry pastel can be
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTING STYLES detail and precision as possible. The artist’s primary
goal is to describe accurately and truthfully as
Part of the desire for painting, particularly in the
possible what is observed.
21st century, is the variety of available art styles.
The styles in painting is in two senses: it can refer to Symbolism. It is an art that represents the subject
the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and symbolically. For instance, the “Spolarium” painting
methods that characterized one’s artwork, and can by Juan Luna depicts the suffering of the Filipino
refer to the movement or school that associated to people from the hands of Spaniards. Many works of
the artists. Such as classifications include the art included by some who cover the symbolist era
following styles: were in the middle of the century, or even before,

WESTERN STYLE Fauvism. It refers to art that used brilliant primary

colors or colors illumination on subjects like pictures
Abstraction. It is an art in painting which does not
to emphasize comfort, joy, and leisure. It comes
attempt to represent an accurate depiction of visual
from the French word fauves, meaning “wild
reality but instead used colors, shapes, forms and
beasts” (this names refers to a small group of
gestural marks to achieve its effect. It may be
painters who exhibited works notable for the bold
formed by reducing the observable phenomenon,
and expensive use of pure color).
typically to retain only information which is relevant
for a particular purpose. Cubism. It is a form of abstraction wherein the
object is the first reduced to cubes and then
Expressionism. It is sometimes called emotional
flattened into two-dimensional shapes. It has been
realism. In this style, the artist sought to express
considered the most influential and powerful art
meaning or emotional experience rather than
movement during the 20th century in the Paris
physical truth.
established by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.
Baroque. It is characterized by dynamism ( a sense
Surrealism. It is a type of art wherein the artist
of motion), which is augmented by extravagant
creates dreamlike paintings that filled with
effects (e.g., sharp curves, rich decoration). Among
mysterious objects. It is the opposite of abstraction
the most significant Baroque painters are
that attempts to portray the conscious mind
Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Velazquez, Poussin,
through unconventional means.
and Vermeer.

Impressionism. It is a type of art presenting the

real-life subject with emphasis on the impression
left in the artist’s perception, particularly the effect
of light on the object used as a subject.

Modernism. It is characterized by a cautious

rejection of the styles of the past and emphasizing
innovation and experimentation of materials and
techniques instead to create better artworks.

MODERN STYLE

Realism. it is a style of painting practiced before the

invention of the camera, where artists depicted
landscapes and humans with as much attention to