Cloud Computing
Sandeep Bhowmik
Chapter 4
Cloud Computing Model
Cambridge University Press
Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
Standard Cloud Model
• Any technology needs a standard model for the convenience of
understanding and globalization.
• During early days, several models were represented by different
bodies from their respective viewpoints.
• The most appreciated and accepted model of cloud computing
comes from U.S. National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST).
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• The model was proposed by Information Technology
Laboratory of NIST in 2011.
• The definition states,
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is
composed of five essential characteristics, three service
models, and four deployment models.”
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• When unpacked, it can be observed that the definition says,
• Cloud computing is a model and not a technology.
• Cloud computing enables users’ access to pools of
computing resources via network.
• The resources are shared among users and made available
on-demand.
• The prime benefit is the ease of use with very little
management headache for users.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• The NIST model describes cloud from two perspective –
• Cloud modeling based on deployment - It focuses on the
access boundary and location of the cloud establishment.
• Cloud modeling based on service delivery - describes the
type of computing service that is offered to users.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• The NIST model also mentions five essential characteristics of
cloud computing.
• A computing facility empowered by these five characteristics or
attributes, can be referred as Cloud Computing.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing
1. On-demand self-service
• On-demand ability empowers users to consume the computing
facility as much based on their current demand, at any moment.
• Computing facility is delivered by third party service provider.
• Self-service refers that computing facility can be arranged without
any human intervention at service provider’s end. Hence, system
must have automated mechanism to manage things.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing
2. Resource pooling
• Computing requires resources like processor, memory, storage and
network.
• Cloud vendors maintain pools of computing resources to
support all users’ computing need.
• Users can access and use these resources to satisfy their
computing needs as and when required.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing
3. Broad network access
• The cloud service facility installed at the provider’s end is remotely
accessed by users through network.
• To serve this purpose, strong network infrastructure has to be in
place.
• Broad network access facility makes cloud computing
ubiquitous or accessible anywhere.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing
4. Rapid elasticity
• Cloud computing requires provisioning of adequate and
frequently changing demand of resources for a large number of
users.
• The computing environment must create an impression of
limitless repository of resources .
• Rapid provisioning and release of resources is critical for
building a low cost computing facility.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing
4. Rapid elasticity
• Resources should be delivered to user immediately on demand.
• Again when a user no more uses the resources, those have to be
taken back immediately, to avoid wastage of valuable resources
.
• Rapid elasticity refers to the ability of a system to grow and
shrink swiftly, according to the requirement.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing
5. Measured service
• Measuring the usages of computing resources by a user is
essential.
• This is done on known metric such as amount of processing power
consumed, use of storage volume, network bandwidth used,
number of network transactions etc.
• This usage of the pooled resources has to be calculated and stated
(or billed) to every user/organization.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing
5. Measured service
• This way, users are no more charged for any idle resources or
for resources they are not using.
• The metering of actual resource consumption dramatically
reduces the cost of computing for users.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Another Important Characteristic
Multi-tenancy
• Single set of resources can have multiple tenants who are
not linked with each other.
• Multi-tenancy allows the sharing of same resources by
different subscribers without the subscribers being aware
of it.
• Multi-tenancy is not called out as an essential cloud
characteristic of cloud computing, but is often considered
as such.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Another Important Characteristic
Multi-tenancy
• Single-tenancy increases usage cost.
• Multi-tenancy makes cloud computing economical.
• Multi-tenancy perfectly fits in public cloud environment, but
does not apply in private deployments.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• Comparison of characteristics among cluster, grid and cloud
computing models
Cluster Grid Cloud
Resource Pooling Yes Yes Yes
Broad Network Access Yes Yes Yes
Measured Service No Yes Yes
Rapid Elasticity No No Yes
On-demand Self-service No No Yes
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
• NIST Model consists of three components
• Cloud service model
• Cloud deployment model
• Essential cloud attributes or characteristics
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
The NIST Model
Broad Network Rapid Elasticity Measured On-demand
Access Service Self-service Essential
Characteristics
Resource Pooling
Infrastructure as a Platform as a Software as a Service Models
Service (IaaS) Service (PaaS) Service (SaaS)
Deployment
Public Private Community Hybrid Models
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
NIST cloud reference architecture is a logical extension to the
NIST cloud computing definition.
The architecture focuses on “what” cloud services need to
provide and not “how to” do that.
It depicts a generic high-level architecture and represents an
actor/role based model.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider
Cloud Service Orchestration
Consumer
Service Layer
SaaS
Cloud Service Management
PaaS
Security Management
Privacy Management
IaaS
Cloud
Cloud
Auditor
Broker
Resource Abstraction and
Security Control Layer
Audit
Physical Resource Layer
Privacy
Audit Hardware
Performance Facility
Audit
Cloud Carrier
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• The Actors
Cloud Actors
Consumer Provider Auditor Broker Carrier
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• The Actors and Their Roles
1. Cloud Consumer
• A cloud consumer represents a person or organization.
• They uses the service from, a cloud provider.
• Cloud consumer is the principal stakeholder in cloud
computing.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• The Actors and Their Roles
2. Cloud Provider
• It is the entity responsible for making service available to
interested parties (consumers).
• Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing
infrastructure required for providing the services.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• The Actors and Their Roles
3. Cloud Auditor
• The cloud auditor is a party who can conduct independent
assessment of cloud services and report it.
• They audit any violation in pre-agreed policies and
regulations between provider and consumer.
• Audit happens on criterions like performance, security etc.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• The Actors and Their Roles
4. Cloud Broker
• There can be enormous numbers of services and service
providers, that consumers may not be aware about.
• There may also be a need to integrate two different services
from two different providers.
• Cloud broker makes these things easier for consumers.
• They negotiates relationships between cloud providers and
cloud consumers.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• The Actors and Their Roles
4. Cloud Broker
Cloud
Provider A
Cloud Cloud
Consumer Broker
Cloud
Provider B
Usage Scenario of Cloud Broker
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• The Actors and Their Roles
5. Cloud Carrier
• Cloud computing services are delivered from cloud provider to
cloud consumer, either directly or via some cloud broker.
• Cloud carrier acts as an agent in this delivery.
• They are organizations who provide connectivity and transport
facility of services through network.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• Interactions between the Actors in NIST model
Cloud 4 Cloud
Consumer Auditor
5
2 6
1
Cloud Cloud
Broker 3 Provider
The numbers represents the order of interactions among actors.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• Service Orchestration
• Service orchestration is an important part for cloud provider.
• It is the composition of system components to support the cloud
providers’ activities.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• Service Orchestration
• Service orchestration has three layers in it.
Service Layer
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS
Resource Abstraction and
Control Layer
Physical Resource Layer
Hardware
Facility
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
NIST Cloud Reference Architecture
• Service Orchestration
• The physical resource layer is the lowest layer in the stack that
houses all the physical computing resources.
• The middle layer is the resource abstraction and control layer.
At this layer the abstraction of physical resources are
implemented (through software).
• At the top, there is the service layer, that provides computing
services to users.
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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model
Thank You
Cloud Computing; Sandeep Bhowmik @ Cambridge University Press
