CHAPTER-1 PYTHON-REVISION-1 s that can be performed on the data and the way itis stored in memory. Number Types JO Integer: Represents whole numbers without « decimal point, Example: age = 25 IO Floating Point: Represents real numbers with a decimal point. Example: temperature = 37.5 3 Complex: Represents numbers with areal part and an imaginary part, written as a+ bj. Example: 2=2+3} Boolean Type IC Boolean: Represents truth values: True or False. Example: is_valid= True Sequence Types IO String: Represents a sequence of characters. Example: name = “Alice” IO List: Ordered collection of items. Mutable, Example: fruits = [‘apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry'] IO Tuple: Ordered collection of items. Immutable, Example: coordinates = (10, 20) None Type IC None: Represents the absence of a value. Example: result = None [Mapping Type IO Dictionary: Collection of key-value pairs Mutable, Example: person = {‘name’: ‘Alice’, ‘age’: 30} ab) agate Revere) Cole) TN Fay SCIENCE Python Tokens IG) Python is a high-level, interpreted| programming language known for its simplicity and readability. It supports ‘multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. Features of Python (CI Simplicity: Easy to lear and use. Readability: Emphasizes clear and concise! syntax. Interpreted: Executes code line by line. (C1 Cross-platform: Runs on various operating] systems. IO Interactive Mode: Line-by-line code! execution inthe interpreter. IG Script Mode: Runs Python scripts from start to finish, Execution Modes Keywords: Reserved words with special meanings. G Identifiers: Names for variables, functions, etc. (Literals: Constants like numbers and strings. symbols for operations. tion that can be accessed and manipulated ‘during the execution of a program. if Conventions: Variables can include letters, digits, and|Example | Description ry", | Perform basic Purpose: ty mathematical 2 [Co Comments in Python are used to exptain tions code and make it more understandable for Ta> bx | Compare values others and for future reference. ay and return True ‘They are ignored by the interpreter duting or False execution. Syntax: [5 Single-tine comments start with #. IC) Multi-line comments are enclosed in triple quotes ("" or"). ‘pand q’, “not p | Python Ce 0°, ‘y | Assign values to. eS variables “a= | Perform =7 arithmetic and assign in one statement s,s not’ | Xisy’, x | Compare object isnot y’ | identities “Sin list, | Check if “6 not in| value exists in a sequence IC) Mutable: Data types whose values can be changed after they are created. Examples: Lists, Dictionaries. Immutable: Data types whose values ‘cannot be changed after they are created. Examples: Numbers, Strings, Tuples. Data Types i a z 2 : [5 Operators in programming are symbols NTT cor keywords that perform operations on variables and values. They enable you to ‘manipulate data and control the flow of] ‘execution in your programs. ‘Conditional Statements “Iterative Statements [Statement ir ite print | ifelse fife [| Statement Description : else | for Loop Executes a block of code for each item in an iterable (e.g. list, tuple itelitelse range). | while Loop Executes a block of code as Jong pri as the condition is true. P > 3 COMPUTER SCIENCECHAPTER-2 COMPUTER PYTHON-REVISION-II Sela\le 3 (F Lists are ordered collections of tems, which can be of any type, Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed after they are created. Example: numbers = (1, 2,3, 4, 5) IO Indexing: ID Lists in Python are zero-indexed, meaning the first clement has an index of O. Example: first clement = numbers) characters enclosed within either single quotes ("), double quotes ( quotes (°° op #™ my. Example: message = “Hello, Worl Python- : List methods Gear Gareth Method Deseription Example Ten [Returns the number of | length = lenfnumbers) Method Description] — Example elements in the list. Usage list() Converts an iterable (like a Jen) Returns the Jen("Python") string or tuple) into a list. length of the P,°, 01 string. ‘append. | Adds an element tothe end | numbers append(@)” capitalize) | Converts the ames of the list, first character to extend) | Extends the list by appending | numbers exend((, Soper and te elements from another list, | 8, 9)) Uo lowers. : Title) Converts the “python insen() [Inserts an element at a | numbers.insert(0, 0) ; ae | ini er) Converts all "HELLO". : = specified position. #10) 1,25 3).495,56) an) am ai = count) | Returns the number of ‘occurrences of an element. index) | Returns the index of the first occurrence of an element. remove() | Removes the first ocourrencel| ofa value fom thelist | ‘Pop() Removes and. element at a (default is "hello" upper) “hello world”. ccount("!")1 Tupiles in Python are immutable sequences, ‘meaning their elements cannot be changed ‘or modified after the tuple is created. They ate defined using parentheses () and can) ‘contain any number of elements separated by commas, Tuples are often used t0 grouP] related data together. Example: my_tuple= (1,2, 3,‘ 6 Like lists, tuples support indexing and) slicing to access elements. Indexing starts at 0 for the first element and continues sequentially. Example: print(my_tuple{0]) # Accesses the first element: 1 Gy Tuples support various operations: Concatenaton tuples using the + operator. ‘Example: tuptel = (1,2) tuple2 = G3, 4) cambined tuple = tuplel + tuple? # Result: (1, 5 Repetition: Replicating tuples using the * operator. M4) Example: repeated_tuple = (‘a',‘b") * 3 # Result: (‘a",‘b’, ‘a’, 'b’, ‘a', “b") 3 Membership: Checking if an element exists in a tple wy i keyword. ‘Example: print(‘a’ in repeated_tuple) # Result: True Gj Slicing: Extracting portions of @ tuple using slice nay, [start:end:step]. Example: sliced_tuple = my_tuple{1:4] # Result: (2, 3. ‘a’ Tuple methods CoS —— a Built-In methods iccaaaeaasle Diciauarre Method Description ‘Example | Ret ae cresiny in Pytnos ia sn unordered jen) [Returns the number of elements “Ten (my_ [6 collection of key-value pairs. Itis mutable, in a tuple. tuple)’ meaning you can modify its contents after Tountd) | Retums the number of occurrences | my tuple. |" rato. Ea ey Ina dionary sate of a specified value in the tuple. | count(a') ue and immutable (such as strings, i i 5 Se ee aes ate index) [Retums the index of the first|°my tuple. 4 Pap tye eT ‘occurrence of a specified value. | index('b)” : at Zorted() [Returns a new sorted list from the "sorted elements of the tuple. (ony_tuple)’ {12,31 ing square brackets []- min] Returns the minimum value in the |'min(@, 1, ['T Example: employee = { tuple. 4, 5))° ‘name’: “John Doe”, maxQ | Returns the maximum value in the |“max((3, 1, /5 “department”: “HR” } print(employee{” ») 1. Math Module: (5 Provides access to mathematical functions and constants. ude sq, eild, floor), pow, fs 1,2, 3,4, 5,5,6,6,7) :mean(data)) # Outputs: 4,333333333333333 COMPUTER SCIEN?CHAPTER-3 FUNCTIONS Global variables are accessible from any part of the program, including functions. © Changes made to global variables inside ~ function affect their values globally. Examples: x= 10 ‘def my_function(: print(f"Inside function: x = (x}") ‘my_funetion() rint(P*Outside function: x ay) local to that function, They cannot be accessed outside of the function or in any other function, ID Once the function completes execution, the local variables are destroyed, and their values are no longer accessible. Examples: def my_function(: x= 10 # Local variable + print(P"Inside function: x= {x}") rmy_function) # print(x) # Error: x is not defined ‘outside the function [5 The flow of execution refers to the sequence in which statements re executed in a program, Functions execute when called, and control retums to the caller after execution. /Example: def greet(name): print(f"Hello, {name} ") print(“Start of program”) sreet(“Alice”) prini(“End of program”) 0 Positional parameters are passed to @ based on their position in the function cal ‘order of arguments matters, s each a assigned to its corresponding parameter on their positions. Example: def greet(name, greeting): Print(f*{greeting}, {name} sreet(“‘Alice”, “Hi”) # Outputs [6 Variables defined inside a function are typically 4 COMPUTER Giell-iNlei=3 Sree Functions are pre-defined functions provided by Python. These functions are ready to use and serve various purposes like performing operations on data, handling input/output, and more. Examples of built-in function: IC print: Outputs data to the console. Icy len: Retums the length of an object (e.g., string, list), max0, min: Retums the maximum or ‘minimum value in a sequence. ‘adoog Teq01D, ( Functions defined in modules are functions created in extemal files or libraries that can be imported into your Python program. They extend Python's capabilities by providing additional functionality. fExample: 1. math.sqrtQ: Computes the square root of number (from the math module). random.randintQ: Generates a random integer within a specified range (from the ‘Scope of Variable Functions Defined in Modules 2. adoag [e907 co User-defined functions are functions created by the programmer to perform specific tasks. Example: def greet(name): prini(f"Hello, {name}!”) # Call the function sgreet(“Alice”) aaa User-Defined Functions (Ciparaieters|are variables used in the function RBGRGbe hile arguments are values passed ion when itiscalled (Parameters and (6 Default parameters have predefined values that are used when no argument is provided for those parameters during function call. JExample: def greet(name="Guest”): prini(f"Hello, {name} ‘greet() # Outputs: Hello, Guest!COMPUTER CHAPTER-4 FILE HANDLING mee 1 Datnisreadable fromatext file using methods like read(), readline(), and readlines(: () # Reading entire content ‘with open(‘data.txt’,‘r”) as file: content = filexread() print(content) (i) # Reading line-by-line with open(‘data.txt’, ‘rs file: Tine = file.eadline) while line: print(line) line = file readline) {cece eee ees Reading from a Text File —_—— (J Data can be written a file using the writed| ‘method and appending of data can be done| file using append() or writelines(): © # Writing toa file + with open(‘output.txt’, w’) as file: « file.wite("Hello, World!\n") ‘© #Appending toa file + with open(‘output.ix’, a) as file: « file. write(*Appending additional content in”) ‘Types of Files Gistentlins) Writing/Appending Data to a Text File ( The with statement ensures that the file is properly closed after its suite finishes, even if'an exception is raised: « file_path = ‘data.txt ‘© with open(file_path, ‘as file: # # Perform operations on the file # data = filexreadO, 2 = print(data) I ae 5 Relative and Absolute Paths (6 Opent) funetion ean be|used|(o open tex -— Example: Opening a fen file 0 close it using the elo system resources: | file.close() # Close Introduction to Files location on a disk to store related information Wis wey, permanent data storage and retrieval. Files store data persistently, allowing information 1 4! saved even after the program terminates. In programming, a file is a Text File 3) 0 Text files store data in the form of plan tx which can be human-readable. Example: .txt files. Binary File [Cy Binary files store data in a binary form, human-readable. Example: jpg, mp3, .exe files. CSV (Comma-Separated Values) File ID CSV files store tabular data (rows ax columns) in plain text, with each li representing a row of data. Example: .csv files. PE Eeeeeeeereeeececeeeeeeeee en (0 Relative Path: A relative path specific) the location of a file relative to the curen} ‘working directory (the directory from whic Example: data/file.txt, .Jimages/photojpg Absolute Path: An absolute path specifi the complete path starting from the rl directory. Example (on Unix-like systems): ‘Mrome/user/data/file.txt, Wwarfwww/htmV/index.html saareananaaaaaaaareeanenanaeeeeee aaa _ F Python provides several modes to open tt file [Cy «1°: Opens a file for reading. (default moe) 0 ‘r#: Opens a file for both reading writing. | ‘w’: Opens a file for writing. ‘Truncate existing file or creates a new file. 1 ‘w+: Opens a file for reading cand writing ‘Truncates existing file of creates a new file: 0) ‘a’: Opens a file for appending data. Creat anew file if it does not exist. [6 ‘a+’: Opens a file for both appending ®|G To read data from a CSV file, you use the reader() function provided by the esv 1. reader(): Returns a reader object that will {cturns a writer object responsible for converting user's data into delimited sirings on the given file-like object. 2. writerows() Writes multiple rows of data into the CSV file, ‘Reading & Writing from ___acsy Fite crane ‘and Closing a _CSV File 1 To work with CSV files, we open them using, the open() function and specify the file mode. Example: with open(‘data.csv’, ‘w’, newline=”) as file: 1 Always close the file after operations are complete: file.close() # Close the file when done 1 Python's. pickle and deserialization of P suitable for storing binary format, Example: import pickle CHEAT SHEET, File Handling Seek and Tell’ In Python, the seek() and tell) methods are used} for file handling: 1. seek(offset, whence): Moves the file pointer to a specified position. offset specifies the number of bytes to move, and whence| indicates the reference position (0 for start, 1 for current position, 2 for end). 2, tell: Retums the current position ofthe file pointer. Example: file = open(‘example.txt’, r”) file.seek(10) print(file.tell0) # Outputs: 10 file.closeQ ‘Opening & Closing (B To open a binary file in Python, you use the open() function with modes specifically tailored for binary data: ‘Example: with open(‘data.bin’,‘tb’) as file: data = filexreadQ) # Process binary data 1D Always close a file after processing to free up| system resources: 7 file.close( # Close the file when doneCHAPTER-5 (ol abn DATA STRUCTURE : STACK SCIENCE Expression Evaluation: Backtracking: Helps Function Cail Used in parsing expressions in algorithms that ‘Management: Manages (lke converting infix to require backtracking, function cals in postfix). such as maze solving. programming languages. ‘Use Cases of Stack Introduction: A stack is a linear] data structure that follows the Last In| Push: Adds an dena [First Out (LIFO) principle, where the to the top ofthe siaxk last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed. Stacks are Data structure: Stack used in various applications such as expression evaluation, syntax parsing, and backtracking algorithms. Pop: Removesand returns the top element the stack. Peek/Top: Retuns te top element ofthe sh ‘without removingit (optional. is Empty Checks ft In Python, a list can be used to stack is empty (option implement a stack. Here’s how you can do it: Implementation of Stack using List ‘The pop() method of alist is used) remove and retumn the top ele [of the stack. Example: def pop(stack): if not isEmpty(stack): return stack pop() else: return “Stack is empty”CHAPTER-6 COMPUTER COMPUTER NETWORK-| ees + Sender Device which is capable of sending | data over & network. Example ome | roi phone ete ‘Receiver: Device which is capable of receiving eta fom he network. For example Data Communication ae au computer communication, the sender and Cnimnicion the CORSTEETE swede me owner sais eanenee Pecan ofData ‘Message: Data ot information that needs to two fCaiamaicalet be exchanged betwen the sender and the receiver IT eanbein the form fet number, image, ai, video ee. + Communication mediamedium: Iti the path through which the mesage waves betwen sore and destination For example, 2 television cable, lephone able et. Computer Network-| Channel, Bandwidth, and Data Transfer Rate (ia ‘A-computer network : is eect of iterconnecic| (The range of frequencies that a) (The amount of data devices that allows them is channel can carry. transmitted per unit of time. to’corammufeals ad chase’ 1 KH2=1000 Hz 1 Kbps=2" bps=1024 bps resources. It facilitates is 1 MHz =1000 KHz 100 0000 H2 | | 1 Mbps=2® bps=1024 Kbps efficient data transfer, ited, )Masured in Hertz (Hz) Kilohertz | | 1 Gbps=2" bps=1024 Mops resource sharing, and fi ((KH2); orMegahertz (MHz). | Tops=2" bps=1024 Gbps collaboration among a sau ‘Measured in bits per second (bps), Kilobits per second (Kbps), Megabis per second (Mbps), Gigabits per second (Gbps), or Terabits per second (Teps) ‘Evolution of Networking in the 1960s, the Advanced data into packels, which are sent ly and reassembled at the ‘Used in modern computer and the internet,1. Twisted Pair Cable: 2, Co-msial Cable: 3. Optical Fibre: ‘Guided (Wired) Media ‘© Use: Offers high bandwidth and | Communication Media Radio Waves: Micro Waves and satellite Infrared Waves + Very high frequency waves. * Cannot penetrate solid objects Unguided (Wireless) Media + Waves of frequency range 3 KHz- 1 GHz + Omni-directional, these waves can move in all directions ‘+ Radio waves of frequency 300 KHz-30 MHz can travel long distance ‘+ These waves are used in AM and FM radio, television, cordless phones. ++ Provide very large information-carrying capacity. * Description: Consists of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together + Use: Common in telephone networks and local area networks (LANS). + Description: Central conductor surrounded by insulating ayers and a metallic shield. + Use: Suitable for cable television and high-speed internet. + Description: Transmits data using light signals through glass or plastic fibers. used in long-distance communication. ‘+ Electromagnetic waves of frequency range IGHz-300GHz. ‘+ Unidirectional, can move in only one direction, ‘+ Used in point-to-point communication or unicast communication such as radar * Electromagnetic waves of frequency range 300GHz-400THz. Rofey aye clen (tance | 1G (1982): It was used to transmit only voice calls 2G (1991): Instead of analog signals, voice calls were transmited in digital form, thus improving cal quality 3G (2001): It provided Intemet access via the same radio towers that provide voice service to the mobile phone. Similarly, 4G and 5G mobile networks were also developed for higher demand and faster data, MAC and IP Address ‘Unlike MAC addresses, IP addresses can change when a node is moved between networks, IPv4 is the initial IP address version, a 32+ numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. Due to the limited number of IPv4 addresses, IPv6 was introduced as a 128-it address. Each MAC address is a 12-digit hexadeciml numbers (48 bits in length) out of which first six digits (24 bits) contains Organisation Unique Identifier (OUD) and the later six digi} (24 bits) represents the serial number assigned (0 the card by the manufacturer.CHAPTER-7 ees ¥ COMPUTER NETWORK-II SCIENCE ~ Cheat Sheet Bus Topology Modem ‘+All devices share a single communication line. ‘Network Topologies + Function: Convers signals between analog and Data is transmited in both directions, but one Network topology refers to digital forms, enabling internet connectivity Gevice’s temnsmistion does not interfere with the arrangement of different + Usage: Connects devices to ISP for internet acces, — elements (links, nodes, etc.) , + Operates: At Layer or Layer 2 of the OST model Of computer network, Hero| | <-OPetates:AtLayer | or Layer 2 ofthe OS! model) Siar Topobgy " ee «ach deve some ea xn ub or| | [ee aamesoie male Tan ar io Twa Rew Tae switch. If one device fails, it doesn’t affect the LL card. Facilitates communication within the same others, and it’s easy to add or remove devices LAN, Utilizes Ethemet protocol for data transfer. However, the failure ofthe central hub can disrupt See ea the entire network. Repeater Ring Topology «+ Functlon: Strengthens and resends signals to + Esch device is connote to exacly two other extend range and combat attenuation. devices, forming a closed lop. Canin [++ Usage: Used in wireless networks, fiber optics, « Data travels in one direction around the ing Newileat en Ty bondoaing {alle of one deve can dirt the ene newer rea + Operates: At Layer 1 of the OSI model ‘Mesh Topology. Hub + Every device is connected to every other device. + Funetion: Connects multiple devices in a LAN, Offers high redundancy and reliability, as multiple ‘broadcasting data signals from one porttoall others Peis ect Re ee mney + Types: Active (boosts signal), Passive (just + Complex and expensive to implement due to the forwards), Intelligent (management capabilities) large number of connections. = + Usage: For simple LAN connections. ‘Tree Topology ‘©A hierarchical structure where devices are arranged in atre-lke fashion LJ. Function: Connects multiple devices, directing ‘Combines characteristics of star and_ bus data to its destination using MAC eddkesses. sonnets ‘Types: Unmanaged, managed, smart, Layer 2, Layer 3, PoE, fied, stackable, modular || Usage: For efficient LAN connectivity. ‘Operates: At Layer 2 (traditional) or Layer 3 “ aefyork layer) of the OSI model ‘Switeh Work ene ‘Area Covered | Small Area st . jirects data requests between different (Upto 10m Trelvorks, determining the best path for data ius) i packets. Error Rates Lowest fi acu ‘Types: Edge, core, distribution, wireless routers ‘Transmission High Speed (Giemas zi isge: For interet access and. inter-network Networking Negligible sonteivi. Cost ® [eOperates: At Layer 3 ofthe OSI model R45 Connector ateway + Funetion: A standard type of 0 [+ Function: Comes diferent networks or systems with different networking. 1a packets for compatibility Ethernet cables. * Characteristics: Typically hase with twisted pair cables.Cole) U3 SCIENCE CHAPTER-8 DATABASE CONCEPT (X database is a structured eal lof data organized for effcia” — Introduction. retrieval and manipulation. Example: A student managen system for a school records of students, teachers, ay, courses. (a table that stores data in rows (tuples) and columns (attributes). fExample: Consider a “Students” table with’ [columns for student_id, name, and age, where each row represents data fora single student. Essential for storing ogmizg | ees Jand. ‘managing large volung Cofefiler-]} 3} Jof data in various application such as banking, ‘healthy JA. characteristic or property of an entity. For education, and ecommerce, [They ensure data integrin, example, in a student database, attributes could, include student ID, name, and age. [Importance and Need for) and security, and _provik Databases mechanisms fora | manipulation and retrieval (A tuple is a single row in a table that contains a specific instance of data. [A candidate key is a minimal set ¢ [Example: In an “Orders” table, each tuple, attributes that can uniquely identify represents a single order placed by a customer, tuple within a relation. It can init containing details such as order_id, customer_id, Candidate _Jone or more attributes. and order date. [Example: In a “Students” tle {student id) is a candidate key 6? [uniquely identifies each student. Keys in Database Analtemate key is a candidate key that isnot selected as the primary key. Example: In the “Students” table, {email} could be an alternate key if student_id is chosen as the primary key.CHAPTER-9 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (Create Database: Creates a new database inthe SQL server. Example: CREATE DATABASE SchoolDB; (i) Use Database: Specifies the database to| be used for subsequent SQL queries Example: USE SchoolDB; (il) Show Databases: Displays a list of al databases in the SQL server. Example: SHOW DATABASES; () Drop Database: Deletes an existing] database and all its associated data permanently. Example: DROPDATABASE SchoolDB; (¥) Show Tables: Lists all tables in the| currently selected database. Example : SHOW TABLES; (Wi Create Table: Creates a new table in the database with specified columns and| properties. Example: CREATE TABLE Students ( student_id INT PRIMARY KEY name VARCHAR(S0), age INT, % (vil) Alter Table: Adds a new column to an existing table: ALTER TABLE. table_| name ADD column_name data_type tables. Example: SELECT * FROM Tal characters (including zero ch 1D The_wildcard matches any si Example: SELECT * FROM Products Ceo) ad ‘SCIENCE ‘SQL Commands and Operations Structured Query (lester ‘Equi Join [CF Anequi-joinis a type of join that combines rows from two tables based on a matching column. [CV It uses the equality operator (=) to match rows where the specified columns have equal values IC) Example: SELECT * FROM Employees ¢ JOIN Departments d ON e.department = ddepartment (Natural Join © A type of join that combines rows from two tables based on columns withthe same name and datatypes. IO Automatically matches columns with the same name in both tables without specifying the columns explicitly, Example: SELECT * FROM Employees doce HEE INATURALZIOIN Devesinensay_ (@ Distinct Clause: Removes duplicate rows from the result set Example: SELECT DISTINCT city FROM Customers; (Gi) Where Clause: Filters rows based on specified conditions. Example: SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE department = ‘IT’; (iif) In Clause: Checks if a value matches any value in a} list. FROM Products WHERE category IN (‘Electronics’, “Appliances'); en Clause: Filters rows. ina range of : SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE order_date BETWEEN ‘2023- (i) Nall Clauses: NULL: In SQL, NULL represents a ‘unknown value. I signifies thatthe value ‘Checks ifa value is NULL. ‘SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE manager id 1S NULL:CHAPTER-10 ae INTERFACE OF PYTHON alts WITH AN SQL DATABASE 7 & Suerte In SQL queries executed through Python, %s is commonly used Jas a placeholder for parameters| that will be substituted at execution time. SQL Methods Example: sql_query = “SELECT * FROM Jemployees WHERE department} Using Ss Format = %s" department = “IT” Jcursor.execute(sql_query, (department,)) We can also use the .format() aed ‘method or f-strings (in thon 3.64) to Sdn sot peal format Method) |dynamically. Example: sqi_query = “SELECT * FROM employees WHERE| ‘Using format() lage > {} AND salary > {}”. ormat(25,40000) [cursor.execute(sql_query) Tenet Casa) OUT Tel Database Performing asing cursor J. fetchall: The fetchall() method fetch , . executed): The execute() method is used ip aan SQL statement, ant commit(): The commit() method is used ‘changes made by the SQL statements tothe, fetchone(): The fetchone() method fetches ty row of a query result, retuming a single sequen None if'no more rows are available (remaining) rows of a query result, returning ai . rowcount: ‘The rowcount attribute retime 4 number of rows that were affected bythe lst ex ( operation, ¢ (3 Insert Query: Used to add new rr into a table. Example: ccursorexecute("” INSERT INTO students (name, age, at VALUES (“John Doe", 12, ‘6h’) “y 13 Update Query: Modifies existing © records in a table. Example: Update a row of data cursorexecute("” | UPDATE students SET age™13,grade='7h’ WHERE name= "John Doe | IC Detete Query: Removes record a atable, Example: Delete a row of data ( cursorexecute("” ¢ DELETE FROM students WHERE name = ‘John Doe” oy IO Select Query and Fetch Dats: Retrieves data from a table. ‘xample: Select Query cursorexecute(“SELECT * FROM employees") Fetch one row row = cursor. fetchone() print(row) Fetch all rows rows = cursor fetchall() for row in rows print(row) —