FINAL TERM | Living in the IT Era 2024-2025

Department of Computer Engineering

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

FUTURE and IMPACT of IT

Unit 1: AI and Machine Learning in EE/ECE

1.1 Introduction to AI and Machine Learning
• What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
o Definition: The science of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.
o Key Concepts:
▪ Intelligence: The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
▪ Machine Learning: A subset of AI that allows systems to learn from data without explicit
programming.
o History of AI:
▪ Early AI (1950s-1970s): Focused on problem-solving and symbolic reasoning.
▪ AI Winter (1970s-1980s): Period of reduced funding and interest due to limitations.
▪ Knowledge-Based Systems (1980s-1990s): Expert systems and knowledge
representation.
▪ Machine Learning Era (1990s-present): Advances in algorithms and computing power.
• Types of AI
o Narrow AI (Weak AI): AI systems designed to perform specific tasks.
▪ Example: Image recognition software, speech recognition systems.
o General AI (Strong AI): AI systems with human-level intelligence.
▪ Example: Hypothetical AI that can understand, learn, and apply knowledge across
various domains.
o Superintelligence: AI systems that surpass human intelligence.
▪ Example: Hypothetical AI that can solve complex problems and make decisions far
beyond human capabilities.
• Machine Learning
o Definition: A subset of AI that allows systems to learn from data without explicit programming.
o Key Concepts:
▪ Training Data: The data used to train a machine learning model.
▪ Model: The mathematical representation of the learned patterns.
▪ Prediction: The output of the model for new, unseen data.
• Machine Learning Paradigms
o Supervised Learning: Training a model on labeled data.
▪ Regression: Predicting a continuous numerical value.
▪ Example: Predicting house prices based on features like size, location, and
number of bedrooms.
▪ Classification: Predicting a categorical label.
▪ Example: Classifying email as spam or not spam.
o Unsupervised Learning: Training a model on unlabeled data.
▪ Clustering: Grouping similar data points.
▪ Example: Grouping customers based on their purchasing behavior.
▪ Dimensionality Reduction: Reducing the number of features.
FINAL TERM | Living in the IT Era 2024-2025
Department of Computer Engineering
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

▪ Example: Reducing the number of pixels in an image.

o Reinforcement Learning: Training an agent to make decisions in an environment.
▪ Example: Training a robot to navigate a maze.

1.2 AI Applications in EE/ECE

• Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition
o Noise reduction: Removing unwanted noise from signals.
o Feature extraction: Identifying important features from signals.
o Signal classification: Categorizing signals into different classes.
o Speech recognition: Converting spoken language into text.
• Image and Video Processing
o Image classification: Categorizing images based on their content.
o Object detection: Identifying and locating objects in images.
o Image segmentation: Dividing images into meaningful regions.
o Video analysis: Analyzing video content for information extraction.
• Control Systems and Robotics
o Autonomous robots: Robots that can operate independently.
o Adaptive control systems: Control systems that can adjust to changing conditions.
o Predictive maintenance: Predicting when equipment will fail to prevent downtime.
• Power Systems and Energy Management
o Load forecasting: Predicting future electricity demand.
o Fault detection and diagnosis: Identifying and diagnosing faults in power systems.
o Optimal power flow: Optimizing the flow of electricity in power grids.
o Renewable energy integration: Integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid.

1.3 Machine Learning Algorithms and Techniques

• Linear Regression
o Modeling the relationship between a dependent variable and independent variables.
o Example: Predicting house prices based on features like size, location, and number of bedrooms.
• Logistic Regression
o Predicting the probability of a binary outcome.
o Example: Predicting whether an email is spam or not spam.
• Decision Trees
o Tree-like model of decisions and their possible consequences.
o Example: Deciding whether to play tennis based on weather conditions.
• Neural Networks
o Inspired by the human brain, with interconnected nodes.
o Deep Learning: A subset of neural networks with multiple layers.
▪ Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): Used for image and video analysis.
▪ Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): Used for sequential data like time series and
natural language processing.
▪ Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): Used for generating new data.
FINAL TERM | Living in the IT Era 2024-2025
Department of Computer Engineering
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Unit 2: Big Data, Robotics, and Automation Engineering

2.1 Big Data Concepts and Technologies
• Big Data
o Definition: Large, complex datasets that traditional data processing tools cannot handle efficiently.
o 5 V's of Big Data:
▪ Volume: The amount of data generated.
▪ Velocity: The speed at which data is generated.
▪ Variety: The different types of data (structured, unstructured, semi-structured).
▪ Veracity: The quality and accuracy of the data.
▪ Value: The potential value of the data.
• Data Generation and Collection
o Sources of Big Data:
▪ Social media
▪ IoT devices
▪ Sensors
▪ Logs
o Data Collection Techniques:
▪ Web scraping
▪ APIs
▪ Data streaming
▪ Data mining
• Data Storage and Processing
o Big Data Storage Systems:
▪ Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)
▪ NoSQL databases
▪ Cloud storage
o Big Data Processing Frameworks:
▪ Apache Spark
▪ Apache Hadoop MapReduce
▪ Apache Flink
• Data Mining and Analysis
o Data Mining Techniques:
▪ Classification
▪ Clustering
▪ Association rule mining
▪ Anomaly detection
o Data Analysis Tools:
▪ Python (Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn)
▪ R
▪ Tableau
▪ Power BI

2.2 Big Data Applications in EE/ECE

• Smart Grid Analytics
FINAL TERM | Living in the IT Era 2024-2025
Department of Computer Engineering
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

o Analyzing large amounts of data from smart meters and other devices to optimize energy
distribution and consumption.
• IoT Data Processing
o Processing and analyzing data from IoT devices to extract insights and make data-driven
decisions.
• Network Traffic Analysis
o Analyzing network traffic data to identify patterns, anomalies, and potential security threats.

2.3 Robotics and Automation Fundamentals

• Robot Kinematics and Dynamics
o The study of the motion of robots, including forward kinematics, inverse kinematics, and dynamics.
• Sensors and Actuators
o Sensors: Devices that measure physical quantities (e.g., temperature, pressure, light).
o Actuators: Devices that convert energy into motion (e.g., motors, servos).
• Control Systems for Robots
o Design and implementation of control algorithms to control robot motion and behavior.

2.4 Robotics and Automation in EE/ECE

• Industrial Automation
o Automation of industrial processes using robots and automated systems.
• Autonomous Systems
o Development of systems that can operate independently, such as self-driving cars and drones.
• Medical Robotics
o Application of robotics in medical procedures, such as surgical robots and rehabilitation robots.

Unit 3: Emerging Technologies and Their Implications

3.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
• IoT Architecture and Protocols
o IoT Architecture: A typical IoT system consists of devices, gateways, networks, and cloud
platforms.
o IoT Protocols:
▪ Communication Protocols: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT
▪ Data Transfer Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP
• IoT Applications in EE/ECE
o Smart Homes: Automation of home appliances and security systems.
o Smart Cities: Efficient urban planning and resource management.
o Industrial IoT: Automation of industrial processes and predictive maintenance.
o Healthcare IoT: Remote patient monitoring and wearable health devices.

3.2 5G and Beyond

• 5G Technology and Its Impact on EE/ECE
o Key Features of 5G: High speed, low latency, and massive connectivity.
FINAL TERM | Living in the IT Era 2024-2025
Department of Computer Engineering
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

o Impact on EE/ECE:
▪ Enhanced mobile broadband
▪ Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC)
▪ Massive machine-type communication (mMTC)
• Future Wireless Communication Technologies
o 6G: Next-generation wireless technology with even higher speeds and lower latency.
o Satellite Communication: Expanding connectivity to remote areas.

3.3 Cybersecurity and Privacy

• Cyber Threats and Vulnerabilities
o Cyberattacks: Hacking, phishing, malware, ransomware.
o Vulnerabilities: Weak passwords, outdated software, insecure networks.
• Cybersecurity Measures for EE/ECE Systems
o Network Security: Firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption.
o Application Security: Secure coding practices, vulnerability scanning, penetration testing.
o User Authentication and Authorization: Strong passwords, multi-factor authentication.

3.4 Ethical Considerations of AI and Automation

• Bias and Fairness in AI Algorithms
o Algorithmic Bias: AI systems can perpetuate biases present in training data.
o Fairness and Accountability: Ensuring AI systems are fair and transparent.
• Job Displacement and Economic Impact
o Automation of Jobs: The potential impact of automation on employment.
o Skill Development and Reskilling: Preparing the workforce for the future of work.
• Ethical Guidelines for AI Development
o Responsible AI: Developing AI systems that are safe, ethical, and beneficial to society.
o AI Ethics Frameworks: Guidelines for ethical AI development and deployment.