lOMoARcPSD|31246182

Digital image processing unit -1 Handwritten notes

Biomedical engineering (Anna University)

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Unit
tal geJuncamontals

olowmente f Visal 'Texcopbon-Tinogo

Sesg
Romplig

RAB, FISt
pials -Colox nmg fundomealds
w
woolole
IwD-Dmonsi onal motho moti co I
puinminsuis, tamporms- DET, DeT

Shene are tuoo Ahe eps involwel

Methods cohose de aic atlibuts etaocleol om

ho se Lmoges
thuse ses
Mopkde
Colos Imoge
malisol
pocssig

Knodoog Repuco
Base
Doscagtim
Dmese

Podom
Domn
TnoceaHes
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inmaga usiag digdo

JE Coule be as Simple as
imoge atis
oe Gequisi io loge Inwclves
Sucl
Vis ual Quolity of img
noise ot
-out detaiha ane obsoueod
intores

Rstooton> Aemovlg
buaeing, hols
tortin
olagscotim af
imege
t claals
impovig t
on motthomot,
Restootowtealtando be oaecd
onhannment con othee
Sutkootzve potesnce

>Deels oiT basiaoley blos modele the

wowelt
Small weeol to alaste
Nauale t Multiesolution tont
piias toma

-RofReseag'm
waeiows

ag tho Stones
Y
ho B

a) foseus Copsian

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Piocsing (hhaluoin
eosien h dilohinn)
Omponoe thol
Lucbeiphom
aahope
ma.
bocasn
nepet cppln

in maondgal wa

co.Soocol olata Coneks ortber

eeakng'etsolf.
objeot bazet
ohial
astsfieiol

Kiooledsa about peoblo. domatn i'

Jhia nolacdge m
bo Rimole

n te
baca oleo bo

ossi be datc
n a
moteials inspo cte
dalabaae nlaining

Cnnooton irf dolocko oppl

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Moote!.
2
diwensiona

Ompitole o
a fositiu las
Cooxlinctue ya1

loher Kodiole

sale ao'.

L chaucteagad ky 2 Componaak
&

CD mount -of soue ae illemihofn nacdont

Cbmponotk denolicl
-ntesity monochem imoge at Qy
Qocclinobu (or)
foint,

tin positie

Imon

Seole

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Omponee

Computn
steg
Spcolgd

Pobem domain
,
Senso&. Sen ss ahe intwsihy a, o-oino
)
uitt Rferenee to too lemane ae
olooice That is Ronsttive to the

Rdioteot by The okjeot

haoleae oblaat
Tne42
haroaabs
fm imgg
Senso8

badwae tot efoume

operoton &uch as athmate loic
other etntkne Such as adoliti
ohiol pefoms arttmoie
wenit

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includes al chaui Agoitm

specsfi asa
ohicl ha
inauols
mad lo
allao sta
-intugrotan of
hse modulis.

the Zalzmsity

Cempusecl.

(b short tem
Chi
shg fo
alaliey fot tokaval
Aeohtval shonage Suc as

ancluces aox TV monitore.

Caacs hat

oocs Copy
one
alaolca
mose
rocw,
bn be
Storel hao c

heat
inclus lae
pen bs, flm Camess
wnits otgtal enit Such as
ms pioviola che highet so ssi ble
esouttn
foeis obiows meoleun f choice for
ion. t
aboeebmen
pajault fencton
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is mainley due to Cunt of olata

amont
inheront
Jhe Kay Cbnsidlecoka n teame ie B

Skuchue
be lew shows Binpifiot hoeigelal
dionta
Jhe
Qomm
neasly a
phe,
3 memba nes enelosus the
mof?) Cosnes Solera- ou tee cover
foous b) Choo? ol
Retne Kfont pat ofa fanibe.
Connda - Togh, teanep.eent dissa
dsue lo ge
help to focus

hat enoloses the

membiane
.(white pat oye
of bot)
polok
ae
ersols blocol
2mbiane Conains nwof p
Thie ce of mutecton to tte
Serue ae mojor Sou Gam oad
o
that
Guen sufesfieial juey to chocd,
e danaga as Kesult inelomote
Sevene
Ihat
Thet asacta Locd floo. oignan Ciol homce
Chocoid Coat'is heawiy
-Jhe to ecuca tho amount of opialg
haltps
helps
oye he bock'Saoiar
booksotler ortn
enteeing the chozoio is
devioloct ioto

7hel
shop
>iis dia
ller Conkocta o
eaands to Coret the
flatens
whe
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Coxntin
Selera
chanoid

Retna

dqwous
Maula
Cwateny fie)
Cornea

Nue to
MehUe

2) itna.
-Jt is nnmost membiane the eye
s
a
Jhere
Tuoo wajos classes a
Recoptos
at olor
)
Cones-acue mo help6 to atinguuh
Stis Ihe about million. Jhese

lema Can Aesolva dofils witE thege

Cones

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agnt wieie bight

D
wf mat olo vislan
hega

ae Connoitac to Bingla mewe gu

cNeROti

lumnoin
isoteopic Vist.

Jhe
bolad ay s
mofo Aofe f
light
o4
conee.
Sufoo
dy
Cote
Tha dotace bu the a
1Tmm
Ihe it
alla
poaes af ons incReas
Aafraottve lans fuialfon
ts iemum
ten the ee3m,fouss
the
onanobjoct
ensechibite ia
-fathe
owes
Ihan abat
on naaily object,te
Lens is most
The Aofinol
the ares fh
soloAue
cf Lseht ocaptoxs eohicl tansfor
eccla kon
2nto elootazal Lmpulscs thot
hasliant eg
utiatly docodt by la ban
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to I4n
apon Di sceiminolne
dascaote Zof
as a

-O.ntonsithee also4a
Jho inlemsit lonels to oha
humam isual Cas aolopt
to° Peom se olopie thies holol t

Glaue linit
a beigtns
y
atness Ba
Vici bla
Subjocive
whic
obj is
Adoloton

big obj
Stopie (pnat).

Sctopic Fplang
thaol.

to cohicl he wi sual sfn Can adpt.

But wisual n
Gamnot oaeo

Nerall soslivihy Glled bglts cdaplak

Critens he

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Cansemt

sfheSvetlnesecting
Ibat he
coho
eskic tod at loel Bb, at and bolous which
axe
all stmuli Cndielingushabla Wacks

heshictecl
chde Kaise he
Ba
han Jhe f
abilly ho iscimina te
w

ntosry t

Thaemont rlaminotan
AT
is not bezaht enough,
tha
JvT Euboct Qunot Kaay
pecaiyoble
dhangs
wmay
steonsen, the Sutoject
ds yr ge
percovte cloge
Indicate oliscernzby so
VI Tncemont o
Zlunena tio T

temaorte ockgud luminoton

tha

bezqntess dasvenatron
Wolaes
aams
Rotio meane lasge pexcanlasa
Vale loing
isceiminot

o-S
Cal)

-2

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CAeate a ko Co
tha Conttnuos Kemsl ata

Suamhikion
CoORdinotis alsoio
the
Conlituus
tha Cooolenate e
luas Saming
-Dglalg
a
Jhero ontinous he
the
->Jonple ttus fencho e
ake

The
paxt.

lorotions qtues
'aes chaBonlock

Suceesive
Sov

cla ciote louele

Voluus. angy
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t tachst lacols lo
2shom

Canest
cue necol to sEe
Continuous olata islo porm.
Jhis
buci fhor avelg to digial nuolwas

Analog
UL
Covee Lee
adl
Disnst tima
Ciknuouskme Diseste ampitda
ampitucle

Sampleng

oone Anclapanelont Valable

t
uatable

natuae. Jhe n se Vaeiotone

Lohieh ane andem
ane oe t noise mate somps.
ule Ca Rlu ce this noisemo dlata
Mare to oloctag
ohioh coil
Pirels (in Gase f orth lss nol
ce

the
mage
for
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Tolal mo
Tolal mo lolal no
Hels Coumns

no
picole
to
the no

No No cf pixels = No of Somphs toke

ngis hat
is lene on Koo
y

blaow iatns aglty

maoium
in asi

A Consilew
imege
fait >intensi
docus
Joletifywheoolvolue (absity1)
hosinthrsi intsi
Seon
) Continucus lne
Conknuouelo

tato'ga
Divioliy
-Loaewinlesi)

Co
Sampag
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Quankzgken
as
Lohile Quantizofian a
ddeno on-as.we
antgokon. (o
divioe Ihe

Sa nple
pointa
2

So asala wie.
ha Cueuel
voles o tions
qpsmiged into s5 dtf. keels pak
haeew
hae'beem
has boe measueo into 3fot

a) ohen
c Sanmpe
e Couel's Thec.
woles
wous
b) AHhagk the Sample sere oblained
n
the

e ticolay aing oles haoue been

) Jhose

abovo
ghe

aes ie.
haloton
above
dlistiot ghodis ed
indicste thot Emge formel Colos tis
> feom
Thie

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lesl esolis Cauel.

ef bite
2)
(eusls pe pral.

256 daffet
hance
2 gbite
be Scole

ssume that an
has ows >

>The waues o
bonolinatis beoome disat

be come 4(x4) =
(o,
-f(o, M-)

the
aloj
The
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Jhe Rts ef mak Augpusane dugital olomont

fel. be.
the Pae nloa
Conler oloments
the
the Castesicw
osdeneot
all

Ket Kealno R)bo

aeo also
bo come 2p fu

pioastog
(pouwer af

the Combinotion
2 The
an ille minatonSowce
Ihat ouce by eloete
Yoene
beimgd
Bouce
Aoas
as' Kaclar
,
sch cofd
Sousce, elaminotan
Dependg On natue ef
ox tansmitlud thicgl

s focugeol ono a phoo Cower lee cohicl

cenegy
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Conwert
nto Visibla lpht
a Vu
canefesmecd tinlo
y Combin
-enpt belca)
senon 2
yp
maleial
y
that
boing dalectbct
Kespoi o etia

is obatred
fea Asfpon se.
Alta

maia

Vat

The most
Lonsos
Phoodoole chich s
Consteuctctef st wole

Sobchvity

band
-epeotum
Consase, IheSonso
han ofer
Compet oishle spetm.

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Veskeot mouemt
Rolation

(inoas motion Caas-ho

Ono line aut pestocaaront
Aejuisilio
Sig
Lv Ooles to
Lomsos, thee has to be Rolotie diapocomoat in
Hw Sonsox aes lo bo d.
n
shows
hgh mochanccal
Lohese
Bolo povics cplbcament in ore dlinansion
KensoR is mounteol
Serow hat peicls moton papendioula da
n

Sioce mochenicalmotion an be Cateoled

(but aow)oy to
oblain imogs. hih-solS
nochanical aKaOngemontk cee
R

the Bimilan
t Konso2 movt nq
Rlot bec,
diections

that is wsed nore

Kens oXS Consisti t
ne ci
elementin otferdi
to he
Hotion

manteo
in cohie

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sle(I)

Mteol aeaR hat plea Coeiant al

Sansos skips That Asia

Sprtum
ata

mohm

Goss sc4o

Skep Ckolan sthips.

Lincormotim

Nuoous olecleomosolie Some UlkasonicSencit

dosiees fesot in aay foral.
cep akay
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onto

Cousmoi se Tegeg.
ho onsor
tatugeale de ntt gut igol
Bu
boobtnocda
showg an ileeminoton
Jhe fig the
f
Scone'olomant

incoming Rmoge pono.

Qolloot
Aight, tho ontnd
Viawe
peoocle "o
Seoms oito ons -focol blano.

polucs
Recoiod at Qooh Lensa

to wicleo
thon
Sowree
(eneg1)

Scew eleat
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1pcol
at Cooinala (a has t hoeizon
Vexko) naghhas ohose ocltnils aro

dans

och pixo) is one enit distarce fon (ayy)

metgh bots of
e
lie
P outsroe.
-Some f the P

Jhe t dag onal naig hhoxs

e p
haua Coodenake

Cxsg), (ctl ), (osgt), (a-l,g-)

(octty

&-norghbos ef P, oanoecd Ng C).

(g

outsrda- tt

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wmoRo
olomon, V
iso, 18, 182
20t.
Subset

a
conoyToo pelPott Va
Le

feomVue
picel cohese
feomv.
Mioeol ajaconay e 8-aotocone
amoafeaho
ohen
Qbgtis that
aise 8-af

uongomont b) Pico| that

ab )
Conter piol

woe am note tat to Cont blw2

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altmnatecd he muliiple
Ko, maoljaaay ha

adfocontma

(a,d
Co
cdinct (a4) to picol
q
eoitt oascliat
deteoct piels oitb Coodenalay

(o) Cn) tte fpate is closd.

ctop ght botlo ht piocals poths.

Ad tha path uoSama 2
pxels in fg Co4
m-patt. Connd
pi
Subcet
Connectttyl
fet s epesant aSubsl af piols
Kaid to be anct
pals Pane
S 4f there ists the Gsisk
a
path bo
in
>yox aey piscel pin s, the Scl -of oials alat

Gnponant
t oney
has ane Cooctsd Compo,
3) Sot
Connocted
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F6

a
all
Rauday bouncany Calso blod

Ihat ao mot nR.

bounday

Measueosi
Dslamca

2(w)espctiy Dsadutamce fnchn

D[PJoD[pJ+o()
p
Gouchdea Distamce
bo
hawing tham -ar egual
a dis tance lss
Praals
sto Bome wabe Afom (e4) ae foints Co nlainal

ona dis o.f oous s, Coteecl at

(P)
De

ollocd buck dielonce)

Tha Dy distance (also

D,(e)- )u-s] + ]y-t)

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Damenl
Contereol at (ag)
q(s,t)

f6llowing Conteus ef Gst dislance

distance
Jha foicol

2
2 | 2
2 2
2 2

2
Jho T
ditlanea (chess boasl dit lana) bl
pys dattnac as,
Ds (P) -won(|asL y-t)
q(st)

De(b)

Dg(-)
D8
Ds clislane <2
Con tous e
Cost dis tance
2 2 2 2 2
2- 1 2

21
2 1
2

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Bn Dslamco
TDaftnecl hoxtest

walc the

Colon

>The
boaue
pofl descapoa that Siape
ckibn.
ogoet tdantiaen atio
lolor pnedamantals.
Beeu as waeio ble Combinoteens
oos ae
prmy o
los
a micod o oaluc
Colos be

(eo+
pecmaics, Seconoloy
Mtocing the the Glor, poduces shit Cyat
with toproste peiny
yalto

Rol Bue

Magsnta
olosN, motoxs
RGB CoONS ae wsecd

Cameas.
oeue tha
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f
pie
theee Pment
Cantoinalio

peoclucs lock. (35,18,

piny, yeleno
)Gaoory

Colors af Pmen

Glar charocleitcs. se to
S Tha oharoceiefics
Q
f intansi (
: means the amount
Colo as
KopRe
set dominont
Satiaton
miseol ith he.
Colo Mocdels;
Glon moel s to -foeltat
Jhebupose w

tha Spocfistou o4 ors

in Sone elarool
a
Colos moel is spe.feo tio of a &fm
o-ootahee Syskom 2Bubspace wottin that
s
Qach Colo
tohee
Colos moddols most seol in

<
ReB moal for Qoox mnoni tos >Vido ees
CHy > CHy k
models
HeT tnten si ty) moc -
Che, Satasin,
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ReB Clor Modoli

Qlors

indie Aho Cua. model,

Raß acddo
Bue is
whot pout Ga
asr sot fesn
RGB blocK to
Twhit to whot
gb
isLohite
mocot-
(ou, Cy
GaesnG Cuy fRas Ras tu CHY.
Ri
yetlo

Fn RGB modol, am
ColepaMolont plos,
krlepelant imo

amont Tha
Fig shao

.eom osal
m

macde amounts af each Wertio

kine oinig The boek ohe
mmoolo
hia a
an aololitive
noo loue
aolo o
fom
poo for
Khows th Qdoi f ve misc

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White

ReB moolo| s eeseo for Qolo mmoi

most ileo
ho

moge

The ReB2 CHy Blor moolols aue mot suce d

Coloes
Ohen we
wiow a
oo obíeot, we desobe ith

TAence ha isT Glor mclol has bean eesentesl

the enlen Cit

s a
esut, thi moolol ie am idacl todl

olovelopi Colos
Ga
sghe hue, soteito olom Sity walos
be cblainedC fom Ihe RGB Glox abe.

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Colox
HIeT Modo l
As
monioneo abovo, Colus woy be
thee. quamli heco, Baaocion
specfil
ntem tity
whit

Reol Guoen

ssturohn
R G

Bock
Jhe HsT modol, &howing HsI Bolid on tho
an HSI cangle
hoaczontal sliee' thioygh Hsi olkol' at pastioulax nemsity.
ee is measceaed. om Aect ancatutaton is gv
distanee. The gis
Colous on the AheBocol
.
tho So liol
fox s
these Colous, huo nolepnoot.
RG H3) mooel s
ConveSi bw mooel
tool

R+G+B

PGB o HeT

H=
if B <G
360-0 f BZG

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Whae

yhe saturate Sis

(RtG+G)

T- (R+ate)
nomali3o
Cosalis Glons feom HS to RGB

Jhe epplicable ef apaot

B=T(- S)

R= I1+SCoSH
Cos (bo-H)
G =
3T - (e+e)
|20<2240
H=. H- j26
R= T(1-)
SCoSH

B= 31 - (RrG)
T

R= 27-(G+3
G= T(1-S)
SCos
Cos(bo-H)
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2D
T-Di seote Cócnelaafon
Disevete Cosno tamsfor hatps Sos
into

domais

A). Cos

ID Der tramsbm
Fu) ohore
=
A) otheiwr se
e for DT
>Jho gnenal
s
F(u,)= (3) )
Cos9--f(69
Coausponoi invece 2D DeT

Smpe F,
foa
(2)=
A

olheroi se
Jha basie oper? af eT is a follow s

* f(Bj) is ctha
Coatf in kow
Dor mateis
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fos most
imeges, much
at Kowfaey thece ofpeat Cene
DCT Since Iho
Coness ion is achiooed
opsont hghes feseonci)
ao
BmalL
- Snal! to bo

wigi ble dis totom

Jhia aueoy Conlains oach iol's

Ls
8 bt ols haue loue fiom o to ss

Cosina
uonsfom
T
C= e*=
Jhe Casina aanssn is not the Aeal
ft
wnilas DET This Can beKoo
·
ADPT motlei F

Cosina a
>The kansfoam is
The Cosine tor af N
elomone
teanafom
n) opa?- Via an N
t
be CalalTaol in o(Ng2
datene a.

Ahe em od olo ments

s
>Jhe basis Votoa osine
ae. ha eigen octos
teidi aqonol matu &,

-odo
)

Cosine clese
Jhe

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to KL
Haxkov eanca Nwhoe Cov aeianco
wohom e
Casolaton

a Scalan
ohich for
maliixohich

This the opa.

>The ineerge DoTs obtainec as an
that oo not egue
FFT
Doct o
that onple
inkamecliate slep,
Qieol. a Gsins ans form (,
The basis
e
otos s
af

Aws f c) ao the eigeneta

voctot s Regomvec
f ions
Hence the aigem l be qtte
is, the Bsine diamfom
o4 Qethat
Close. Cosine.
Jhis pepe
ppiy na fast ianpom has
witt the a
mole it
fct that for ke deanefow of
CoAalo Cool pist Onde Markov Beuenees.

Jwo Dmongienal DE:

Disct, fo onton
M
N

=
F(u,u)
MN
A fnction Cemsuti y eocoducuot
Can be
fons witt no oss efing
invese

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 lOMoARcPSD|31246182

o
1-D
Cingle Vaciabla, Continoue
moy
fouis tinnsf F)
-fta), thon peoces to Aocovok (9 fom
o

Lam

Coosinatts
F(u) n polar

ontinuoue n?
The FT
oo Dmonsiol

Lnwessa

whe, (u)>fonoy aiobles.

tho
cohere. i the Con ter

a
osorte

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-obat n

FC)
aboue tiw

toBle's

substtufiag th Se waa to gr (a)

Jhe -foutet lamefometon Koaatuk feinto

Jhee Comonrle Qe

.
polas Cooclino te

The fouais tiapome tuo Dmonsinel

where (uv)>fey- Vacio blas

colnate
Cenle Cecupieol

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